Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.
-
Upload
blaise-simmons -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
1
Transcript of Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.
![Page 1: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Communication
• Arousal States• Neurons• Neurotransmitters• Experience and Plasticity
![Page 2: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
True or False?
T/F The human brain is larger than that of any other animal.
T/F A single cell can stretch all the way from your spine to your toe.
T/F Messages travel in the brain by means of electricity.
T/F A brain cell can send out hundreds of messages each second, and manage to catch some rest in between.
T/F Fear can give you indigestion.
T/F If a surgeon were to stimulate a certain part of your brain electrically, you might swear that someone hade stroked your leg.
![Page 3: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nervous System
Our nervous system consists of two main bodies:• Central Nervous System• Peripheral Nervous System
“The more flexible we can form associations the more humanlike we are. This is what makes us special.”
(Remark considering left frontal lobe specialization)
![Page 4: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nervous System
Central Nervous System: (CNS)• Brain• Spinal cord: Collection of neurons and
supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones.– Spinal reflexes are automatic
Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS)• All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal
cord.• Sensory Nerves (Afferent Impulses)• Motor Nerves (Efferent Impulses)• Contains:
– Somatic Nervous System– Autonomic Nervous System
![Page 5: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Somatic Nervous System: (connects) Sensory receptors Skeletal muscles• AKA: Skeletal Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates the internal organs and glands.• Contains:
– Sympathetic Nervous System– Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
![Page 6: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Arousal States
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS):
Physical Changes ElementsIncrease in norepinephrin All elements necessary for survivalPupil dilation Fight-or-Flight instinct Increased heart-rate Activated during anxiety and stressSweatingDecrease in digestionVein dilation in peripheryPilo erection
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS):
Physical Changes ElementsIncreased digestion Conserves energyOpposite of SNS Tired/Relaxed
![Page 7: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nervous System
![Page 9: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nervous System
Spinal Cord Reflex- Not regulated by the brain.
![Page 10: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Neurons
Neurons:
• Specialized nerve cell that receives, processes, and transmits information to other cells in the body.
![Page 11: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Neurons
Three Types of Neurons:
• Sensory (afferent) neurons: Carry messages
from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain.
• Interneurons (association neurons): Carry
messages from one neuron to another.
• Motor (efferent) neurons: Carry messages
from the spinal cord or brain to the muscles
and glands.
![Page 12: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NeuronsStructure:• Soma: cell body, processing center
– Nucleus: contains DNA
• Neurites: structures that extend from the soma– Dendrites: receives information and sends to soma– Axon: transports messages from the soma
• Dentrite Divisions:– Spine: receives NT message
• Also known as a receptor site
• Axon Divisions:– Hillock: initiates action potential– Myelin Sheath: fatty covering on axon– Node of Ranvier: unmyelinated space– Axon Terminal: sends message to terminal buttons– Terminal Button: site where vesicles are released
• Terminal Button Divisions:– Synaptic Vesicles: carries NT to synapse– Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger– Synapse: Space between buttons and spines
• Also known as synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.
![Page 13: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Neurons
![Page 14: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Neurons
• In what ways are neurons like other cells?
• Which features are unique to neurons?
![Page 15: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Neurons
Presynaptic Neruon: Sends the message.
Postsynaptic Neuron: Receives the message.
![Page 16: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Neurons
![Page 17: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Neurons
Glia Cells: (Support Cells)
• CNS
– Astrocytes
• Phagocytosis
• Blood Brain Barrier
– Oligodendrocytes
• Myelination
• Increase speed and insulate
– Ependymal
• Line walls of the ventricles
• Create cerebrospinal fluid
– Endothelial
• Help with BBB
– Radial
• Aide in neuronal migration
• PNS
• Schwann
![Page 18: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers in the brain.
Catecholamines: Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
Indoleamines: Serotonin
![Page 20: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
![Page 21: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
Locations of production sites for major NT’s:• Dopamine- Substantia Nigra• Norepinephrine- Locus Coeruleus• Serotonin- Raphe Nuclei
![Page 22: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Experience and Plasticity
![Page 23: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Endorphins and Hormones
Endorphins: Pain reduction, pleasure, contentedness, memory. Endogenous opiate peptides.
Hormones: Affects the functioning of organs. Released directly into the blood stream. Promote growth, increase digestion, and regulate metabolism. Secreted by organs called glands. Produced primarily in endocrine glands.
Melatonin: Secreted by the pineal gland, helps regulate daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep (seasonal depression).
Adrenal Hormones: Produced by adrenal glands, emotion and stress.
Sex Hormones: Secreted in gonads (testes and ovaries), produce androgens (testosterone) and estrogens (progesterone).
![Page 24: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Genetics
• Traits: Characteristics on which organisms differ.
• Heredity: Transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
• Genes: Elements that control the transmission of traits; they are found on the chromosomes.
• Chromosomes: Pairs of threadlike bodies within the cell nucleus that contain the genes.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): The main ingredient of chromosomes and genes that forms the code for all genetic information.
![Page 25: Communication Arousal States Neurons Neurotransmitters Experience and Plasticity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f415503460f94c60f25/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Genetics
• Dominant: Member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait.
• Recessive: Member of a gene pair that can
control the appearance of a certain trait only if it is paired with another recessive gene.