Conservation Biological Control: Can it Work in the Cotton ... · Conservation Biological Control:...
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Conservation Biological Control: Conservation Biological Control:
Can it Work in the Cotton System? Can it Work in the Cotton System?
Dr. Steven E. Naranjo, USDA-ARS
Conservation Biological ControlConservation Biological Control
“ Manipulation of the environment to favor “ Manipulation of the environment to favor natural enemies, either by removing or natural enemies, either by removing or mitigating adverse factors or by providing mitigating adverse factors or by providing lacking requisites.”lacking requisites.”
DeBach 1974DeBach 1974
Biological Control Biological Control -- ApproachesApproaches
*Conservation**Conservation*
ClassicalClassical AugmentationAugmentation
Conservation Biological ControlConservation Biological ControlApproachesApproaches
Reduce Direct Mortality•Selective insecticides
•Ecological•Physiological
•Cultural practices
Provide Resources•Refugia•Cover & inter-crops•Landscape pattern•Strip harvesting
AfterRabb, Stinner
& van den Bosch1976
Integration
Controlling Secondary Enemies
Manipulating Host-Plant Attributes
•Hyperparasitism•Intraguild predation
•Plant breeding•Transgenics•Cultural practices
Conservation Biological ControlConservation Biological ControlComponentsComponents
Survey & Identificationof Potentially Important
Natural Enemies
Study of Biology & Ecology;Determination of Factors
Constraining or Enhancing Biological Control
Implementation &Evaluation
Progress
SurveySurvey
Is there potential for natural Is there potential for natural biological controlbiological control?
Natural Enemy Complex Natural Enemy Complex --Western U.S.Western U.S.Parasitoids Predators
30+ species
HyposterCopidosomaMicroplitis
LysiphlebusChelonus
EretmocerusEncarsiaAnaphes
Leiophron
PathogensVarious viruses, bacteria & fungi
50+ species
GeocorisOriusNabisZelus
CollopsHippodamia
DrapetisChrysoperlaMisumenops
Natural Enemies Natural Enemies –– Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiella
Arizona/CaliforniaPredators
≈23 species described9 species (immunological ID)
Parasitoids4 native species described (rare)
16 exotic species introduced(0 established)
Pathogens3+ Viruses and bacteria
Natural Enemies Natural Enemies –– Bemisia tabaciBemisia tabaci
114+ Predators (various methods)
50+ Parasitoids
11+ Fungi
20 Predators (immunological ID)
3 Native parasitoidsMany exotic parasitoids introduced
2 established
2 Fungi?
Worldwide Arizona Cotton
Natural Enemies Natural Enemies –– Lygus hesperusLygus hesperusArizona/California
Predators10+ species described
5 species (immunological ID)
Parasitoids3 native species described2 exotic species introduced(both established in CA)
Pathogens2+ Fungi
Qualitative Gut AnalysesQualitative Gut Analyses
Frequency0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Frequency0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Geocoris spp.
Lygus hesperus
Nabis alternatus
Orius tristicolor
Sinea confusa
Zelus renardii
Collops vittatus
Hippodamia convergens
Whitefly Pink bollworm
Hagler & Naranjo 1994a,b; Naranjo & Hagler 1997
Natural Mortality of BemisiaNatural Mortality of Bemisia(Arizona Cotton)(Arizona Cotton)
Tota
l Mor
talit
y
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
N = 14
Dislodgement(29.2%)
Parasitism(7.1%)
Inviability(8.8%)
Physiological & Unknown
(21.5%)
Predation(33.4%)
Naranjo & Ellsworth (in prep)
Biological Control Potential?Biological Control Potential?(Sudan Cotton, (Sudan Cotton, Abdelrahman & Munir 1989))
Adu
lt w
hite
flies
per
leaf
048
121620
InsecticideUntreated
7 Oct 16 Nov 26 Dec 4 Feb 16 March
0
5
10
15
20
Nidiana1986/87
Nidiana 1987/88
Biological Control Potential?Biological Control Potential?(some more examples)(some more examples)
Elveens et al. 1973. Secondary outbreak induction of beet armyworms by experimental insecticide application in cotton in California. Environ. Entomol. 2:497
Ehler et al. 1973. An evaluation of some natural enemies of cabbage looper on cotton in California. Environ. Entomol. 2: 1009
Stoltz & Stern. 1978. Cotton arthropod food chain disruption by pesticides in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Environ. Entomol. 7: 703 (Thrips, beet armyworm, cabbage looper)
Trichilo & Wilson. 1993. An ecosystem analysis of spider miteoutbreak: physiological stimulations or natural enemy disruption. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17: 291
Reducing ConstraintsReducing Constraints
Controlling Secondary Enemies
• Hyperparasitism• Intraguild predation
Encarsia parasitizing Eretmocerus in Bemisia
Sorting out the PlayersSorting out the Players
Bemisia
Zelus spp.Sinea spp.
