A206SE

1

ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A206SE

Communications & Network Coursework

COURSEWORK

STUDENT NAME: Faazil Fairooz

STUDENT ID NO: T3 - 11 – EEE – L2 - 92

LECTURER : Mr. Inham Hassan

A206SE

2

PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP

Name of Student: Student No:

Home Address:

Date of Submission: Name of Tutor:

Program/ Module: A206SE Communication and Networks

Individual Assignment

Received By: Date:

Max Marks 1st Marker 2nd MarkerLearning OutcomeQ1. Investigate the operation ofcommunications networks

30%

a. Identify and Describe the NewDevelopment

6%

b. Describe how the technologyworks

6%

c. Describe the current scenariowhen the technology was developed.

6%

d. Describe the implications incommunications

6%

e. Describe how the technologywas used.

6%

Q2. Analysis and design of acommunications network.(ROUTING)

30%

a. Identify and describe thelocations

5%

b. Distance Calculation 10%c. Calculation of the shortest

Path15%

A206SE

3

Q3. Analysis and design of acommunications network. (RADIOLINK)

30%

a Design the communicationlink

i. Selection of transiever 5%ii.Received power calculation

using MODEL 110%

ii.Received power calculationusing MODEL 2

10%

b. Analysis of the radio link 5%Quality and Structure of Report

5%5%

100%

DiscussionConclusion

Total Marks

1st makers Comment

2nd makers Comment

A206SE

4

ABSTRACT

This A206SE communications and Network coursework offers 3 principal parts. Very initial thefirst is examining, Recognize and discusses. A couple of communication systems in the areaassociated with line and also wireless speaking that was developed these days. Here LTE andalso PDSL are usually taken for studies the particular wireless as well as “cable " systems whichare couple of systems studies correctly.

The second part is actually choosing the least path with regard to Singapore MRT stations. Heresix areas coming via 3 main line are taken to do this query

The next portion is choosing 2 program antenna and also determine the particular obtain strengthin among individuals place in both free space and then for given transmitting energy and antennaheight.

A206SE

5

PART 1

ANALYSIS OF PDSL AND LTE

A206SE

6

INTRODUCTION

PDSL is a technology that was standardized in the 21st century, here a Data is transmittedbetween nodes and host within the same power line used by each of them, mostly thesetechnology used every where now days mostly in the home automation field and internet access,PDSL is also known as PCC and PNL in the industry by experts.

HISTORY OF PLC

PDSL was first invented about the 20th century. It was mostly in the testing stages for manyyears some countries like France, USA and Germany first used them to control street lamps intheir cities. These transmitters and receivers are built by coil turning methods and which isknown as M .G (motor generators) with technology development these technologies wereremoved and replaced with digital technology in later. For more intimate details the British andAmerican military first used these technologies in the battle fields in the second world warwhere the American military wanted to precisely trigger there base generators to start at precisetime for radar application due to radars being very sensitive devices if power isn’t maintained orcontrolled properly radars won’t work properly.

After the end of the world war the American company GE mostly known as General Electricwhich was founded by sir Thomas Alva Edison took this technology ahead to their generatorfield making all there generators synchronize able with the grid for more power stabilization

Image courtesy of Google images

A206SE

7

Modern history

This is more known as smart grid it is the future of our world power crisis. Where each and everypower plant, factory and household will communicate with each other for power details andrequirements creating a global hub. Where the grid can heal itself and monitor you and me forbetter understanding

A206SE

8

HOW DOES THE TECHNOLOGY WORKS

This technology is only possible with Digital Isolator Technology where data signal isboosted to a much higher frequency to be transmitted inside a power cable where power isusually 50-60 Hz. But in some design data is transmitted on a deferent coaxial cabletogether with the power cable. The transmitter is placed inside the switchyard and thereceiver at the receivers end.

