Submitted to :Mr. Tarun Verma

Submitted by :Sagar Bissa(2011uec1298)Ramniwas Jat (2011uec1296)Sandeep Kr. Mahawar(2011uec1303)Rakesh Mehra(2011uec1293)Sitaram Choudhary(2011uec1312)

Outline• Communication Systems• Wireless Communications

• Radio• Radar

• History of wireless communication• Current Wireless Systems

• Cellular systems• Wireless LANs• Satellite Systems• Paging Systems• Bluetooth• Sixth sense Technology• Design challenges

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS • Provide electronic exchange of multimedia

data, Voice, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc.

• Communication Systems of today Radio and TV broadcasting, Public Switched Telephone Network (voice, fax, modem)• Cellular Phones • Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the

Internet)• Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data,

movie broadcasts)• Bluetooth

Block diagram of a Communication Systems

Transmitter

Carrier

Information to be transmitted

(Baseband signal)

Transmittedsignal

Channel

Receivedsignal

Receiver

Recovery of information

Objectives• Provide electronic exchange of multimedia

information• The information to be transmitted is

electromagnetic wave or electrical signal may represent: multimedia data, Voice, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc.

• The frequency bandwidth occupied by the information signal is called the baseband, and the signal is often referred to as the baseband signal.

• Channel – is the medium by which the transmitted signal is propagated:

• Various layers of atmosphere, cable for telephone or date link, cable TV or

• Electrical signals are converted to a corresponding light signal that is propagated through a fiber optic channel

What is Wireless Communication ? Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic

waves in open space (atmosphere)

Electromagnetic waveTravel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)

c=fx λ

Higher frequency means higher energy photonsThe higher the energy photon the more penetrating is the radiation

Wireless Communications

• Multimedia wireless Communications at any Time and Anywhere

• Brief history• Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons• Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi• Many sophisticated military radio systems were

developed during and after WW2• Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since

1988, with more than 2 billion users worldwide today

• Ignited the recent wireless revolution, 1980-2003• Growth rate tapering off• Is there a future for wireless?

RADIO

An inventor named James Clerk Maxwell was accredited for the initial discovery of the uses of radio signals. Although he did not invent the radio. Nikola Tesla was the first to talk about utilizing these signals for the use of communication.

Another inventor named Guglielmo Marconi built a radio system around the same period capable of spanning long distances . Many others experimented and contributed to the invention of radio including; Faraday, Bose, and Popov.

radio waves are generated by an antenna and they propagate in all directions as a straight lineradio waves travel at a velocity of 186.000 miles per secondradio waves become weaker as they travel a long distance

there are 3 modes of propagation: surface mode – for low frequency waves direct mode – for high frequency waves ionospheric mode – long distance high frequency waves

ENCODING INFORMATION ON RADIO WAVES

• What quantities characterize a radio wave? – sort of info it carries, frequency or type of encoding done..• Two common ways to carry analog information withradio waves– Amplitude Modulation (AM)– Frequency Modulation (FM): “static free”

Radar• RADAR is a method of using electromagnetic waves to

remote-sense the position, velocity and identifying characteristics of targets.

Two Basic Radar Types

• Pulse Transmission

• Continuous Wave

Types of radar

1 Primary radar 2 secondary radar

Pulse radar

Continuesradar

Intra pulse

modulated Pulse

modulated

modulated

Un modulated

Imaging RadarNon-Imaging Radar

How pulse Radar Works

Frequency modulation looks like

On the above diagram, the frequency of the wave is low on the left and it slowly increases as you look right.  The different frequencies of the wave will lie in a range called bandwidth.  Radars use bandwidth

for several reasons regarding the resolution of a data image, memory of the radar and overuse of the transmitter.  For instance, a high bandwidth can yield a finer resolution but take up more memory.

Continuous- Wave Radar

CW radar sets transmit a high-frequency signal continuously. The echo signal is received and processed. The receiver need not to be mounted at the same place as the transmitter. Every firm civil radio transmitter can work as a radar transmitter at the same time, if a remote receiver compares the propagation times of the direct signal with the reflected one. Tests are known that the correct location of an airplane can be calculated from the evaluation of the signals by three different television stations.

Frequency

Wavelength 1 mm1 km 1 m 1 m 1 nm

1 MHz 1 GHzIR UV

109 Hz

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

30 20 10 8 6 5 4 39 7

Allocated Frequency (GHz)

Wavelength (cm)

X-BandC-BandS-BandL-BandUHF

VHF

Visible

1012 Hz

Ku K Ka W

Radar observables:• Target range• Target angles (azimuth & elevation)• Target size (radar cross section)• Target speed (Doppler)• Target features (imaging)

Antenna

TransmittedPulse

TargetCross

Section

Propagation

ReflectedPulse

(“echo”)

Radar Range Measurement

Transmitted

Pulse

Reflected

Pulse

Range

Target

• Target range =

c2

wherec = speed of light = round trip time

Use of radar

Detection and search radar missile guidance systems Radar for biological research Air traffic control and navigation radar Weather-sensing radar systems Parking of vehicles military purpose electron pressure Temperature measurement

