COLLEGE PHYSICS BIOLOGY - Saddleback College · COLLEGE PHYSICS Chapter # Chapter Title ... ATP ATP...
Transcript of COLLEGE PHYSICS BIOLOGY - Saddleback College · COLLEGE PHYSICS Chapter # Chapter Title ... ATP ATP...
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COLLEGE PHYSICS
Chapter # Chapter TitlePowerPoint Image Slideshow
BIOLOGY
Chapter 7 CELLULAR RESPIRATIONPowerPoint Image Slideshow
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What is respiration?
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What is the main function of cellular
respiration?
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Figure 9.1
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Figure 41.6
Bulk Feeders
Suspension Feeders and Filter Feeders
Fluid Feeders
Baleen
FecesCaterpillar
SubstrateFeeders
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Figure 9.2
Lightenergy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
Cellular respirationin mitochondria
CO2 H2O O2
Organicmolecules
ATP powersmost cellular work
ATP
Heatenergy
Energy Flow
Catabolic pathways
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Fermentation
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
+ Energy (ATP + heat)
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Figure 9.UN01
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
Oxidation & Reduction
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
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Figure 9.UN03
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Oxidation & Reduction
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Figure 7.2
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
NAD
(from food)
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH)
NADH NAD+ (in ETC)
Dehydrogenase
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Figure 9.5
(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
Controlledrelease ofenergy for
synthesis ofATP
Fre
e e
nerg
y, G
Fre
e e
nerg
y, G
H2 1/2 O2 2 H 1/2 O2
1/2 O2
H2O H2O
2 H+ 2 e
2 e
2 H+
ATP
ATP
ATP
(from food via NADH)
Electron Transport Chain
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Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)1.
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
(color-coded salmon)
2.
Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and
chemiosmosis (color-coded violet)
3.
Overview of cellular respiration
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Figure 9.6-1
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Overview of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Location: cytosol
Conditions: w/ or w/o O2
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Figure 9.6-2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylationSubstrate-level
phosphorylation
Overview of cellular respiration
Pyruvate oxidation
• Mito matrix
Citric Acid Cycle
• Mito matrix
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Figure 7.4
Substrate
Product
ADP
P
ATP
Enzyme Enzyme
Substrate-level phosphorylation
vs. ETC & Oxidative phosphorylation
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Figure 9.6-3
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylationSubstrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Overview of cellular respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation & chemiosmosis
• Inner mito membrane
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Figure 9.8
Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
Energy Payoff Phase
Net
2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
NAD+ 4 e−2 + + 4 H+2 H+2 NADH
Pyruvate2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 H+H+
4
4
Glucose Pyruvate
ATPATP usedATP formed
H2O
NADH
−
2 NAD+
+
+
+
++ +
2 H2O
4e−
Glycolysis Overview
2- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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GLYCOLYSISPYRUVATE
OXIDATION
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYL-
ATION
ATP
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Figure 7.6
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
ATPGlucose Glucose 6-phosphate
ADP
Hexokinase
1
Fructose 6-phosphate
Phosphogluco-
isomerase
2
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Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
ATPFructose 6-phosphate
ADP
3
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Phospho-
fructokinase
4
5
Aldolase
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
Tostep 6
Isomerase
Figure 7.6
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Glycolysis: Energy Payoff/YEILDING Phase
2 NADH2 ATP
2 ADP 2
2
2 NAD + 2 H
2 P i
3-Phospho-
glycerate1,3-Bisphospho-
glycerate
Triose
phosphate
dehydrogenase
Phospho-
glycerokinase
67
Notice the 2’s – Why?Figure 7.6
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Glycolysis: Energy Payoff/YEILDING Phase
2 ATP
2 ADP2222
2 H2O
PyruvatePhosphoenol-
pyruvate (PEP)2-Phospho-
glycerate
3-Phospho-
glycerate8
910
Phospho-
glyceromutaseEnolase Pyruvate
kinase
Notice the 2’s – Why?
• Glucose 2 pyruvates
Figure 7.6
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Figure 7.19 ERROR should be Regulatory Step 1, 3 & 7
• Glycolysis pathway regulation at the three key enzymatic steps (1, 3, and 7) as indicated. Note that the first two steps that are regulated occur early in the pathway and involve hydrolysis of ATP.