Application requirements1. What is the band with and frequency used for the design?2. Is there interference from other equipment?

frequencies in use in the same line Frequency Planning

Coupling Method Frequency Spacing required for AM to AM & AM to FSK Equipment

Line configuration for noise and attenuation considerations Planning of transmission media

A206SE

9

In the above picture shows how this technology is transmitted for stat to end. If we definethis it could be said that when power is generated in the power plant for the consumersdemand, where power is generated at very voltage butt in 50Hz. The power generated goesthough transformer for step up purposes. When high voltage comes out of the transformers aPDSL modulator stands by with the carrier frequency and transmitting bits. The carrier waveis now coupled to the primary wave which ready to transmitted and is transmitted

The signal that is transmitted is checked for any error in the signal by the first node.Therefore if there is any error it is corrected then and there. Now the HV has reached themedium area therefore the first the carrier wave is removed from the HV before it enters thestep down transformer. This is because if the wave enters the transformer data alterationsmight happen making the data useless and beyond repair

The final voltage that is modulated with the carrier wave enters the consumers with requiedinformation about

Maximum voltage

Maximum current Nearest load sharing unit

Nearest bill settlement detail

This technology goes one step further where consumer gets cloud storage from reputedcompanies. So consumer is also capable of storing data like

Movies Cartoons

Financial records

So the consumer is capable of having his data on a secure drive located from him.

The usually power line frequency that is to be used is between 30 to 500 KHz.The amount of data that can be transmitted in a second is dictated by the cable length but forsafe transmission the bit rate is maintained at

23 = 8 bits/secOn the receivers side a simple error correction method is carried on the received bits which isknown as CRC.

A206SE

10

ADVANCE MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Long haul

This method is also known as low frequency method, where the utility company provided specialcoupling techniques where low dissipation capacitors are used. The capacitors are connected inseries. Here frequencies are generated up to 2 to 500 KHz where active power is increase tothousands of watts. This is then forcibly injected to the three power lines. Several modulators arecoupled parallel together with the HV power line. Special filters are installed in the substationswhere error correction is done simultaneously to avoid any isolation or loss of data.

This type of communication techniques is used as a backup procedure due to the reason that it isextremely hard to keep data consistence

Medium frequencyMedium frequency is the most successfully range where many variant are present in thistechnique which is given below

Narrowband

Low-speed narrow-band

Medium-speed narrow-band

High-frequency

All the above methods will be described briefly

Narrowband

This method is more successfully within the house network where lights and home appliancecould be automated by the means of the same power cable without any installation of controlcables. Here a transmitter is built to modulate a carrier wave between 2 to 200 KHz into thepower cable. The house hold transmitter has the address of the total receivers used in the housetherefore the transmitter is capable of individually calling any receiver within the household.

Low-speed narrow-band

This technology became very famous within the test stages and quickly adapted to the powerindustry. Here a frequency of 15 to 500 KHz is used for transmission. The use of ripple carriersignaling is used here and the bit rate here is extremely slow which about 200 to 800 bps.

A206SE

11

Medium-speed narrow-band

This method is the most recently founded and most active one. Where the frequency range of 9to 500 KHz. This project is mainly funded by the European Union

PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES

When these data and voice frequency are injected to the power line, due to harmonicssometimes the data and voice could be damaged and distorted due to high power fluctuationsand corona effect making undesired conditions

Corona effect is the effect that when on rainy days electrical signals jump out of the cableand tries to reach the ground

But this problem could be overcome by using simple filter and gain stabilized usually a errordetection method, filters that could retain previous values is used in the circuit as protection.

A206SE

12

Basic uses and operation

TECHNOLOGY AT HOME

This technology is known as PLN (Power-line networking) at home. Computers areconnected to a network using the existing house wiring.PLN use the technology calledfrequency division multiplexing (FDM) for putting data in to the power line.

This concept is based on no “new wires”. Here data in multiplexed in to different frequenciesinjected to the power cable. Data and voice is broken down into different chunks ofbandwidths divided into different channels and according to their bandwidth

HIGH SPEED INTERNET OVER CABLE

High speed over cable is really a program to transmit bilateral information on the existingelectrical syndication wires inside a metropolitan location. This would prevent the expense ofa passionate network regarding wire connections for data communication. However, sinceHigh speed over cable utilizes some of the very similar radio wavelengths used for over-the-air radio stations systems, disturbance can be a difficulty. High speed over cable could haveapplications throughout permitting power companies to use smart metering and loadmanagement, providing two-way connection with consumer equipment

