Community Led Total Sanitation Community Led Total Sanitation Potentials and Challenges for Potentials and Challenges for

application in Urban areasapplication in Urban areas

What have we learnt about local What have we learnt about local empowerment and collective behaviour empowerment and collective behaviour change at the urban community level?change at the urban community level?

Dr. Kamal KarDr. Kamal Kar “ “Planning and Implementation of Sustainable Planning and Implementation of Sustainable

Sanitation in Urban /Semi-Urban settings -need for Sanitation in Urban /Semi-Urban settings -need for development of existing tools” Stockholm Environment development of existing tools” Stockholm Environment

Institute, Stockholm 25Institute, Stockholm 25thth-26-26thth August 2008 August 2008

Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ in Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ in tackling the problemstackling the problems

• Subsidize * Standardize *Prescribe * Top-down hygiene behaviour

teaching* Health as key motivator for hygiene behaviour change

• People don’t have latrines, so give them latrines

• People are poor & can’t afford toilets; so give them free or

subsidized latrines, prescribe latrine models that last long

• Rural/urban poor communities don’t know the implications of fecal-

oral contaminations; so teach them hygiene behaviour practices

• They are not interested to live clean life, so attract them in may

ways so that they use toilets and reward those who does that

Fate of free toilets in a slum of a Municipality Fate of free toilets in a slum of a Municipality town near Calcutta, India town near Calcutta, India

Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware- Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware- Portloko, Sierra Leone, Ibb, Yemen Portloko, Sierra Leone, Ibb, Yemen

Who’s design for whom?

Fate of sanitation subsidy in YemenFate of sanitation subsidy in Yemen

Countries without basic toilets or Countries without basic toilets or with open defecation practicewith open defecation practice

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ions

What is Community – Led Total What is Community – Led Total Sanitation ?Sanitation ?

• They are total & involve/affect everyone in communities e.g. total elimination of open defecation, total freedom from hunger)

• Collective Community decision & collective local action are the keys

• Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance • They are locally decided and don't dependent on external

subsidies and prescriptions or pressures• Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions who

lead future collective initiatives• They often don’t follow externally determined mode of

development and blue print • Local diversity and innovations are main elements

Entry/ IgnitionPRA

Defecation area transect Defecation Mapping Flow diagram Calculation of faeces etc.

Community realization of

terrible impact of faecal-oral contamination

Self Empowered Committee formed

Identification of right

person in the community

How to get a latrine slab Registration

daily monitoring on map

Start pit latrine from

tomorrow

We do it first and stop open defecatio

n

10 H/H10 H/H

Spreading messages from the mosque

Each of us cover 10 families

Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

P. R. A.

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Land less don’t have place for defecation. Land owners often blame them for defecating in open. Landless poor (women specially) are the worst victims who want to come out of that humiliation.

Participatory Planning

Latrine owners can’t get rid of negative impacts as many others adding faces everywhere.

Spoiling environment by open defecation

Will form positive pressure groups from within to convince others for having latrine

Better off

Medium

Poor

Very poor

Moving towards 100% sanitised village

More yellow powder in places where there is more shit- Sierra Leone

CLTS involves the entire community in CLTS involves the entire community in collective action to end open defecation-collective action to end open defecation-

Kudappa district in AP, IndiaKudappa district in AP, India

Rural community in Mardan, NWFP, in Rural community in Mardan, NWFP, in Pakistan mapping defecation areas of Pakistan mapping defecation areas of

villagevillage

Worried faces after realising the sanitation Worried faces after realising the sanitation situationsituation

Communities on the Andes mountains of Communities on the Andes mountains of Bolivia in action to clean up their villagesBolivia in action to clean up their villages

Food and shit demonstration

Who is teaching and who is learning?