Coccinellids
SalticidsClubionids Thomisids
Lygus hesperus
Chrysoperla spp.Collops spp. Nabis spp.
Orius tristicolor
Encarsia spp. Eretmocerus spp.
Geocoris spp.
Gossypium hirsutum
Geocoris Orius Hippodamia
Pref
eren
ce (p
aras
itize
d)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
P<0.0001P<0.0001
P<0.0001
Displaced mycetome stage
VS.
Early 4th stage
Naranjo (in prep)
Geocoris Orius Hippodamia
Pref
eren
ce (p
aras
itize
d)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0P<0.0001
P<0.0007
P<0.0001
Early 4th stagePupal stage
VS.
Naranjo (in prep)
Visual Predators?Visual Predators?
• Late 4th Stage WF (“pupa”)• Displaced mycetomes stage• Parasitoid pupa • Early 4th Stage WF
Geocoris Orius Hippodamia
Pref
eren
ce (p
aras
itize
d)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
P<0.005
P<0.837P<0.945
Displaced mycetome stage
VS.
Late 4th stage (“pupa”)
Naranjo (in prep)
Reducing ConstraintsReducing Constraints
Can insecticides be managed to Can insecticides be managed to promote biological control?promote biological control?
Compatibility?Compatibility?
Conventional Insecticides Conventional Insecticides (by Threshold)(by Threshold)
Brawley, CA 1995
0
200
400
600
800
Maricopa, AZ 1994
Cum
ulat
ive
Inse
ct-d
ays
(25
swee
ps)
0
50
100
150
200
250Control20/leaf
10/leaf5/leaf
2.5/leaf
Naranjo et al. 2002. J. Econ. Entomol
Conventional Insecticides Conventional Insecticides (by Threshold)(by Threshold)
Number of sprays0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1st spray (degree-days after planting)800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Prop
ortio
nal r
educ
tion
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Naranjo et al. 2002. J. Econ. Entomol.
Insecticide Use PatternsInsecticide Use PatternsArizona CottonArizona Cotton
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Mea
n ap
plic
atio
ns p
er a
cre
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Pink bollwormWhiteflyLygus Other
Bt cottonInsect growth regulators
Ellsworth & Jones 2000
Selective Insecticides?Selective Insecticides?
•• BtBt Transgenic CottonTransgenic Cotton
•• Applaud Applaud (Chitin Inhibitor)(Chitin Inhibitor)•• Knack Knack ((JuvenoidJuvenoid))
Science or Emotion?Science or Emotion?
• Resistance management• Food safety• Non-target effects
Non-Target Effects
Natural enemy abundanceNatural enemy diversity
Natural enemy function
Natural Enemy AbundanceNatural Enemy Abundance
LepidopteraMisumenops celer
Collops vittatusHippodamia convergens
Geocoris punctipesGoecoris pallens
Orius tristicolorZelus renardii
Nabis alternatusLygus hesperus
Pseudatomoscelis seriatusChrysoperla carnea
Drapetis sp.Hymenoptera
0.040.630.390.160.250.420.450.220.140.200.110.210.190.76
0.010.920.130.570.720.120.540.110.690.420.250.280.950.53
0.010.590.750.560.860.730.490.120.400.810.330.710.340.47
1999 2000 2001
Naranjo 2002, in prep
Principal Response Curves AnalysisPrincipal Response Curves Analysis
Time-dependent multivariate analysisDerived from redundancy analysis (constrained form of principal component analysis)Provides a simple means of visualizing and testing the overall response of a biological community to an environmental disturbance
Spec
ies
wei
ght
3.182.041.791.431.31.291.121.11.040.910.880.80.570.560.540.50.410.320.240.190.080.060.04-0.02-0.05-0.07-0.09-0.23-0.24-0.79
HymenopteraCoccinellidaeL. hesperusP. seriatusC. carnea
S. albofasc.O. tristicolor
M. celerN. alternatusDrapetis sp.
AraneidaZ. renardii
ThomisidaeThanatus sp.Anthicus spp.