TECHNOLOGY IN YOUR VEHICLE

Power-line technology allows in-vehicle network conversation of knowledge, voice, musicand also video clip signals through electronic means over dc (Digicam) battery power-line.Advanced data communication methods tailored to get over aggressive and noisysurroundings tend to be implemented in a tiny dimension silicon gadget. One power cablecan be utilized with regard to several impartial sites. The advantages would be lower cost andweight (compared to individual power and manage wiring), adaptable change, and easyinstallation. Possible problems in car software would include the bigger expense ofconclusion products, which usually must be built with energetic handles and communication,and the chance for interference along with radio frequency devices inside automobile or otherplaces.Models tend to be successfully in business within side automobiles, making use of

automotive suitable protocols for instance CAN-bus, LIN-bus above cableLonWorks power line centered handle has been used to have an HVAC system in a creation

design bus

A206SE

13

HISTORY AND PRESENT

Within side telecoms, 4G may be the fourth generation regarding cell phone cellular marketingand sales and marketing devices requirements. It is a successor with the 3rd generation standards.Any 4G system provides cellular ultra-broadband Access to the internet, as an example so thatyou can laptops having USB WIFI devices, in order to be able for you to help mobile phones,and also to some various different cellular devices. Conceivable programs contain changedmobile net accessibility, Internet protocol telephone, game playing providers, high-definition cellTV set, interactive video and also 3D television.

A couple of 4G prospect methods tend to be in a commercial sense implemented:

The particular Cell technology WiMAX emerged initially within part South Korea throughout2006 this was a test run but the first ever commercial -release Long-term evolution (LTE) beganinside Scandinavian Peninsula in 2009).

WHY IS LTE HERE

Mobile devices are getting smaller, lighter, and more powerful; they have bigger screens andlonger battery life, more features and more capabilities. Things like watching the football gameon your mobile device, watching movies, videoconferencing, paying your bills and downloadingmusic to the palm of your hand will become second nature in the near future.

Bandwidth will always be the limiting factor in the development of applications and devices, beit wired, or wireless. At the moment the wireless world doesn’t have a large-cell, high bandwidthstandard, that is capable of delivering the much needed speeds to a mobile device. The short fallof 3G networks is clear, it’s just not fast enough, offering 384kbps doesn’t meet the requirementsof what the end user has come to expect these days. Some people see 3G as a stop-gap, until afully integrated IP network is created; some countries have even chosen to bypass 3G and headstraight to 4G, a method which has its advantages, and its disadvantage

A206SE

14

TECHNOLOGY DRIVE

Several feasible specifications for that 4G method are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDDUMTS, UMTS and long term types associated with UMTS and also proprietary systems fromArrayComm Inc., Navini Systems, Flarion Technologies, as well as 4G efforts in Indian, The fareast and Japan.

The style is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) thatis the main element enabler associated with 4G engineering. Some various different technicalareas of 4G are usually adaptative digesting as well as intelligent aerials, as both versions will befound in 3rd generation sites and boost charges when used in with OFDM.

Currently 3rd generation systems nonetheless send out also on that point currently certainly thereexist info digitally on the single funnel, OFDM is designed to send information more thanhundreds of parallel channels, therefore helping the amount of details that may be sent at anygiven time over traditional CDMA systems

A206SE

15

PART 2

MRT STATIONS

A206SE

16

Abstract

Since communication technologies will be developing, the community designs acquirecomplicated. So that you can uncover the best path this Dijkstra Formulation is used. Within thisassignment and discover the simplest way going inside Capital of Singapore MRT stationsDijkstra Algorithm is used. The actual genuine runs involving two MRT programs are calculatedout of your train motors Highway

A206SE

17

INTRODUCTION

If your neighborhood type obtain complicated it is often a hard part of the program creativedesigners to determine the very best and beneficial path. To eliminate this challenge virtually justabout almost every Netherlands Researchers called “Edsger Dijkstra” developed an algorithmnamed individual supplier quickest path algorithm or so known as Dijkstra Algorithm exactly inwhich may be discover the least course coming via link to many further back links to our site.Within this Algorithm the primary aim is not only seeking the minimum route from one node andalso other connections, but to find the basic edition of the challenging program layout.

Image courtesy of Google images

Cost between nodes has been calculated by the means of the equation given bellow

= ( × )

A206SE

18

The paths that are required have been extracted for easy reference

There are four major MRT lines are in Singapore transport.

North South line Indicate in red color in the map

North East line Indicate in purple color in the map

East West line Indicate in green color in the map

Circle line Indicate in yellow color in the map

Here on all calculations are in kilometers

From out of these four travel paths selected three travel paths are below.