Open Defecation areas and household Open Defecation areas and household calculation of shit shown on a social mapcalculation of shit shown on a social map

Community of Sar Safar village in Arba Minch Community of Sar Safar village in Arba Minch town setting new example of CLTS in Ethiopiatown setting new example of CLTS in Ethiopia

Natural Leaders construct their toilets firstNatural Leaders construct their toilets first

Collective Collective local action local action began in all began in all households households immediatelimmediatel

y after y after triggering triggering of CLTSof CLTS

We all want to stop defecating in the open We all want to stop defecating in the open and we will accomplish it in one monthand we will accomplish it in one month

Women sharing plans of ending defecation in Women sharing plans of ending defecation in buckets at home & emptying them in the open at buckets at home & emptying them in the open at

night- NWFP, Pakistannight- NWFP, Pakistan

Distinct example of social solidarity- rich of village Distinct example of social solidarity- rich of village declaring help for all to achieve ODF statusdeclaring help for all to achieve ODF status

Community latrine constructed over a defunct ring well –no subsidy- all Community latrine constructed over a defunct ring well –no subsidy- all local innovation. Whose idea? local innovation. Whose idea?

We have constructed this and we all use it. We have constructed this and we all use it. Whose ideas are appropriate? Who can scale-Whose ideas are appropriate? Who can scale-

up faster? up faster?

Plastic pans are available in the shops of remote Plastic pans are available in the shops of remote villages in Bangladesh wherever CLTS is in progress.villages in Bangladesh wherever CLTS is in progress.

Private sector participation has boosted up 100% total sanitation remarkably.

From rain water harvesting jars to making san-plates From rain water harvesting jars to making san-plates in Kampung Spu, Cambodia. Who is responding to in Kampung Spu, Cambodia. Who is responding to

who’s demand? Could they be equal partners of who’s demand? Could they be equal partners of developing strategies of sanitation marketing?developing strategies of sanitation marketing?

Local dealer of sanitary hard ware displaying different models of Local dealer of sanitary hard ware displaying different models of sanitary toilets that suits different pockets, PLAN Bangladesh sanitary toilets that suits different pockets, PLAN Bangladesh

promotes CLTS without subsidy. promotes CLTS without subsidy.

•

Mr. Sinoeun, Deputy Chief of Commune Council takes the pride of Mr. Sinoeun, Deputy Chief of Commune Council takes the pride of showing locally innovated toilets to outsiders- Kampong Chhnangshowing locally innovated toilets to outsiders- Kampong Chhnang

Local Community InnovationLocal Community Innovation in Kalyani in Kalyani

Local Community Innovation in KalyaniLocal Community Innovation in Kalyani

Local Community Innovation in KalyaniLocal Community Innovation in Kalyani

Signboard declaring Open Defecation-Free, Signboard declaring Open Defecation-Free, Para Vidyasagar Colony, Kalyani Para Vidyasagar Colony, Kalyani

Municipality, West Bengal Municipality, West Bengal

Stop Open

DefecationAll 213 H/H

Repair platform of all 69

hand tube wells

Clean up garbage and Repair Road

Clean up drain

In 5 monthsten slums covering more than 800 H/Hs have stopped OD by constructing toilets mobilizing more money than what KUSP could offer as subsidy

Beyond ODF! Neat and clean roads maintained by Beyond ODF! Neat and clean roads maintained by ODF communities (Lumajang, East Java and ODF communities (Lumajang, East Java and

Kampung Spu in Cambodia)Kampung Spu in Cambodia)

Do we have patience to allow communities to Do we have patience to allow communities to gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder? gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder?

Open defecationO

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Pour flush latrine

Latrines with plastic pan and water seal

Offset Pit latrines

Simple Pit Latrines

San

itation b

ehaviors ch

anges as com

mu

nity

moves u

p th

e ladd

er

What have we learnt? What have we learnt?

• CLTS in urban slums is possible only when there is political will

• Urban poor live in far more deplorable condition of sanitation and hygiene than rural poor

• Pace of ‘Rural-Urban’ migration is alarming. It increases as livelihoods in rural areas get more and more unsecured

• Most governments don’t want to invest or extend services to unauthorized slums

• Millions of urban poor live in illegal or unauthorized slums & shanties with constant threat of eviction

What have we learnt?What have we learnt?

• Politicians use urban poor slum dwellers as puns & vote bank for their vested political interest

• Urban poor in some city slums don’t have voting rights, hence councilors have no interest for such poor communities (Mymensing, Bangladesh)

• Settlement rights is the priority of urban poor • Urban poor are interested to live clean life who

hesitate to invest on sanitation for fear of eviction• Urban poor living along railway tracks, waste land,

garbage dumping areas have no access to water, electricity and sanitation facilities

What have we learnt?What have we learnt?