Radar Can Measure PressureThe strength of the echo received

from the ionosphere measures the number of electrons able to scatter radio waves or what we call electron pressure

Radar Can Measure TemperatureSome electrons are

moving due to heat - In this case the echo is scattered

The echo will contain a range of frequencies close to the transmitter frequency

As the temperature increases, the electrons move faster

So radar can act like a thermometer and measure the temperature of the ionosphere

• Atmospheric attenuation

• Reflection off of earth’s surface

• Over-the-horizon diffraction

• Atmospheric refraction

Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and bent by the environment

Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and bent by the environment

Atmospheric Effects

The AN/TPS-43 radar system, with a 200 mile range, was the only Air Force tactical ground based long range search and warning radar for nearly two decades. Most of the AN/TPS-43 radars are being modified to the AN/TPS-75 configuration.

3-D Air Search Radar

History of wireless communication• Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph

in 1896

Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signal

Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean

• 1914 first voice communication over radio waves

• Communications satellites launched in 1960s• Advances in wireless technology• More recently Radio, television, mobile telephone,

communication satellites Satellite communications, wireless networking,

cellular technology

Early uses

It was very much for entertainment often playing popular music.

It was also the fastest medium to release news.

Unlike previous publications such as newspapers the radio was instant . Radio was reserved for military uses during the first part of the 20th century.

Advantages and disadvantages ofwireless communication

advantages: mobility a wireless communication network is a solution in areas where cables are impossible to install (e.g. hazardous areas, long distances etc.) easier to maintain

disadvantages: has security vulnerabilitieshigh costs for setting the infrastructureunlike wired comm., wireless comm. is influenced by physical obstructions, climatic conditions, interference from other wireless devices

Current Wireless Systems• Cellular systems• Wireless LANs• Satellite Systems• Paging Systems• Bluetooth• Ultrawideband Radios• Zigbee Radios

Cellular Systems:Reuse channels to maximize capacity

• Geographic region divided into cells• Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations.• Co-channel interference between same color cells.• Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions• Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASESTATION

MTSO

Type of Cells

Satellite

MacrocellMicrocell

UrbanIn-Building

Picocell

Global

Suburban

Basic TerminalPDA Terminal

Audio/Visual Terminal

Type of Cells• Cell radii can be vary from 10’s of

meters in buildings to 100’s of meters in the cities, up to several km’s in the countryside.

• Macrocells, provide overall area coverage

• Microcells, Microcell will focus on slow moving subscribers moving between buildings.

• Picocells, Would focus on the foyer of a theater, or exhibition centre.

The Wireless RevolutionCellular is the fastest growing sector of

communicationindustry (exponential growth since 1982, with over 2

billion users worldwide today)

• Three generations of wireless

• First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly vehicular communication

• Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and low bit-rate data, portable units.2.5G increased data transmission capabilities

• Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high bit-rate data, portable units

0G (Zero Generation Mobile System)At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio

telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network.

In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.

1G Technology

1G refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology was developed in 1970’s.

1G had two major improvements:the invention of the microprocessorthe digital transform of the control link

between the phone and the cell site.

Analog signal

2G TechnologyAround 1980’s

Better quality & capacity - More people could use there phones at the same time

Digital Signals – consist of 0’s & 1’s

Previous Technology - 2GDigital – consist of 0’s and 1’sDigital signal:

1.Low level, 2.High level, 3.Rising edgeand 4.Falling edge

Previous Technology - 2GDigital data can be compressed and

multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings

Multiplexing -multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal

For 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6 Kbit/sec, (I.E) approximately 6 times slower than an ISDN

Previous Technology - 2GAllows for lower powered radio signals

that require less battery

Power–CODEC introduction -program that encodes and decodes digital data stream or signalTranslates data from digital to analog and

vice versa

Previous Technology - 2G

Advantages in Previous Technology - 2G

The digital voice encoding allows digital error checkingincrease sound qualitylowers the noise level

Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data transferSMS –“short message service”E-mail

Disadvantages in Previous Technology - 2G

Cell towers had a limited coverage area Jagged Decay curve

Abrupt dropped calls Analog –gradual sound reduction

“Spotty” coverage

3G TechnologyLarge capacity and broadband capabilities

Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps

Increased spectrum efficiency –5MhzA greater number of users that can be

simultaneously supported by a radio frequency bandwidth

High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G–Global roaming

Previous Technology - 3GCDMA –Code Division Multiple Access

Form of multiplexing

Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency

Encodes data with a special code associated with each channel

Code Division Multiple Access

Types of MultiplexingFDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access

Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire duration of the call

Types of MultiplexingTDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted

Types of MultiplexingCDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

Each phone call is uniquely encoded and transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner known as spread spectrum transmission

Reasons for New Research

Even though 3G has successfully been introduced to mobile users, there are some issues that are debated by 3G providers and users.High input fees for the 3G service

licenses

Great differences in the licensing terms

3G phones are expensive

Fourth Generation

What is 4G?