A206SE

19

1. North South line Indicate in red color in the map

2. North East line Indicate in purple color in the map

3. East West line Indicate in green color in the map

Note: MRT stands for Maximal Ratio Transmission

The length involving MRT stations are usually calculated making use of Google map’sdistance fares calculator

The selected MRT stations from above three lines are

From North South line Marsiling and Kranji

From North East line Clark Quey and China Town

From West line Clementi and Tampines

A206SE

20

COSTING FOR LINES HAS BEEN MADE

From Kranji.

Cost between Kranji – Marsiling

C =× = × .

= 9 Cost between Kranji – Kllang

C =× = × .

= 168 Cost between Kranji – Tampines

C =× = ×

= 220 Cost between Kranji – Chinatown

C =× = × .

= 129 Cost between Kranji – Boon keng

C =× = × .

= 154

From Marsiling

Cost between Marsiling - Kranji

C =× = × .

= 9 Cost between Marsiling - Kllang

C =× = × .

= 154 Cost between Marsiling - Tampines

C =× = × .

= 217 Cost between Marsiling - Chinatown

C =× = × .

= 138 Cost between Marsiling – Boon keng

C =× = × .

= 148

A206SE

21

From Kllang

Cost between Kllang - Kranji

C =× = × .

= 168 Cost between Kllang - Marsiling

C =× = × .

= 154 Cost between Kllang - Tampines

C =× = × .

= 63 Cost between Kllang - Chinatown

C =× = × .

= 36 Cost between Kllang – Boon keng

C =× = × .

= 36

From Tampines

Cost between Tampines - Kranji

C =× = ×

= 220 Cost between Tampines - Marsiling

C =× = × .

= 217 Cost between Tampines - Kllang

C =× = × .

= 63 Cost between Tampines - Chinatown

C =× = × .

= 98 Cost between Tampines – Boon keng

C =× = × .

= 98

A206SE

22

From Chinatown

Cost between Chinatown - Kranji

C =× = × .

= 129 Cost between Chinatown - Marsiling

C =× = × .

= 138 Cost between Chinatown - Kllang

C =× = × .

= 36 Cost between Chinatown – Tampines

C =× = × .

= 98 Cost between Chinatown – Boon keng

C =× = ×

= 25

From Boon keng

Cost between Boon keng - Kranji

C =× = × .

= 154 Cost between Boon keng - Marsiling

C =× = × .

= 148 Cost between Boon keng - Kllang

C =× = × .

= 36 Cost between Boon keng - Tampines

C =× = × .

= 98 Cost between Boon keng - Chinatown

C =× = ×

= 25

A206SE

23

Final routing table is given which is between MRT stations

From Kranji From Tampines

From Marsiling From Chinatown

From Kllang From Boon keng

KranjiFrom Kranji to CostKranji -Marsiling 9Kallang 168Tampines 220Chinatown 129Boon keng 154

TampinesFrom Tampines to CostKranji 220Marsiling 217Kallang 63Tampines -Chinatown 98Boon keng 98

MarsilingFrom Marsiling to CostKranji 9Marsiling -Kallang 154Tampines 217Chinatown 138Boon keng 148

ChinatownFrom Chinatown to CostKranji 129Marsiling 138Kallang 36Tampines 98Chinatown -Boon keng 25

KallangFrom Kallang to CostKranji 168Marsiling 154Kallang -Tampines 63Chinatown 36Boon keng 36

Boon kengFrom Boon keng to CostKranji 154Marsiling 148Kallang 36Tampines 98Chinatown 25Boon keng -

A206SE

24

The path map can be as follows

From question that is given says to assume china town as selected base station

Calculations are performed to fine least path

From Chinatown to Path from Chinatown CostKranji Kranji 129Marsiling Marsiling 138Kallang Kallang 36Tampines Kallang, Tampines 99Chinatown - 0Boon keng Boon keng 36

According to the shortest path algorithm the MRT station map is shown below.

A206SE

25

Conclusion

This is the way which is learning the actual shortest once the network really is easy yet as socialmarketing topographies evolves, whenever sites get also complicated we must move for anystandard system so that you can determine for top route. Even as can see below the particularMRT stations tend to be operating out of an intricate manner, which can be extremely tough tocome up with any shortest route map. But from staring at the Dijkstra criteria and with the aidassociated with length calculator you can easily design the particular shortest path from yourselected bottom MRT place.

