College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description

7-9%

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 1

A. Biological BasesB. Theories of MotivationC. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain

D. Social MotivesE. Theories of EmotionF. Stress

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 2

Evolutionary View Sources of Motivation: Biological factors Emotional factors Cognitive factors Social factors

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 3

Instinct Theory◦Evolutionary Approach◦Behavioral Predispositions

Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis)

Arousal TheoryIncentive Theory

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 4

Unit V. States of Consciousness

Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 6

Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies)◦Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) Lateral = Side

◦Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center

◦Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety)

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 7

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 8

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 9

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”

Rat eats

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 10

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

Rat stops eating

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 11

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”

Rat doesn’t eat

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 12

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

Rat doesn’t stop eating

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 13

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”

Rat eats

Triggers “on” switch

Rat doesn’t eat

Removes “on” switch

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

Rat stops eating

Triggers “off” switch

Rat doesn’t stop eating

Removes “off” switch

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 14

Signals from the Blood ◦ Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats)

Hormonal Regulation◦ Insulin (Hunger)◦ Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety)

Set Point Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese

Gene?) Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to

seek food but enjoys food when it is available Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are

powerful appetite suppressants

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 15

External CuesSocial factorsCultural factorsEating Disorders◦Obesity◦Anorexia Nervosa◦Bulimia Nervosa

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 16

Sexual Response CycleSex hormonesSocial and Cultural Factors in Sexuality

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 17

Term Definition

Gender

Gender Identity

Gender Roles

Sexual Orientation

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 18

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 19

Achievement Motivation (McClelland)◦Fear of Failure◦(Fear of Success – Horner)

Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Belong (Fromm) Industrial Organizational Psychology

◦Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation◦Theory X / Theory Y◦Task / Social Leadership

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 20

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 21

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 22

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 23

Defining Emotions, ◦Naming Emotions, ◦Categorizing Emotions

Components of Emotion ◦Cognitive: Subjective Feelings◦Physiological: Autonomic Arousal◦Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 24

Emotions

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 25

Limbic System (Amygdala)Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion

Role of Autonomic Nervous System

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 26

James-Lange◦Body response then Emotion Facial feedback hypothesis

Cannon-Bard◦Simultaneous Body response/Emotion

Schachter-Singer◦Body response/Cognitive Interpretation Misattribution of arousal Excitation transfer

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 27

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 28

Facial Expressions (Ekman) Cross Cultural Differences in Emotional Experience

Evolutionary Basis of Emotion / Fundamental Emotions◦Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, Robert Plutchik

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 29

Nature of StressRole of AppraisalStressorsSources of Stress◦Frustration◦Conflict◦Change◦Pressure

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 30

Social Support, Hardiness, Optimism Health Impairing Behavior

◦Smoking◦Poor Nutrition◦Lack of Exercise◦Alcohol and Drugs◦Unsafe Sex◦Lack of Sleep

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 31

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 32

Emotional: ◦Anger, Fear, Sadness

Physical Stress Responses: ◦Fight or Flight◦General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Behavioral: ◦Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive Coping, Indulgence

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Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 34

Impaired task performance Burnout Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Stress and Health Type A Behavior / Heart Disease Stress and the Immune System

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 35