Communist Party of Kampuchea - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Communist Party of Kampuchea

General Secretary Pol Pot

Vice Secretary Nuon Chea

Founded 1951

Dissolved 1981

Succeeded by Party of Democratic

Kampuchea

Youth wing Communist Youth League of

Kampuchea

Ideology Communism

Agrarian socialism

Khmer nationalism

Political position Far left

Colors Red, Yellow

Communist Party of KampucheaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Communist Party of Kampuchea (Khmer: ; CPK), also known as Khmer

Communist Party,[1] was a communist party in Cambodia.Its leader was Pol Pot and its followers were generally knownas Khmer Rouge (Red Khmers). The party was undergroundfor most of its existence, and took power in the country in1975 and established the state known as DemocraticKampuchea. The party lost power in 1979 with theestablishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea byleftists who were dissatisfied by the Pol Pot regime, and bythe intervention of Vietnamese military forces after a periodof mass killing. The party was officially dissolved in 1981,with the Party of Democratic Kampuchea claiming its legacy.

Contents

1 History1.1 Foundation of the party; first divisions1.2 The Paris students' group1.3 Clandestine existence in Phnom Penh1.4 Insurgency in rural Cambodia1.5 Rise to power

2 The Khmer Rouge in power2.1 The Angkar

3 Fall of the Khmer Rouge4 See also5 References6 External links

History

Foundation of the party; first divisions

The party was founded in 1951, when the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) was divided into separateCambodian, Lao, and Vietnamese communist parties. The decision to form a separate Cambodian communistparty had been taken at the ICP congress in February the same year. Different sources claim different dates forthe exact founding and the first congress of the party. Son Ngoc Minh was appointed as Acting Chairman of theparty. The party congress did not elect a full Central Committee, but instead appointed a 'Party Propagation and

Formation Committee'.[2] At the time of its formation, the Cambodian party was called Khmer People'sRevolutionary Party. The Indochinese Communist Party had been heavily dominated by Vietnamese, and theKPRP was actively supported by the Vietnamese party during its initial phase of existence. Due to the reliance

Communist Party of Kampuchea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea

1 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

on Vietnamese support in the joint struggle against French colonial rule, the history of the party would later be

rewritten, stating 1960 as the year of foundation of the party.[3]

According to Democratic Kampuchea's version of party history, the Viet Minh's failure to negotiate a politicalrole for the KPRP at the 1954 Geneva Conference represented a betrayal of the Cambodian movement, whichstill controlled large areas of the countryside and which commanded at least 5,000 armed men. Following theconference, about 1,000 members of the KPRP, including Son Ngoc Minh, made a "Long March" into NorthVietnam, where they remained in exile. In late 1954, those who stayed in Cambodia founded a legal politicalparty, the Krom Pracheachon, which participated in the 1955 and the 1958 National Assembly elections. In theSeptember 1955 election, it won about 4% of the vote but did not secure a seat in the legislature. Members ofthe Pracheachon were subject to constant harassment and to arrests because the party remained outsideSihanouk's Sangkum. Government attacks prevented it from participating in the 1962 election and drove itunderground. It is speculated that the decision of Pracheachon to file candidates for the election had not been

approved by the WPK.[3] Sihanouk habitually labeled local leftists the Khmer Rouge, a term that later came tosignify the party and the state headed by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Khieu Samphan, and their associates.

During the mid-1950s, two KPRP factions, the "urban committee" (headed by Tou Samouth), and the "ruralcommittee" (headed by Sieu Heng), emerged. In very general terms, these groups espoused divergentrevolutionary lines. The prevalent "urban" line, endorsed by North Vietnam, recognized that Sihanouk, by virtueof his success in winning independence from the French, was a genuine national leader whose neutralism anddeep distrust of the United States made him a valuable asset in Hanoi's struggle to "liberate" South Vietnam.Champions of this line hoped that the prince could be persuaded to distance himself from the right wing and toadopt leftist policies. The other line, supported for the most part by rural cadres who were familiar with theharsh realities of the countryside, advocated an immediate struggle to overthrow the "feudalist" Sihanouk. In1959 Sieu Heng defected to the government and provided the security forces with information that enabledthem to destroy as much as 90% of the party's rural apparatus. Although communist networks in Phnom Penhand in other towns under Tou Samouth's jurisdiction fared better, only a few hundred communists remainedactive in the country by 1960.

