Compulsory Course-Mgmt of Urban Envt-lecture 1-2013

8/13/2019 Compulsory Course-Mgmt of Urban Envt-lecture 1-2013

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Management of the Urban

Environment

Prof. Annapurna Shaw

Public Policy and ManagementGroup


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Why focus on urban areas/cities

separately?

As of 2007, more than 50% of the worlds

population lives in urban places.

Urban impacts on the environment are

more intense.


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Urban areas occupy less than 2% of the earths

surface but:

-accommodate half of the worlds 7 billion

population-70% of the worlds GDP

-80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas

emissions Regarding environmental impacts, urban areas

present both challenges as well as opportunities.


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Impact on nature

Human activities negatively affecting nature

disappearing wilderness, forests bemoaned by the

preservationists of the 1800s;

Nature should be used optimallyconservationists

Rise of the modern environmental movement in the West

in the 1960s

---interconnectedness of nature and all living things

---questioning of modern technology---based on a new public awareness


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Fallout of Rachel Carsons book

Public outcry

Presidents Science Advisory Report

(1963)

Environmental Defence Fund-a nonprofit

environmental advocacy group (1967)

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)created in 1970

Ban on DDT (1972)


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Institution for Environment

Protection in India

In India, the Department of Environment

was created in 1980. In 1985, it became

the Ministry of Environment and Forests.

Role of civil society


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Population impact models of the

1970s-1980s

Population impact (Ehrlich and Holdren,

1971):

I = P, A , T

P = population

A = affluence

T = technology


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Early Impact studies

Primary focus on sheer numbers of people

Ignored low per capita energy use and

resource use;

City population growth actually saves rural

areas;

High density city environments have manypositive features


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Sustainable development of

cities (1990s) Official recognition of sustainable cities at

Habitat 2 Conference in 1996.

Sustainability is defined following the Brundtland

Commissions report (1987): meeting the needsof the present without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs.

Needs were regarded as economic,

environmental and social. Thus the 3 pillars of sustainable development

were: economic growth, environmentalprotection and social equity.


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Urban Sustainability Assessment

via sustainability indicators

A range of criteria are used; no single set

of indicators suits all cities equally;

International Urban Sustainability

Indicators List contains 115 indicators for 4

dimensions: environmental, economic,

social and governance


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Satterthwaites framework for assessing the

environmental performance of cities

1. Provision of adequate water, sanitation,

drainage and garbage collection (brown agenda)

2. Reduction of chemical and physical hazardswithin the home, workplace and wider city;

3. Achieving a high quality city environment forall city inhabitants;


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4. Minimizing the transfer of environment coststo inhabitants and ecosystems surrounding thecity;

5. Minimizing the transfer of environment coststo people and ecosystems beyond the cityregion and the future through sustainable

consumption.

The largest and wealthiest c i t ies trans fer the

mos t


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Ecological footprint studies

(1990s)

Total resource use of city relative to its

population; all resource consumption is

converted to a landprint.


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Concept of ecological footprint

The Ecological Footprint of a region is the areaof productive land required to provide all theenergy and material resources consumed and toabsorb all of the wastes discharged by the

population of the region using currenttechnology, wherever on earth the land islocated (Wackernagel & Rees, 1996).

The ecological footprint is, in fact, a measure ofpopulation impact expressed in terms ofappropriated land area (Rees and Wackernagel,2000).


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Ecological Footprints of Cities

Londons footprint in 1995 was 125.

Manali, Himachal Pradeshs footprint was9 (Cole, 1999).

EF is a negative measure of the impact ofcities; the analysis provides no suggestion

on how to reduce the footprint.


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Climate change impacts

Changes in climate variables Primary and secondary impacts

Temperature extremes-rise in average

temperatureswarm spells, heat waves

Heat related mortality; increase in demand

for water, impacts on air and water quality;

increased demand for cooling

Heavy precipitation events Deterioration of quality of surface and

ground water;Mortality, injury, water-borne and food-

borne diseases

Flooding and water logging

Disruption of mobility

Displacements of settlements

Damages to industry and infrastructure

Sea level rise Land indundation

Salt water intrusion into ground water

aquifers; impacts on coastal agriculture and

livelihoods, displacement of coastal

settlements; damage to industry and

infrastructure

More extreme events Mortality and morbidity; damage to infrastr.


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Need for building resilient cities

Resilience can be defined as the ability of a system,

community or society exposed to hazards to resist,

absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of

a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including

through the preservation and restoration of its essentialbasic structures and functions.

Urban resilience can be defined as the ability of cities to

tolerate alteration before reorganizing around a new setof structures and processes.


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Developing carbon neutral

cities Targeted low carbon strategies in key sectors:

-buildings

-urban planning

-urban transport

-urban infrastructure

This has the potential to decrease nearly 29%

the projected emissions by 2020 (United NationsEconomic Commission for Europe, 2009).


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Integrating low carbon climate resilience

thinking into urban development

Via new strategies that exclusively

address these issues

Via key policies, programs, and initiatives

of the Government of India that offer entry

points for mainstreaming resilience,

adaptation and mitigation within the urban

sustainable development agenda.


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Key public policies

In December 2009, just before the Copenhagen

Summit (15thUN Climate Conference) India

announced the adoption of a domestic mitigationgoal of reducing the carbon emissions intensity

of its GDP by 20-25% by 2020 in comparison to

its 2005 level.


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Entry point via the National Five

Year Plans 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) concerns for the urban sector

Inclusion of the environmental dimensionfor the first time since 1951

Its suggestions, input by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute):

1.Developing an Environmental Rating Systemfor Urban Servicesprovided by the local bodiesTERIs Urban Services Environmental

Rating System (USERS)

2.Green Rating and Energy Efficient Buildings- (TERI) GRIHANationalGreen Building Rating Systemlaunched in Nov 1, 2007.

3.Waste to Energy projects

4.Training needsassessment for capacity building

5. Better data systems and digitized maps for transparency, bettermanagement and planning eg., for improved solid wastemanagement


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12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017)

One of its key pillars is low carbon inclusive growth:

- Interim Report of the Expert Group on Low Carbon

Strategies for Inclusive growth, May 2011

-Report of the Sub-group on Climate Change, Oct. 2011.

Under Housing and Urban Development, there is a

separate working group on Environmental Sustainability

of Indian Cities.


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New Strategy: National Action Plan

on Climate Change (2008)

8 national missions were launchedunder it:

National Solar Mission (Jan. 2010)

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

(June 2010)

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (June

2010)

National Water Mission (May 2010) National Mission for a Green India (Feb. 2011)


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National Mission on Sustainable

Habitats directly focuses on urban areas and

promotes sustainability through:

-enhancing the energy efficiency of

buildings

-urban waste recycling

-shift towards public transport

Climate change objectives should be

integrated into the planning process


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Entry point via JNNURM

JNNURM(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission)covering 65 cities was started in 2005.

UIDSSMT(Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small andMedium Towns) covers all the balance towns and cities in the nation( as per 2001 census).

Both are under the Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministryof Housing and Poverty Alleviation. Period covered for both is 2005-6 to 2011-12 now extended.

-Revis ion of b ui ld ing b ye laws for m andatory w ater harvest ingin all build ing s (30 cit ies)

-By elaws on use o f recyc led w ater (12 cit ies)

- For JNNURM, Projectsearning carbon credits**


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Solar Energy Technologies and

their applications for Cities

Urban local bodies urged to make

mandatory for new buildings:

-Solar water heating systems

-Solar/green buildings

-Solar air heating/steam generating

system in industries-Solar photovoltaic devices/systems


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Policy Implementation via Ministry

of New and Renewable Energy

28thFebruary 2008 notification on Developmentof Solar Cities during 11thPlan period.

To enable/empower urban local governments of60 citiesaddress energy challenges through:

-A Master Plan on energy demand and supply,GHG emissions

-solar city cell with all stakeholders

-training programmes/awareness camps-financial provision of 50 lakhs per city

Goal: 10% reduction in use of conventional energy


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ICLEI (International Council for

Local Environmental Initiatives)

11 Indian cities are members of ICLEI

-Bhubaneswar, Delhi, Guntur, Gwalior,

Hyderabad, Jablapur, Nagpur, Shimla,Thane, Vadodara, Vijayawada.

Compulsory Course-Mgmt of Urban Envt-lecture 1-2013

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