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Glucose
CYTOSOLGlycolysis
Pyruvate
No O2 present:
Fermentation
O2 present:
Aerobic cellular
respiration
Ethanol,
lactate, or
other products
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
Citric
acid
cycle
Fate of Pyruvate
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GLYCOLYSISPYRUVATE
OXIDATION
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYL-
ATION
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Figure 7.8
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
CO2 Coenzyme A
NAD + HNADH Acetyl CoA
1
2
3
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
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GLYCOLYSISPYRUVATE
OXIDATION
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYL-
ATION
ATP
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PYRUVATE OXIDATION
Pyruvate (from glycolysis,
2 molecules per glucose)
NADH
NAD+
CO2
CoA
CoA
+ H+
CoA
CoA
CO2
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
FADH2
FAD
ATP
ADP + Pi
NAD+
+ 3 H+
NADH3
3
2
Acetyl CoA
Figure 7.9
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Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
CitrateIsocitrate
H2O
CoA-SH
1
2
Figure 7.9
Citrate synthase
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Isocitrate
-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl
CoA
NADH
NADH
NAD
NAD
+ H
CoA-SH
CO2
CO2
3
4
+ H
Figure 7.9
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Fumarate
FADH2
CoA-SH6
Succinate
Succinyl
CoA
FAD
ADP
GTP GDP
P i
ATP
5
Figure 7.9
Succinic Acid Dehydrogenase
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Oxaloacetate8
Malate
Fumarate
H2O
NADH
NAD
+ H
7
Figure 7.9
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NADH
1
Acetyl CoA
CitrateIsocitrate
-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl
CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Citric
acid
cycle
NAD
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP
+ H
+ H
+ H
NAD
NAD
H2O
H2O
ADP
GTP GDP
P i
FAD
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
CoA-SH
CO2
CoA-SH
CoA-SH
CO2
Oxaloacetate
Figure 7.9
Citrate synthase
Succinic Acid Dehydrogenase
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GLYCOLYSISCITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
ATP
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYL-
ATION
Oxidative phosphorylation = ETC & Chemiosmosis
• Inner mito membrane
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Figure 7.10NADH
FADH2
2 H + 1/2 O2
2 e
2 e
2 e
H2O
NAD
Multiprotein
complexes
(originally from
NADH or FADH2)
III
III
IV
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fre
e e
ne
rgy (
G)
rela
tive
to
O2
(kc
al/m
ol)
FMN
Fe•S Fe•S
FAD
Q
Cyt b
Cyt c1
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
Fe•S
Electron Transport Chain
• Inner mitochondrial membrane
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Figure 9.14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Rotor
StatorH
Internal
rod
Catalytic
knob
ADP
+
P i ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
ATP synthase
• Inner mitochondrial membrane
Figure 7.11
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Figure 7.12 – Oxidative PhosphorylationIncludes = electron transport chain + chemiosmosis
• Oxidative phosphorylation, the pH gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP.
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Figure 7.12
Proteincomplexof electroncarriers
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATPsynth-ase
I
II
III
IVQ
Cyt c
FADFADH2
NADH ADP P iNAD
H
2 H + 1/2O2
H
HH
21
H
H2O
ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation = ETC + Chemiosmosis
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Electron shuttles
span membrane
+ 2 ATP
2 NADHor
2 FADH2
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose 2Pyruvate
2 NADH
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2 FADH26 NADH
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
2 Acetyl CoA
+ 2 ATP
2 NADH
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2 NADHor
2 FADH2
2 NADH 2 FADH26 NADH
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
(Electron transport
and chemiosmosis)
+ about 26 or 28 ATP
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Figure 9.16
Electron shuttlesspan membrane
MITOCHONDRION2 NADH
2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 FADH2
or
2 ATP 2 ATP about 26 or 28 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose 2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate oxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
CYTOSOL
Maximum per glucose:About
30 or 32 ATP
NADH ~ 2.5 ATP
FADH2 ~ 1.5 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Electron Transport Chain & Poisons
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Figure 9.6-3
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylationSubstrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Overview of cellular respiration
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Figure 9.18
Glucose
CYTOSOLGlycolysis
Pyruvate
No O2 present:
Fermentation
O2 present:
Aerobic cellular
respiration
Ethanol,
lactate, or
other products
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
Citric
acid
cycle
Fate of pyruvate?
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Figure 9.17a
2 ADP 2 P i 2 ATP
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 CO22 NAD
2 NADH
2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 H
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Animation: Fermentation Overview
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Figure 9.17b
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
2 Lactate
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
Glucose Glycolysis
2 ADP 2 P i 2 ATP
2 NAD
2 H
Glucose-lactate
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Figure 7.14 – Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose-lactate
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Cori CycleCarl & Gerty Cori
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Depiction of the functional relationship between mitochondrial LDH and mMCT in operation of
the intracellular lactate shuttle.
Brooks G A et al. PNAS 1999;96:1129-1134
©1999 by The National Academy of Sciences
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Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Amino
acidsSugars Glycerol Fatty
acids
Other catabolic pathways
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Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Amino
acidsSugars Glycerol Fatty
acids
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
PyruvateNH3
Other catabolic pathways
Figure 7.17
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Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Amino
acidsSugars Glycerol Fatty
acids
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
NH3
Other catabolic pathways
Figure 7.17
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Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Amino
acidsSugars Glycerol Fatty
acids
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
NH3
Other catabolic pathways
Figure 7.17
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Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Amino
acidsSugars Glycerol Fatty
acids
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
NH3
Other catabolic pathways
β oxidation
keto acids
Figure 7.17
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Figure 7.16
• The carbon skeletons of certain amino acids (indicated in boxes) derived from proteins can
feed into the citric acid cycle. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Häggström)
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Biosynthesis
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Figure 9.20
Phosphofructokinase
Glucose
GlycolysisAMP
Stimulates
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Pyruvate
Inhibits Inhibits
ATP Citrate
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Acetyl CoA
Regulation via feedback