The Paris students' group

During the 1950s, Khmer students in Paris organized their own communist movement, which had little, if any,connection to the hard-pressed party in their homeland. From their ranks came the men and women whoreturned home and took command of the party apparatus during the 1960s, led an effective insurgency againstSihanouk and Lon Nol from 1968 until 1975, and established the regime of Democratic Kampuchea.

Pol Pot, who rose to the leadership of the communist movement in the 1960s, was born in 1928 (some sourcessay in 1925) in Kampong Thum Province, northeast of Phnom Penh. He attended a technical high school in thecapital and then went to Paris in 1949 to study radio electronics (other sources say he attended a school forprinters and typesetters and also studied civil engineering).

Another member of the Paris student group was Ieng Sary. He was a Chinese-Khmer born in 1930 in SouthVietnam. He attended the elite Lyce Sisowath in Phnom Penh before beginning courses in commerce andpolitics at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (more widely known as Sciences Po) in France. KhieuSamphan, considered "one of the most brilliant intellects of his generation," was born in 1931 and specialized ineconomics and politics during his time in Paris. In talent he was rivaled by Hou Yuon, born in 1930, whostudied economics and law. Son Sen, born in 1930, studied education and literature; Hu Nim, born in 1932,studied law.

Most members of the Paris student group came from landowner or civil servant families. Three of the Paris


2 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

group forged a bond that survived years of revolutionary struggle and intraparty strife, Pol Pot and Ieng Sarymarried Khieu Ponnary and Khieu Thirith (also known as Ieng Thirith), purportedly relatives of KhieuSamphan. These two well-educated women also played a central role in the regime of Democratic Kampuchea.

At some time between 1949 and 1951, Pol Pot and Ieng Sary joined the French Communist Party. In 1951 thetwo men went to East Berlin to participate in a youth festival. This experience is considered to have been aturning point in their ideological development. Meeting with Khmers who were fighting with the Viet Minh(and whom they subsequently judged to be too subservient to the Vietnamese), they became convinced that onlya tightly disciplined party organization and a readiness for armed struggle could achieve revolution. Theytransformed the Khmer Students' Association (KSA), to which most of the 200 or so Khmer students in Parisbelonged, into an organization for nationalist and leftist ideas. Inside the KSA and its successor organizationswas a secret organization known as the Cercle Marxiste. The organization was composed of cells of three to sixmembers with most members knowing nothing about the overall structure of the organization. In 1952 Pol Pot,Hou Yuon, Ieng Sary, and other leftists gained notoriety by sending an open letter to Sihanouk calling him the"strangler of infant democracy." A year later, the French authorities closed down the KSA. In 1956, however,Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan helped to establish a new group, the Khmer Students' Union. Inside, the groupwas still run by the Cercle Marxiste.

The doctoral dissertations written by Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan express basic themes that were later tobecome the cornerstones of the policy adopted by Democratic Kampuchea. The central role of the peasants innational development was espoused by Hou Yuon in his 1955 thesis, The Cambodian Peasants and TheirProspects for Modernization, which challenged the conventional view that urbanization and industrialization arenecessary precursors of development. The major argument in Khieu Samphan's 1959 thesis, Cambodia'sEconomy and Industrial Development, was that the country had to become self-reliant and end its economicdependency on the developed world. In its general contours, Khieu's work reflected the influence of a branch ofthe "dependency theory" school, which blamed lack of development in the Third World on the economicdomination of the industrialized nations.