G. pallensG. punctipes
Metaphid. spp.H. convergens
C. vittatusHabronatus spp.O. abdominalis
SalticidaeScymnus sp.FormicidaeS. confusa
Trachelus sp.R. forticornisN. calcaratusD. reticulata
1999
9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
P = 0.13
Selectivity of Bt cottonSelectivity of Bt cotton
Bt cotton
Non-Bt
exp(cdtbk)1.34 x control
Naranjo (in prep)
Selectivity of Bt cottonSelectivity of Bt cotton2.622.572.121.451.371.281.21.080.930.640.550.480.260.160.130.120.080.060-0.01-0.08-0.15-0.17-0.24-0.33-0.53-0.54-0.57-0.58-1.12
C. carneaO. tristicolor
C. vittatusH. convergensHymenopteraD. reticulataN. alternatus
M. celerDrapetis sp.G. punctipesS. albofasc.L. hesperus
Thanatus sp.Habronatus spp.
S. confusaFormicidae
R. forticornisMetaph. spp.Scymnus sp.CoccinellidaeLabridura spp.
P. seriatusThomisidaeSalticidae
O. abdominalisZ. renardii
Anthicus spp.G. pallens
N. calcaratusAraneida
2000
9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
P = 0.52
Bt cotton
Non-Bt
Naranjo (in prep)
Spec
ies
wei
ght
Spec
ies
wei
ght
3.921.371.361.331.321.241.151.140.930.650.50.470.350.250.240.180.170.140.10.050.030.020.010-0.01-0.05-0.07-0.16-0.2
Drapetis sp.M. celer
HymenopC. carnea
O. tristicolorL. hesperus
Anthicus spp.H. convergens
P. seriatusS. albofacs.D. reticulataNysius sp.
N. calcaratusScymnus sp.G. punctipes
G. pallensHabronatus sp
Z. renardiiCoccinellidaeR. forticornis
AraneidaLabriduraSalticidae
ThomisidaeMetaph. spp.N. alternatusThanatus sp.FormicidaeC. vittatus
2001
9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
P = 0.005
Selectivity of Bt cottonSelectivity of Bt cottonBt cotton
Non-Bt
Bt cotton spray
Non-Bt spray
Naranjo (in prep)
Spec
ies
wei
ght
3.482.32.261.811.410.570.540.50.290.240.210.170.130.110.070.060.050.040.030.020.018e-32e-30-2e-3-0.02-0.04-0.13-0.35
G. punctipesG. pallens
L. hesperusN. alternatusP. seriatusC. vittatus
M. celerD. reticulata
C. carneaCoccinellidaeH. convergens
HymenopZ. renardiiSalticidae
Anthicus spp.Scymnus sp.S. albofacs.
N. calcaratusFormicidae
Metaph. spp.Habronatus sp
ThomisidaeNysius sp.Araneida
Thanatus sp.O. abdominalisR. forticornisO. tristicolorDrapetis sp.
2002
9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
P = 0.008
Selectivity of Bt cottonSelectivity of Bt cotton
Bt cotton
Non-Bt
Non Bt-spray
Bt-spray
Naranjo (in prep)
Spec
ies
wei
ght
2.51.881.721.371.280.730.560.510.460.410.30.270.230.130.10.08-0.07-0.19-0.35-0.41-0.43-0.49-0.63-0.75-0.97-1.05-1.39-1.4-1.83
G. punctipesAraneida
N. alternatusZ. renardii
M. celerO. tristicolorL. hesperusThanatus sp.
C. carneaDrapetis sp.
Habronatus spSalticidae
CoccinellidaeFormicidae
R. forticornisSinea spp.P. seriatus
Metaph. spp.Nysius sp.