• Urban poor in big city slums live in very small cubicles as tenants where house owners have no interest to create sanitation facilities

• When water, sanitation, lanes and infrastructure improves, the poor are pushed out as the price of the land shoots up

• Allurement of a few free toilets disempowers the entire community who continue to live in filth and pay constant price on health

• Loss of livelihoods of urban poor due to diarrhea and other enteric diseases is very common

What had been our learning from rural CLTS What had been our learning from rural CLTS so far?so far?

• Spontaneous initiation of collective local action towards achieving ODF is possible by the urban poor

• Ignited communities put their acts together to stop OD without waiting for external help and support

• Households irrespective of well being categories go all out in adopting latrines of their own choices using all available resources and markets

• Rich and poor unites together to collectively achieve the ‘public-good’-ODF. Social solidarity is always in abundance in CLTS triggered communities

What motivated communities to plan and act What motivated communities to plan and act collectively towards OD?collectively towards OD?

• Disgust, shame, fear and self-respect shakes communities and push them towards achieving ODF status as soon as possible.

• The basic assumption on which CLTS stands is that ‘every human being has self- respect, dignity and wouldn’t agree to ingest each other’s shit’ after knowing it.

• Toilets could be built at such low cost using locally available materials as a starting point to hygiene behaviour change

• Slight encouragement from the elected people’s representatives can make a big difference in uniting urban communities

What are the special learning from What are the special learning from urban CLTS?urban CLTS?

• Pro-poor strategies for urban slums must be developed if access to sanitation by the urban poor has to improve

• Politicians and government must work together to resolve the issues of urban poor

• Institutionalized corruption poses serious bottleneck in spread and scaling up of urban CLTS

•

Overall Lessons Learned Overall Lessons Learned

CLTS entails a shift of paradigm and change of power relations• From teaching to facilitating• From engineering designs to local designs• From targets and counting latrines to counting

communities ODF• From big budgets and pressures to disburse to

adequate budgets• From us helping the poor to communities taking

responsibility• From us being sensitive to taboos to communities

handling them• From sanitised words to the crude ones – faeces

are SHIT!

Overall Lessons LearnedOverall Lessons Learned

• Post-triggering follow-up with support and encouragement is vital

• If no ODF villages emerge quickly after triggering, it is not good CLTS

• Verification of ODF status must be honest and done well

• Rewards for achieving ODF status lead to false declarations

• Beware misuse of the CLTS label, and confusion with total sanitation campaigns

What have we learnt? What have we learnt? • We need to change – personally, professionally,

institutionally• No individual household hardware subsidy in rural

areas (markets, schools, urban can be different)• Enough money but not too much• Natural Leaders are a wonderful resource for

spreading CLTS• Train facilitators and trainers hands-on with

communities. Mentor and support them. Beware of consultants who screw things up!

• Good trainers and facilitators are special people. Not all can do it

What do we need to do? What do we need to do?

• Help sceptics to experience CLTS, seeing it in action• Don’t rush to scale. The number of good facilitators

and capacity for follow-up must determine speed. Go to scale steadily with quality

• Seek critical and honest feedback e.g. learning workshops (Ethiopia)

• Network, share experience (Regional Learning Centres proposed in Ethiopia and Nigeria). IDS website…..let’s have more

• Keep the core elements of CLTS and innovate and adapt

CLTS is challenging, fulfilling and fun

BOLIVIABOLIVIA

SIERRA LEONESIERRA LEONE NIGERIANIGERIA

UGANDAUGANDA

ZAMBIAZAMBIAMALAWIMALAWI

KENYAKENYA

ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA

YEMENYEMEN

TANZANIATANZANIA

NEPALNEPALPAKISTANPAKISTAN

INDIAINDIA

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

CAMBODIACAMBODIA

INDONESIAINDONESIA

EAST TIMOREAST TIMOR

Global Spread of CLTS Global Spread of CLTS Global Spread of CLTS Global Spread of CLTS

AfghanistanAfghanistan

EGYPTEGYPT

To find out more about CLTS,

visit

http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/CLTS.html where you canRead about the CLTS in practiseSee lessons from around the worldDownload key background documents; ‘Subsidy or Self Respect?’ and “how to” guides, including the Handbook on CLTSContribute your own lessons, experiences and materials on CLTS For more information and to join the CLTS mailing list, email P.Bongartz@ids.ac.uk