Fourth Generation TechnologyFaster and more reliable100 Mb/s Lower cost than previous generationsMulti-standard wireless systemBluetooth, Wired, Wireless Ad Hoc NetworkingIPv6 CoreOFDM used instead of CDMAPotentially IEEE standard 802.11nMost information is proprietary

Communications ArchitectureBroadcast layer:

fix access points, (i.e.) cell tower connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP)

Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer:wireless LANs (i.e. internet at Starbuck’s)

Communications ArchitecturePersonal Layer Gateway:

devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs

Info-Sensor layer:environmental sensors

Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber

optic cables and repeaters

Ad Hoc Networks Spontaneous self

organization of networks of devices

Not necessarily connected to internet

4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc networks

Form of mesh networking–Very reliable

Enhance Mobile GamingExperience enhance wireless

capabilities that deliver mobile gaming interaction with less than five seconds

Play online multi player games while traveling at high speeds or sitting outside

Broadband access in Remote location4G will provide a wireless alternative for

broadband access

I will provide first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)

Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort

service Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

01011011

InternetAccessPoint

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Wireless LAN Standards• 802.11b (Current Generation)

• Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)• Frequency hopped spread spectrum• 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range

• 802.11a (Emerging Generation)• Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)• OFDM with time division• 20-70 Mbps, variable range• Similar to HiperLAN in Europe

• 802.11g (New Standard)• Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands• OFDM • Speeds up to 54 Mbps

In 200?,all WLAN cards will have all 3 standards

Satellite Systems

• Cover very large areas

• Different orbit heights• GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)

• Optimized for one-way transmission• Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting

• Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt• Expensive alternative to terrestrial system• A few ambitious systems on the horizon

Paging Systems• Broad coverage for short messaging

• Message broadcast from all base stations

• Simple terminals

• Optimized for 1-way transmission

• Answer-back hard

• Overtaken by cellular

Bluetooth• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)

• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)

• 2.4 GHz band (crowded)

• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels

• Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies

• Few applications beyond cable replacement

SIXTH SENSE

TECHNOLOGY

PHYSICAL WORLD

Objects ~ Gestures

Gestures ~ Interaction

INTERACTIVE

TECHNOLOGIES

SOME OF INTERACTIVE

TECHNOLOGIES

•Multi touch Systems

•Flexible screens

•Multi touch IWB (Interactive White Boards)

•Smart interactive Tables & multi touch

desks

•Microsoft Surface

•SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

•SixthSense is a wearable gestural interface that

augments the physical world around us with digital

information.

•Technology that plays with Human gestures to

make the world more interactive and workflow

much easier.

•Pranav Mistry, of Indian origin, a PhD student in

the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab is

the mastermind behind the sixth sense technology.

EARLIER

EXPLORATIONS•Gesture interface device

•Sticky notes

•Pen that can draw in 3-D

•Google Maps in a physical world

SO WHY SIXTH

SENSE??•Hereby Physical world is painted with the

digital information.

•You can carry your digital world with you

wherever you go.

•You can start with any wall or any surface

as an interface even your palm.

PROTOTYPE &

CONSTRUCTION

CAMERA

•Also called as digital

eye as it analyses the

digital pixels.

•It captures the object

in view and tracks the

gestures.

PROJECTOR

•The projector projects

visual information

enabling surfaces and

physical objects to be

used as interfaces.

•It displays data sent

from the smart phone

on any surface in

view–object, wall, or

person.

SMART PHONE

•A web enabled smart

phone in the user’s

pocket processes the

video data.

•Other software

searches the web and

interprets the hand

gestures.

COLOR MARKERS

•At the tip of the user’s

fingers.

•Helps the webcam to

recognize the

gestures.

•The movements and

arrangements of these

makers are interpreted

into gestures.

WORKING?

• Images

•Pictures

•Gestures

Info on surface

captur

e

Send for

processing

Reflect on

desired

surface

Project image

Send

Info

APPLICATIONS

•Watch related

videos on the

newspaper

articles you are

reading.

. Check the time

just by drawing

a circle on the

wrist.

•To make a call,

virtual keypad is

shown on your

palm.

Get product information by using image recognition technology..

Get book reviews, ratings & other relevant information

•Get flight

updates

regarding

timing of the

flight.

•Projects relevant

information regarding

a person.

•

Click pictures just by

forming “framing

gesture”.

•Organize, sort & resize pictures by

projecting them on a surface.

•Call up the map and use

thumbs & index fingers to

navigate through.

•Zoom in & zoom out

using intuitive hand

movements.

•Drawing application by

tracking fingertip

movements.

CONCLUSION•Integrating information to everyday objects

will not only help us to get rid of the digital

divide, but will also help us in some way to

stay human, to be more connected to our

physical world.

•IT WILL NOT END UP IN MAKING US

MACHINES SITTING IN FRONT OF

OTHER MACHINES!!

Sixth Sense Technology By Pranav Mistry

Design Challenges

• Hardware Design• Precise components• Small, lightweight, low power• Cheap• High frequency operations• System Design

• Converting and transferring information• High data rates• Robust to noise and interference• Supports many users

• Network Design• Connectivity and high speed• Energy and delay constrains

The ENDTHANK YOU