Clandestine existence in Phnom Penh

After returning to Cambodia in 1953, Pol Pot threw himself into party work. At first he went to join with forcesallied to the Viet Minh operating in the rural areas of Kampong Cham Province (Kompong Cham). After theend of the war, he moved to Phnom Penh under Tou Samouth's "urban committee" where he became animportant point of contact between above-ground parties of the left and the underground secret communistmovement. His comrades, Ieng Sary and Hou Yuon, became teachers at a new private high school, the LyceKambuboth, which Hou Yuon helped to establish. Khieu Samphan returned from Paris in 1959, taught as amember of the law faculty of the University of Phnom Penh, and started a left-wing, French-languagepublication, L'Observateur. The paper soon acquired a reputation in Phnom Penh's small academic circle. Thefollowing year, the government closed the paper, and Sihanouk's police publicly humiliated Khieu by beating,undressing and photographing him in publicas Shawcross notes, "not the sort of humiliation that men forgiveor forget." Yet the experience did not prevent Khieu from advocating cooperation with Sihanouk in order topromote a united front against United States activities in South Vietnam. As mentioned, Khieu Samphan, HouYuon, and Hu Nim were forced to "work through the system" by joining the Sangkum and by accepting posts inthe prince's government.

On September 28-September 30, 1960, twenty-one leaders of the KPRP held a secret congress in a vacant roomof the Phnom Penh railroad station. It is estimated that 14 delegates represented the 'rural' faction and seven the

'urban' faction.[4] This pivotal event remains shrouded in mystery because its outcome has become an object ofcontention (and considerable historical rewriting) between pro-Vietnamese and anti-Vietnamese Khmercommunist factions. At the meeting the party was renamed as the Workers Party of Kampuchea (WPK). The


3 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

question of cooperation with, or resistance to, Sihanouk was thoroughly discussed. A new party structure wasadopted. For the first time since, a permanent Central Committee was appointed with, Tou Samouth, whoadvocated a policy of cooperation, as the general secretary of the party. His ally, Nuon Chea (also known asLong Reth), became deputy general secretary; however, Pol Pot and Ieng Sary were named to the CentralCommittee to occupy the third and the fifth highest positions in the party hierarchy. Another committee memberwas veteran communist Keo Meas. In Democratic Kampuchea, this meeting would later be projected as thefounding date of the party, consciously downplaying the history of the party prior to Pol Pot's ascent to

leadership.[3]

On July 20, 1962, Tou Samouth was murdered by the Cambodian government. In February 1963, at the WPK'ssecond congress, Pol Pot was chosen to succeed Tou Samouth as the party's general secretary. Tou's allies, NuonChea and Keo Meas, were removed from the Central Committee and replaced by Son Sen and Vorn Vet. Fromthen on, Pol Pot and loyal comrades from his Paris student days controlled the party center, edging out olderveterans whom they considered excessively pro-Vietnamese.

Insurgency in rural Cambodia

In July 1963, Pol Pot and most of the central committee left Phnom Penh to establish an insurgent base inRatanakiri Province in the northeast. Pol Pot had shortly before been put on a list of thirty-four leftists whowere summoned by Sihanouk to join the government and sign statements saying Sihanouk was the onlypossible leader for the country. Pol Pot and Chou Chet were the only people on the list who escaped. All theothers agreed to cooperate with the government and were afterward under 24-hour watch by the police.

In the mid-1960s the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 100.[5]

The region Pol Pot and the others moved to was inhabited by tribal minorities, the Khmer Loeu, whose roughtreatment (including resettlement and forced assimilation) at the hands of the central government made themwilling recruits for a guerrilla struggle. In 1965, Pol Pot made a visit of several months to North Vietnam andChina. He probably received some training in China, which must have enhanced his prestige when he returnedto the WPK's liberated areas. Despite friendly relations between Sihanouk and the Chinese, the latter kept PolPot's visit a secret from Sihanouk. In 1971, the party changed its name to the "Communist Party of Kampuchea"

(CPK).[6] The change in the name of the party was a closely guarded secret. Lower ranking members of theparty and even the Vietnamese were not told of it and neither was the membership until many years later. Theparty leadership endorsed armed struggle against the government, then led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk. In1967, several small-scale attempts at insurgency were made by the CPK but they met with little success.