.

A206SE

26

References

Ghosh, A., Zhang, J., Jeffrey, G. and Mohamed, R. (ed. By Rajive, L. 2011.Fundamentals of LTE. 1st edn.:Boston)

Ralf kreher and karsten gaenger 2011.LTE Signaling:Troubleshooting & Optimization.John wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex.

Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik andMatthew Baker. 2011. LTE the UMTS Long TermEvolution: From the theory to practice. John wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex.

Harri Holma Anti Toskala. 2009. LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based RadioAccesJohn wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex.

Find out the MRT Maps [Online] [2012.05.22]

http://www.smrt.com.sg/trains/network_map.asp

Find out the MRT Station distances [Online] [2012.05.12]

https://maps.google.com/

A206SE

27

PART 3

POWER CALCULATION

A206SE

28

Introduction

Transmitting antenna

For the purpose of calculation the antenna that would be used in the design would beHyperLOG® 3080 series. Where its country of origin is West Germany.

The antennas frequency response curve

Provided by manufacture

Current usage

NATO Military AIRBUS, Hamburg, Germany

A206SE

28

Introduction

Transmitting antenna

For the purpose of calculation the antenna that would be used in the design would beHyperLOG® 3080 series. Where its country of origin is West Germany.

The antennas frequency response curve

Provided by manufacture

Current usage

NATO Military AIRBUS, Hamburg, Germany

A206SE

28

Introduction

Transmitting antenna

For the purpose of calculation the antenna that would be used in the design would beHyperLOG® 3080 series. Where its country of origin is West Germany.

The antennas frequency response curve

Provided by manufacture

Current usage

NATO Military AIRBUS, Hamburg, Germany

A206SE

29

The antennas gain response curve

Provided by manufacture

Technical specifications

Design Logarithmic-periodicFrequency range: 380MHz-8GHzMax. transmission power: 100W CW (400 MHz)Nominal impedance: 50 OhmsVSWR (typ.): <1:2,5Gain (typ.): 5dBiAntenna factor: 20-43dB/mReturn loss: Better than -10dBCalibration points: 763 (10MHz steps)RF connection SMA socket (18GHz) or N socket using an adapterPolarisation: linear vertical/horizontalTripod connection: 1/4"Weight: 1000gr

Frequency ranges of antenna

TETRA, 70cm amateur radio, GSM900, GPS, DECT, GSM1800, UMTS, microwave ovens,WLan, Wi-Fi, Radar, 5-6GHz WLan, radio links, UWB

A206SE

30

Receiving antenna at station

Technical specifications

Gain 15dBiFrequency range 700-820MHzTuned Bandwidth 10% NormalInput power 500WImpedance 50ΩVertical Beam width 30 degreesHorizontal Beam width 31 degrees

Gain of transmitting antenna = 5dBi

= 3.16

Gain of transmitting antenna = 15dBi

= 31.62

A206SE

31

From Tempines to Clementi

Pr =. . .( ) = 1.05 mV

From Tempines to Clark China Town

Pr =. . .( ) = 2.21 mV

Calculation by Free Space Model Equation

Pr =. . .( )

From Tempines to Marsiling

Pr =. . .( ) = 0.45 mV

From Tempines to Kranji

Pr =. . .( ) = 0.44 mV

From Tempines to Clark Quey

Pr =. . .( ) = 2.56 mV

Calculation by Two Ray Model Equation

Pr =Pt.Gt.Gr .From Tempines to Marsiling

Pr =. .

= 0.45 mV

From Tempines to Clementi

Pr =. .

= 115 mV

A206SE

32

From Tempines to Clark China Town

Pr =. .

= 509 mV

From Tempines to Kranji

Pr =. .

= 20 mV

From Tempines to Clark Quey

Pr =. .

= 685 mV

Comparison table of accuracy of values arrived by the two models used for calculations

Stations points Free Space Model Equation Two Ray Model value

Tempines to Marsiling 0.45 mV 21.45 mV

Tempines to Kranji 0.44 mV 20 mV

Tempines to Clark Quey 2.56 mV 685 mV

Tempines to Clark China Town 2.21 mV 509 mV

Tempines to Clementi 1.05 mV 115 mV

Discussion

It could be observed that the two ray model can provide a more accurate answer. This is becausethat the two ray provides details of the antenna height