Compaction - Julio Valdes · Compaction Densification = increase in soil’s strength and stiffness...
Transcript of Compaction - Julio Valdes · Compaction Densification = increase in soil’s strength and stiffness...
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Compaction
Densification of soil by the application of mechanical energy
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Compaction
Densification = increase in soil’s strength and stiffness
WHY?
Reduce settlement due to loads
Improve slope stability
Provide site uniformity
p p y
Improve foundation capacity
Provide site uniformity
Reduce hydraulic conductivity (dams)
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Earth dam construction
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History
R.R. Proctor (1930’s) – building dams in LA
Compactability is a function ofp y
h f h l h fthe water content of the soil at the time of compaction.
the “compactive effort” imposed (mechanical energy applied to the soil mass, [J/m3])pp , [ / ])
soil type namely the composition and gradation.
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Lab: Proctor TestLab: Proctor Test“Impact test” to measure compactability
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Modified Proctor Test1. Obtain soil to be tested and sieve it past the No. 4 sieve.
2 Determine the mass of the Proctor mold2. Determine the mass of the Proctor mold
3 Prepare several soil batches at different w (5% to 18%)3. Prepare several soil batches at different w (5% to 18%)
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4. Divide the first batch into five portions. Compact each portion in the mold using the Modified Proctor Test Hammerthe mold using the Modified Proctor Test Hammer.
uconn.edu
6 Determine theM and V of the compacted soil (batch #1)
5. Weigh the mold with the compacted soil.
6. Determine the M and V of the compacted soil (batch #1).
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7. Use phase relationships to get ρ and ρd for batch 1.
VM
=1ρV1ρ
M ρ
1
11 1 wV
M sd +
==ρρ
1
8 and for batch 1 are the coordinates of one point [ ]8. ρd and w for batch 1 are the coordinates of one point: [w1, ρd1].
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9. Get ρd and w for all batches following the procedure described for batch #1.
10. Plot the points (one point per batch) and draw (by hand) the compaction curve.
ρd
Compact 1st batch and get p gρd and w.
Compact 2nd batch and get dρd and w.
Do same for 3rd, 4th …
Sketch a curve
w
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Compaction Curve ‐ LABρd
ρρd max
maximum dry density in the labdensity in the lab
w
ρd is for a specific compactive effort and method: IT DOES NOT
wopt optimum water content
ρdmax is for a specific compactive effort and method: IT DOES NOTnecessarily reflect the maximum ρd that can be obtained in the field.
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sd 1=
ρρ
sGw 1
+
ρd ZAV ; S = 1
ww
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Relative compaction
As engineers we
1. relay the compaction curve
and
2. prescribe a relative compaction p p
to the contractor that will compact the soil in the fieldcompact the soil in the field.
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Relative compaction
Relative compaction:
drC ρ
=maxd
r ρ
Ex: if Cr = 95%, and ρdmax = 1760 kg/m3, then ρd = (1760)(0.95) = 1672 kg/m3
Typically, we prescribe Cr > 90%. for critical projects (for example, airport pavements) Cr can be as high as 100%
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ExampleA soil was compacted in the lab via Modified Proctor. The maximum dry mass density was 1700 kg/m3 and the optimum water content was 10%. The project in question calls for a relative compaction of 95%.
You are charged to determine whether or not the contractor has compacted the soil appropriately. Thus, you go to the site and sample the soil at three locations; the sampling involves measurement of water content w and total mass density ρ.
In location 1, w = 10% and ρ = 1780 kg/m3
In location 2, w = 9% and ρ = 1820 kg/m3
In location 3, w = 10% and ρ = 1750 kg/m3
SOLUTION
Determine the relative compaction at each location, using
d =ρρ d
rC ρ=
wd +1ρ
maxdr ρ
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Our analysis indicates that the relative compaction achieved in the third location p(location #3) is lower than 95%.
Therefore, we must urge the contractor to re-compact the soil in that general location.