In 1968, the Khmer Rouge launched a national insurgency across Cambodia. Though North Vietnam had notbeen informed of the decision, its forces provided shelter and weapons to the Khmer Rouge after the insurgencystarted. The guerrilla forces of the party were baptized as the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea. Vietnamesesupport for the insurgency made it impossible for the ineffective and poorly-motivated Royal Cambodian Armyto effectively counter it.

Rise to power

The political appeal of the Khmer Rouge was increased as a result of the situation created by the removal ofSihanouk as head of state in 1970. Premier Lon Nol, with the support of the National Assembly, deposedSihanouk. Sihanouk, in exile in Beijing, made an alliance with the Kampuchean Communist Party and becamethe nominal head of a Khmer Rouge-dominated government-in-exile (known by its French acronym, GRUNK)backed by the People's Republic of China. Sihanouk's popular support in rural Cambodia allowed the Khmer


4 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

Rouge to extend its power and influence to the point that by 1973 it exercised de facto control over the majorityof Cambodian territory, although only a minority of its population.

The relationship between the massive carpet bombing of Cambodia by the United States and the growth of theKhmer Rouge, in terms of recruitment and popular support, has been a matter of interest to historians. Somehistorians have cited the U.S. intervention and bombing campaign (spanning 19651973) as a significant factorleading to increased support of the Khmer Rouge among the Cambodian peasantry. However, Pol Potbiographer David Chandler argues that the bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted it broke the

Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh".[7] Peter Rodman and Michael Lind claimed that the US intervention

saved Cambodia from collapse in 1970 and 1973.[8][9] Craig Etcheson agreed that it was "untenable" to assertthat US intervention caused the Khmer Rouge victory while acknowledging that it may have played a small role

in boosting recruitment for the insurgents.[10] William Shawcross, however, wrote that the US bombing and

ground incursion plunged Cambodia into the chaos Sihanouk had worked for years to avoid.[11]

The Vietnamese intervention in Cambodia, launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge,[12] has also been cited

as a major factor in their eventual victory, including by Shawcross.[13] Vietnam later admitted that it played "a

decisive role" in their seizure of power.[14] China "armed and trained" the Khmer Rouge during the civil war

and continued to aid them years afterward.[15]

When the U.S. Congress suspended military aid to the Lon Nol government in 1973, the Khmer Rouge madesweeping gains in the country, completely overwhelming the Khmer National Armed Forces. On April 17, 1975the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh and overthrew the Khmer Republic, executing all its officers.

The Khmer Rouge in power

The leadership of the Khmer Rouge was largely unchanged between the 1960s and the mid-1990s. The KhmerRouge leaders were mostly from middle-class families and had been educated at French universities.

The Standing Committee of the Khmer Rouge's Central Committee ("Party Center") during its period of powerconsisted of:

Brother number 1 Pol Pot (Saloth Sar)General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea,196381; Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea, 197679

Brother number 2 Nuon Chea (Long Bunruot)Deputy General Secretary of the Communist Party,President of the Kampuchean People's Representative Assembly

Brother number 3 Ieng SaryDeputy Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea; Minister of ForeignAffairs, 197579

Brother number 4 Khieu SamphanPresident of the State Presidium (head of state) of DemocraticKampuchea

Brother number 5 Ta Mok (Chhit Chhoeun) Leader of the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea;Last Khmer Rouge leader, Southwest Regional Secretary (died in custody awaiting trial for genocide,July 21, 2006)

Brother number 13 Ke PaukRegional Secretary of the Northern Zone


5 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

Son SenMinister of Defense

Yun YatMinister of Education, 197577; Minister of Information (replaced Hu Nim in 1977)

In power, the Khmer Rouge carried out a radical program that included isolating the country from foreigninfluence, closing schools, hospitals and factories, abolishing banking, finance and currency, outlawing allreligions, confiscating all private property and relocating people from urban areas to collective farms whereforced labor was widespread. The purpose of this policy was to turn professional and urban Cambodians, or"Old People", into "New People" through agricultural labor. These actions resulted in massive deaths throughexecutions, work exhaustion, illness, and starvation.

