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–
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SoilSoil Science Science ‐‐ topictopic
No. 1:No. 1:
ConceptConcept ofof soilsoil formationformation
atmosphere biosphere
hydrospherelitosphere
PEDOSPHERE
Parent
material
Climate
Biota
Man
Topography
Time
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Notes
Johann
Babtista
Helmot
(1577‐1644)
Michail
Vasiljevic
Lomonosov
(1711‐1765)
Antoine
de Lavoisier
(1743‐1794)
Albert Thaer
(1752‐1828)
Just
von
Liebig
(1803‐1873)
Vasilij
Vasiljevic
Dokutchajev
(1846‐1903)
Jenny
H., 1941: Factors
of
soil
formation. McGraw‐Hill, New
York
Jenny
H., 1980: The
soil
recource, Origin
behaviour, Springer
New
York
White
R.E., 1987: Introduction
to the
principles
and
practice
of
soil
science,
2nd
ed. Blackwell, Oxford
Forth
H., 1991: Fundamentals of
soil
science, Wiley, Chichester
Ellis
B., Foth
H., 1998: Soil
fertility, 2nd
ed. Springer, Berlin
Sumner
M.E., 2000: Handbook of
soil
science. Springer
Berlin
Soil
forming
factors→→→complex
of
soil
forming processes→→diagnostic
horizons→→soil
profile→→soil
units
„Soil
forming
process
on
a
local
forest
site
in
current
circumstances
result
in
stratigraphically
regular
sequence
of
soil
horizons“
Soil
formation
in situ‐weathering
of
non‐transported
material
Soil
formation
on superficial
deposits‐weathering
of
transported
material
Elluvium
Delluvium
Solid rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Unconsolidated
rocks: water, wind
or
gravity
transport
Burial
profiles/horizons
and
relic
soils
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Notes
Physical
weathering
Chemical
weathering
Biological
weathering
Moisture
The kind and the intesity
A distribution
throughout
the
year
An
evaporation
rate
A land
slope
and
orientation
of
slope/escarp
A permeability
of
parent
material
Temperature
The
weathering
rate
of
parent
rock
A rate
of
biomass
growth
The
state
of
water
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Notes
a. Terrestrial
(superficial) vegetation
A quantity
of
dead
organic
matter
A quality
of
dead
organic
matter
An
influence
on moisture
and
temperature
on habitat
An
decrease
of
soil
erosion
(both
wind
and
water erossive
process)
Bioindicative
potential
(parent
material/soil properties) .... ! vs. ?
b. Soil
organisms
A) a decomposition
of
organic
matter
B) a weathering
of
parent
material
C) a production
of
biomass
D) a production
of
aggressive
metabolites
E) a production
of
extracellular
enzymes
A) an
incorporation
of
dead
plant
matter
throughout
the
upper
part of
profile
B) a degradation
of
soil
biocides
C) a digestive
products
D) a creation
of
oxidative/reductive
conditions
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Notes
topography=relief=morphology
of terrain=configuratrion
of
terrain
Type of
relief
Folding, faulting, vulcanic
Eolian, fluvial, glacial, abrasive
Karstic
Landsliding
I. Type of
phytocoenosis
II. Weathering
rate
III. Volume of
fine
soil
particles
IV. Ratio
between
run‐off
and
infiltration
V. Lateral
stream
in subsoil
VI. Groundwater
table
Establishment
of
new
phytocoenoses
(agricultural
fields, forest
plantations, weeds)
Setting
up
new
zoocenoses
(invasions
by new
animals, parasites).
Constructing
of
new
settlement and
infrastructures.
Mining
and
quarries
Anthropogenic
emisions
I. Effect
on groundwater
table
II. Effect
on soil
colloidal
complex
and
soil
acidity
III. Effect
on soil
susceptibility
to erosion
IV. Effect
on aeration
and
structural
instability
V. Effect
on parent
material, especially
for
weathering
rate
VI.
Effect
on hydrological
cycle
and
nutrient
cycling, especially
for
carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus
and
heavy
metals/trace
elements,.
i.e.
the
direct
effect
on plant
nourishment
(nutrient
defficiences)
VII. Effect
on biological
activity
of
soil
VIII. Effect
on local
climate
parameters
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Notes
A. The
moment of
soil
evaluation
(the
actual
value
of
the effect
of
complex
of
soil‐
forming
factors)
B. The
soil
age
(the
extend
time
within
a soil‐forming
factor has affecting
the
profile)
For
example, in weathering
rate
and
pedogenic
processes
a time
display an
influence
on:
‐
changes
in soil
depth,
‐
changes
in ratio
between
eluviums
and
deluviums,
‐
changes
in angles
of
slopes,
‐
changes
in leaching
and
accumulating, especially
for nutrients
in particular
soil
horizons,
‐
changes
in groundwater
quantity
and
quality,
‐
changes
in terrestrial
phytocoenosis.
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Notes