H. convergensScymnus sp.S. albofacs.ThomisidaeD. reticulataN. calcaratus
C. vittatusHymenop
Anthicus spp.G. pallens
2003
9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
P = 0.21
Selectivity of Bt/RR cottonSelectivity of Bt/RR cotton
BtNon-Bt/RR
Bt/RR
RR
Naranjo (in prep)
Natural Enemy FunctionNatural Enemy FunctionPredation on Pink Bollworm EggsPredation on Pink Bollworm Eggs
2001
Prop
ortio
n ea
ten
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 BtNon-Bt
2002 2003
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Naranjo 2002, in prep
Natural Enemy FunctionNatural Enemy FunctionPredation on Pink Bollworm PupaePredation on Pink Bollworm Pupae
2002
Prop
ortio
n ea
ten
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8BtNon-Bt
2003
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Naranjo (in prep)
Natural Enemy FunctionNatural Enemy FunctionMortality of Whitefly NymphsMortality of Whitefly Nymphs
2001
Predation Parasitism
Mar
gina
l rat
e of
mor
talit
y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8BtNon-Bt
2002
Predation Parasitism
2003
Predation Parasitism0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Naranjo 2002, in prep
Selective Insecticides?Selective Insecticides?
•• BtBt Transgenic CottonTransgenic Cotton
•• Applaud Applaud (Chitin Inhibitor)(Chitin Inhibitor)
•• Knack Knack ((JuvenoidJuvenoid))
Selectivity of Selectivity of IGRsIGRs
Control
BupPyr
Conven
1997
29 Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
Species weight
3.0272.0191.2961.230.9630.9620.7750.6250.5970.4590.2470.1710.1650.1380.1080.1040.0340.024-0.01-0.011
P = 0.002
L. hesperusO. tristicolorG. punctipesC. carnea s.l.
P. seriatusD. nr. divergens
M. celerZ. renardii
Other AraneidaN. alternatus
S. albofasciatusSinea spp.C. vittatusSalticidae
H. convergensD. reticulata
G. pallensOther Coccinellidae
R. forticornisAnthicidae
B P C CP B C CC C C C C
Naranjo et al. 2003 Biological Control (in press)
Selectivity of Selectivity of IGRsIGRs1999
5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2 BPC C C
Species weight
2.0371.9751.9321.7151.6351.3940.9570.6240.5540.4120.4040.3930.2920.270.2690.170.1570.0330.01-0.084
P = 0.002
M. celerG. punctipesL. hesperus
O. tristicolorD. nr. divergens
C. carnea s.l.Other Coccinellidae
Other AraneidaC. vittatus
R. forticornisD. reticulata
P. seriatusN. alternatus
SalticidaeZ. renardii
Sinea sspp.G. pallens
H. convergensS. albofasciatus
Anthicidae
Control
Bup
Pyr
Conven
Naranjo et al. 2003 Biological Control (in press)
Implementation & EvaluationImplementation & Evaluation
Can conservation contribute to pest Can conservation contribute to pest control?control?
29 June 19 July 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept
Adu
lts p
er le
af
0
5
10
15
20
25 IGRConventionalUntreated
Whitefly Pest ManagementWhitefly Pest Management1997
Life Table AnalysesLife Table Analyses
K-values (marginal)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Buprofezin
Pyriproxyfen
Conventional
Untreated A
B
AB
1-14 days post-spray 14-27 days post spray
0 1 2 3 4 5
A
A
B
A
Predation Parasitism Other Insecticide
B
1997
Naranjo & Ellsworth (in prep)
Impact of ConservationImpact of Conservation
29 June 19 July 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept
Adu
lts p
er le
af
0
5
10
15
20
25 IGRConventionalUntreated
ET
“Bio-residual”
Naranjo & Ellsworth (in prep)
Biological control
Pest Biology& Ecology
Culturalcontrol
Cross-commodityAreawide
Host plantresistance
Detection, Pest and StickinessSampling & Monitoring
ThresholdsInsecticides
Resistance Manage.
Avoid
ance
Effe
ctive
Che
mica
lUse
PestManagement
Sam
plin
g
Biological control
Pest Biology& Ecology
Culturalcontrol
Cross-commodityAreawide
Host plantresistance
Foundation of IPM
Some mitigating factorsSome mitigating factors
Selective Insecticide UseSelective Insecticide UseArizona CottonArizona Cotton
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
% A
crea
ge tr
eate
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80Bt cotton Pyriproxyfen Buprofezin
Lygus Control Lygus Control -- no selective options!no selective options!
29 Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep
Can
onic
al c
oeffi
cien
t
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
C
P = 0.003
22 Jul 29 Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 2 Sep-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
C C C
P = 0.002
1997 1999
No Lygus control
Lygus control
Naranjo et al. 2003 Biological Control (in press)
Thanks toThanks to
Peter Ellsworth
Virginia BarkleyBecci BurkeKim BeimfohrLuis CañasJonathan DiehlJeanette MartinDonna MeadeGreg Owens