In Phnom Penh and other cities, the Khmer Rouge told residents that they would be moved only about "two orthree kilometers" outside the city and would return in "two or three days." Some witnesses say they were toldthat the evacuation was because of the "threat of American bombing" and that they did not have to lock theirhouses since the Khmer Rouge would "take care of everything" until they returned. These were not the firstevacuations of civilian populations by the Khmer Rouge. Similar evacuations of populations withoutpossessions had been occurring on a smaller scale since the early 1970s.

The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn Cambodia into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing theurban population into agricultural communes through brutal totalitarian methods. The entire population wasforced to become farmers in labour camps. During their four years in power, the Khmer Rouge overworked andstarved the population, at the same time executing selected groups who had the potential to undermine the newstate (including intellectuals) and killing many others for even minor breaches of rules.

Through the 1970s, and especially after mid-1975, the party was also shaken by factional struggles. There wereeven armed attempts to topple Pol Pot. The resultant purges reached a crest in 1977 and 1978 when thousands,including some important CPK leaders, were executed. The older generation of communists, suspected ofhaving links with or sympathies for Vietnam, were targeted by the Pol Pot leadership.

The Angkar

For roughly two years after the CPK took power, it referred to itself as the "Angkar" (Khmer: ;pronounced ahngkah; meaning 'The Organization'). However, on September 29, 1977, Pol Pot publicly declared

the existence of the CPK in a five-hour-long speech.[2] He revealed the true character of the supreme authorityin Cambodia, an obscure ruling body that had been kept in seclusion.

The CPK had been extremely secretive throughout its existence. Before 1975 the secrecy was needed for theparty's survival and Pol Pot and his closest associates had relied on continuing the extreme secrecy in order toconsolidate their position against those they perceived as internal enemies during their first two years of power.The revelation of the CPK's existence shortly before Pol Pot was due to travel to Peking resulted from pressurefrom China on the Khmer Rouge leaders to acknowledge their true political identity at a time that theyincreasingly depended on China's assistance against the threats from Vietnam. Accordingly, Pol Pot in hisspeech claimed that the CPK's foundation had been in 1960 and emphasized its separate identity from

Vietnamese communism.[16] This secrecy continued even after the CPK took power. Unlike most Communistleaders, Pol Pot was never the object of a personality cult. It would be almost a year before it was confirmedthat he was Saloth Sar, the man long cited as the CPK's general secretary.

Fall of the Khmer Rouge


6 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

By December 1978, because of several years of border conflict and the flood of refugees fleeing Cambodia,relations between Cambodia and Vietnam deteriorated. Pol Pot, fearing a Vietnamese attack, ordered apre-emptive invasion of Vietnam. His Cambodian forces crossed the border and looted nearby villages. DespiteAmerican and Chinese aid, these Cambodian forces were repulsed by the Vietnamese.

In early 1979, a pro-Vietnamese group of CPK dissidents led by Pen Sovan held a congress (which they saw asthe '3rd party congress', thus not recognizing the 1963, 1975 and 1978 party congresses as legitimate) near theVietnamese border. Along with Heng Samrin, Pen Sovan was one of the foremost founding members of theKampuchean United Front for National Salvation (KUFNS or FUNSK), after becoming disillusioned with the

Khmer Rouge.[17] Effectively the CPK was then divided into two, with the Pen Sovan-led group constituting a

separate party, the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (now the Cambodian People's Party).[2]

The Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia along with the KUFNS, capturing Phnom Penh on January 7, 1979.The Pen Sovan-led party was installed as the governing party of the new People's Republic of Kampuchea. TheCPK led by Pol Pot withdrew its forces westwards, to an area near the Thai border. With unofficial protectionfrom elements of the Thai Army, it began guerrilla warfare against the PRK government. The party founded thePatriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea as a united front in September 1979to fight the PRK and the Vietnamese. The Front was led by Khieu Sampan. In December 1979 the armed forcesunder the command of the party, what remained of the erstwhile People's National Liberation Armed Forces of

Kampuchea, were renamed National Army of Democratic Kampuchea.[18] In 1981 the party was dissolved, and

substituted by the Party of Democratic Kampuchea.[3][19]

See also

Agrarian socialismCommunist Youth League of KampucheaParty of Democratic Kampuchea

References

Cambodia and the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP), Appendix B - Major Political and MilitaryOrganizations (http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/cambodia/kh_appnb.html)

1.

Frings, K. Viviane, Rewriting Cambodian History to 'Adapt' It to a New Political Context: The Kampuchean People'sRevolutionary Party's Historiography (1979-1991) (http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X%28199710%2931%3A4%3C807%3ARCHT%27I%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N) in Modern AsianStudies, Vol. 31, No. 4. (October , 1997), pp. 807-846.

2.

Chandler, David P., Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the Party?: Notes andComments (http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-851X%28198322%2956%3A2%3C288%3ARTPIDK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T), in Pacific Affairs, Vol. 56,No. 2 (Summer, 1983), pp. 288-300.

3.

Chronologie du Cambodge de 1960 1990 (http://khmercanada.site.voila.fr/cambodge60.htm)4. Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development (http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0554%28196803%2962%3A1%3C110%3ACAED%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V), in The American PoliticalScience Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (March 1968), pp. 122.

5.

The party statutes, published in mid-1970s, claims that the name change was approved by the party congress in1971.[1] (http://www.yale.edu/cgp/iengsary.htm)

6.

Chandler, David 2000, Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot, Revised Edition, Chiang Mai,Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96-7.

7.

Rodman, Peter, Returning to Cambodia (http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0823iraq_rodman.aspx),Brookings Institution, August 23, 2007.

8.


7 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to KhmerRouge.

Lind, Michael, Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict, FreePress, 1999.

9.

Etcheson, Craig, The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea, Westview Press, 1984, p. 9710. Shawcross, William, Sideshow, Isaacs, Hardy, & Brown, pgs. 92100, 106112.11. Dmitry Mosyakov, The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in theSoviet Archives, in Susan E. Cook, ed., Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (Yale Genocide Studies ProgramMonograph Series No. 1, 2004), p54ff. Available online at: www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc "InAprilMay 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed toVietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help andwe have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.""

12.

Shawcross, William and Peter Rodman,Defeat's Killing Fields (http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2007/06/07iraq-rodman), Brookings Institution, June 7, 2007.

13.

The Economist, February 26, 1983; Washington Post, April 23, 1985.14. Bezlova, Antoaneta, China haunted by Khmer Rouge links (http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KB21Ad01.html),Asia Times, February 21, 2009.

15.

Osborne, Milton E. Sihanouk Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. ISBN978-0-8248-1639-1

16.

Milton Osborne, Sihanouk, Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Silkworm 199417. Kroef, Justus M. van der, Cambodia: From "Democratic Kampuchea" to "People's Republic" (http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-4687%28197908%2919%3A8%3C731%3ACF%22KT%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23), in Asian Survey,Vol. 19, No. 8. (August , 1979), pp. 731-750.

18.

Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Cambodia / Appendix B(http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cambodia/kh_appnb.html)

19.

External links

List of incidents attributed to the Khmer Rouge on the START database (http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&perpetrator=446&count=100&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes#results-table)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea&oldid=670271096"

Categories: Rebel groups in Cambodia Parties of single-party systems Khmer Rouge

Democratic Kampuchea Communist parties in Cambodia Ruling Communist parties

This page was last modified on 6 July 2015, at 23:22.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registeredtrademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.


8 of 8 8/4/2015 9:13 PM

Communist Party of Kampuchea - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Documents

Transcript of Communist Party of Kampuchea - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia