Comp Anim Nutr 1

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comparative animal nutrition 2

Nutrition

The interrelated steps by which a living organismassimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair

and replacement, or elaboration of products.

It encompasses all forms of life, including plants andanimals.

It requires the application of chemistry, physics, andmathematics as well as the integration of advancesin soil science, plant science, animal science,biochemistry, engineering, production systems, and

other disciplines.

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Nutrient. Any chemical element or compound inthe diet that supports normal reproduction, growth,

lactation, or maintenance of life processes.

Feed. An edible material that provides nutrients.

Diet. A mixture of feedstuffs used to supplynutrients to an animal.

Ration. A daily supply of feed.

NUTRIENT; FEED; DIET; RATION

Describe examples of each item above [email protected]

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A simplified schematic chart of element and compounds

that may be present to feed1. Protein

2. Nonprotein

1. Essential fatty acid2. Sterols3. Terpenoids

4. Waxes5. Phospholipids6. Miscellaneous

1. Monosaccharides2. Disaccharides3. Oligosaccharides4. Nonfibrous polysccharides5. Fibrous saccharides

1. Nitrogen Containing

2. Lipids

3. Carbohydrates

4. Miscellaneous

OrganicCompounds

3. Carbohydrates

1. Essential elements

2. Possibly essential

3. Nonessential

4. Often toxic

Inorganic

1. Macro

2. Micro

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a.1. Nitrogen Containing

a.1.1. Protein

a.1.1.1. Essential amino acid : isoleucine, lysine, methionine,phenylalanine, threoline, tryptophan, valine.

a.1.1.2. Semi-essential amino acid: arginine, cystine, glycine,histidine, proline, tyrosine.

a.1.1.3. Non-essential amino acid: alanine, aspartic acid, glutamicacid, hydroxyproline, serine

a.1.2. Non protein

Peptides, amides, amines, nucelic acids, nitrates, urea,many nonprotein amino acids, and hundreds of other

compounds containing N

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a.2. Lipids

a.2.1. Essential fatty acids: linoleic, linolenic

a.2.2. Sterols: cholesterol, vit. D, many other related compounds

a.2.3. Terpenoids: carotene, xantophylls, others

a.2.4. Waxes: cutin, others

a.2.5. Phospholipids: lecithin, others

a.2.6. Miscellaneous: free fatty acids, others







a.2. Lipids







a.2. Lipids

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a.3.1. Monosaccharides: simple pentose or hexose

a.3.2. Disaccharides: sugars with two molecules of simple sugars

a.3.3. Oligosaccharides: sugars with more than two simple sugars but still

relatively small molecules

a.3.4. Nonfibrous polysaccharides: dextrins, starches, pectins

a.3.5. Fibrous polysaccharides: hemicelluloses, celluloses, xylans

a.3. Carbohydrates

a.4. Miscellaneous

Lignin; organic acids; compound contributing to color, flavor and odor;

toxins or inhibitors of various types; animal and plant hormones

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b.1.1. Macro elements: Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, P, S.

b.1.2. Micro elements: Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn

b.2. Possibly essential elements: As, Ba, Br, Cd, Sr.

b.3. Nonessential elements: Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Ge, Hg, Pb, Rb, Sb, Ti

b.4. Often toxic: As, Cd, Cu, F, Hg, Mo, Pb, Se, SI

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Comparative Nutrient Utilization

Rumen microbes could breakphytate

Most dietary P [from plant]could not be utilized

Minerals

Rumen microbes couldsynthesize water soluble vitaminsand vitamin K

Most essential vitamins mustbe supplied

Vitamins

Rumen microbes could degrade

beta-linkage of several glucosemolecules

Ration is limited by dietarycrude fiber [cellulose]Carbohydrates

Rumen microbes undergohydrogenation on unsaturated

fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids passthrough G.I. tract wihtout

hydrogenationLipids

Do not require specific amino acidRequire specific amino acidProtein

RuminantNon RuminantNutrient

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Preparation of feed for absorption

Reduction in food particle size

mechanical - chewingchemical - HCl, bile

enzymatic - lipasemicrobial

Digestion

Types of Digestive Systems

Monogastric (Simple stomach): humans, swine, poultry

Monogastric with a functional cecum: horses, elephant, rabbit Ruminant (polygastric - 4 compartments): cattle, sheep, goats

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY


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Components of Digestive System

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Mouthparticle size reduction by mastication (chewing)

Stomach

storage compartment

physical breakdown of feedchemical digestion (HCl, Pepsin): Acidic pH = 2

* also fermentative digestion in ruminant

Small Intestine (pH ~ 6-7) : enzymatic digestionfrom pancreas, liver, small intestine

breakdown peptides to amino acidsbreakdown CHOs to sugars (glucose)

Absorption of nutrients

Large Intestine

water resorption

storage of undigested foodmicrobial fermentation (limited absorption)


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Comparative Type of Digestive System

Microbial digestionMicrobial digestionLarge intestine

Enzimatic digestionEnzimatic digestionSmall intestine

Physical breakdown

Chemical digestion

Microbial digestion

Physical breakdown

Chemical digestionStomach

Mechanical - chewingMechanical - chewingMouth

RuminantNon RuminantGastrointestinal

Track


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NUTRITIVE FEED EVALUATION

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Nutrient profile must be compared on DM basis.

Extremely variable:Grains70 - 95% DM (30 - 5% water)Forages 5 - 95% DM (95 - 5% water)

DM

water

AS FED basis

[Diluted nutrients]

DM

DM basis

[concentrated nutrients]

VS


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Types of Feed Evaluation:Physical

Chemical

Biological

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Evaluation of Feed Quality :Nutrient profile to determine the amount and/or

concentration of nutrients in a feed or diet [chemicalanalysis]

Nutrient utilization to determine the proportion ofnutrients in a feed or diet that are absorbed from

gastrointestinal tract of animal [a biological trial].


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Nutrient Profile of Feed:Proximate Analyse

AIR DRY SAMPLE

MOISTURE-FREE SAMPLE

CRUDE PROTEIN FAT-FREE SAMPLE

CRUDE FIBER + ASH

CRUDE FIBER ASH

Dry at 105 Co

KJELDAHL ETHER EXTRACTION

ETHER EXTRACT

BOIL IN ACID

BOIL IN ALKALI

BURN IN FURNACE


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Nutrient Profile of Feed:Detergent ExtractionMethods

SAMPLE OF ROUGHAGE

N D S

ACID SOLUBLE

N D F

ACID INSOLUBLE

A D SA D F

Digested in acid detergent

Digested in neutral detergent

Digested in concentrated H2SO4

[Cell content] [Cell wall]

[Hemicellulose,lignified cell wall]

[Lignocellulose]

[Cellulose] [Lignin]


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Nutrient Profile of Feed: Specialized AnalyticalMethods

1. Bomb Calorymetry

2. Amino Acid Analysis

3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

4. UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

5. Gas Chromatography

6. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

7. Automated Analytical Equipment


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Nutrient Utilization of Feed:Conventional Methods of Digestion Trials

Feed Digestibility

The proportion of nutrients [weight unit] in feed or diet that are absorbed fromgastrointestinal tract.

Coeficient of Feed Digestibility

The expression of feed digestibility in percentage.

Nutrient Digestibility [100%]:

Nutrient intake - Nutrient in feces

Nutrient intakeX 100


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Animals are fed a diet of known composition over a time period, during

which the feces are collected and later analyzed for the components ofinterest.

Maintaining a constant daily feed intake is advisable to minimize day-to-day variation in fecal excretion.

Time required for feed residues to travese the GI tract 1 or 2 days fornonruminant, and 4 to 7 days for ruminant preliminary period of 3days [nonruminant] and 10 days is needed to void the GI tract ofresidues of pretest feed and to allow adaptation of the animal to the

diet.

A collection period of 4 days [nonruminant] and 10 days [for ruminant]follows the adjustment period.

Values can be obtained for apparent digestibility of any desirednutrients, but meaningless for vitamin or minerals that are present inextremely small amounts.


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Total Digestible Nutrients [TDN]

Measure of energy for ruminant.

It comprises of the % digestibility of

+ crude protein

+ crude fiber

+ ether extract [x2.25]

+ nitrogen free extract


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Nutrient Utilization of Feed:Indicator Methods of Digestion Trials

Often a choice when it is impssoble or inconvenient to

measure total feed intake or to collect total feces.

It uses reference substance which should be indigestible,nonabsrobable, nontoxic, and easily analyzed in feed and

feces.This methods provides an estimate of digestibility of anyor all nutrients without need to know either the total feedconsumption or the excretion of feces.


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External Indicator

Extensively uses for both nonruminant and ruminant.

External markers or indicators such as chromic oxide or rareearth elements that are either added to the feed or given to

animal orally to animal [or administered into the rumen orcannula]

Internal Indicator

Extensively uses for ruminant.

Internal markers that are present in feed naturally, such as ligninthat is digested to a negligable degree though it is incompleterecovery.

The use of silica have a problem presumably because ofcontamination of soil.


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Apparent digestibility [%]

Amount of feed consumption may be esimated using indicator methods:DMfc [units/day] =

% ind.feed

% ind.feces

% nutr.feces

% nutr.feedX100 X{ }100

X [amount. ind. per unit dry feces]

ind.fd/unit DMfd


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The Validity for Results of Digestibility Trials

Major classes of nutrients [protein, fat, soluble carbohydrates], except for

fibrous carbohydrates, are also excreted in feces from endogenous sources,

besides from feeds.The apparent digestible nutrients represents the difference between theamount ingested and the amount appearing in the feces.

The true digestibility of a nutrient is the proportion of the dietary intake that is

absorbed from GI tract, excluding any contributions from body [endogenous]sources.

For example, fecal N is derived from feed [not from body tissues] exogenous

N; fecal metabolic N is derived from body tissues endogenous N.

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Nutrient Utilization of Feed:Methods of Digestion Trials for True Digestibility

It is extensively used for nonruminant, but there ispossibility for ruminant.

1. Feeding a nitrogen-free diet and determining theamount of nitrogen excreted in feces.

2. Feeding a completely digestible nitrogen.

3. Feeding several levels of nitrogen andcalculating the fecal level by regression analysis toa zero intake [use specific steps of calculation].


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Steps in calculating true digestibility of a protein

8080True N dig., % [7/1 x 100]8

816True N absorption, g [line1 - line6] [1-6]7

24Unabsorbed dietary N, g [line2 line5]6

11Metabolic fecal N, g5

7075Apparent dig.,% [3/1x100]4

715Apparent N absorption, g [line 1 line 2]335Daily fecal N, g2

1020Daily N intake, g1

Protein Intake

High LowI t e m

LineNo.

To determine true digestibility of a protein, proceed sequenttially through the 8 steps as indicated in thecolumn labeled Line No.. Note that true digestibility is not changed by level of protein intake,eventhough apparent digestibility increased by a high protein intake. [Pond and Church, 1995].


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SYSTEM OF NUTRIENT METABOLISM


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Comp Anim Nutr 1

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