College Bio. Chapters 35-40 HUMAN SYSTEMS. Organization of Life Atom Molecule Macromolecule ...
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Transcript of College Bio. Chapters 35-40 HUMAN SYSTEMS. Organization of Life Atom Molecule Macromolecule ...
College Bio. Chapters 35-40
HUMAN SYSTEMS
Organization of Life
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Types of Tissue Epithelial
Glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces
Connective Provides support and connects parts I.E. Bone, Cartilage, Blood
Muscle Enables body to move I.E. Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac
Nervous Send/Receives impulses
Homeostasis Internal conditions are kept constant
despite changes in external conditions Feedback Inhibition (Negative)
Stimulus produces response that opposes the original stimulus
Conditions that require frequent monitoring and adjustment
Positive Feedback Stimulus enhances the original stimulus Conditions that don’t require frequent
monitoring Can be destructive; create disorders
Integumentary System Purpose
Regulate body temperature, Vitamin D Protection Immunity, Excretion, Sensation
Membranes within system 4 different types of membranes
serous, synovial, mucous, cutaneous
Circulatory System
Purpose Circulate oxygen and nutrients to
tissues and to remove waste products Organs
Heart Blood vessels Blood
Heart
Respiratory System Purpose
Exchange gases between the blood, air, and tissues
Organs Nose Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus Bronchioles Alveolis
Lymphatic System Purpose
Transport fluids Help destroy pathogens
Organs Capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunk Thymus Spleen
Immune System
Purpose To fight infection by providing immunity
Nonspecific defenses 1st line of defense (mechanical barriers) 2nd line of defense (chemical barriers)
Fever, inflammation, phagocytosis
Specific defenses Humoral immunity (antibodies) Cell-mediated immunity
Digestive System Purpose
To mechanically and chemically break down food
To absorb nutrients Organs
Mouth, salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small and Large intestines Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Anal canal
Excretory System
Purpose Remove waste Maintain homeostasis, blood pH Regulate blood volume
Organs Kidney Bladder Rectum Liver Skin & lungs
Endocrine System Purpose
To release products directly into the blood stream
Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Pinal gland Thymus Gonads
Reproductive System
Purpose Produce and nurture sex cells Fertilization Secrete hormones Meiosis---23 chromosomes from mom
and 23 chromosomes from dad to form zygote
Skeletal System
Purpose Support and protect organs Aid in movement Stores minerals and aids in blood cell
formation General Information
206 bones in body Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Stores Calcium Carbonate/Phosphates
Types of Joints Immovable
Fibrous joints that are fixed Skull
Slightly Movable Cartilagenous joints with restricted movement Vertebrae
Freely Movable Synovial joints that allow movement in one or
more directions Ball & Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle Ligaments, synovial fluid, bursae
Muscular System Purpose
Movement Maintain Body temperature
Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal
Voluntary movement Striations
Smooth Involuntary movement No striations
Cardiac Only in heart Striated and involuntary movement
Muscle Contraction
Muscles are made of myofibrils which are made of filament
Myosin Thick filaments
Actin Thin filaments
Sarcomere Area from one z line to the next
Sliding-Filament Model ATP needed to shorten a sarcomere
Muscle Interactions Neuromuscular Junction
ACH is released and crosses synapse Calcium is released by impulse Contraction takes place
Tendons Attach muscle to bone and allow them to
work like a lever Prime mover and Synergist
Provides most of movement Helps out prime mover
Antagonist Resists prime movement Causes movement in opposite direction
Nervous System Purpose
Send, receive, interrupt signals Divisions of Nervous System
Central N.S. Meninges & Cerebrospinal fluid Spinal cord Brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary & pineal glands Peripheral N.S.
Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Somatic Reflex Arc
Neuron Transmits impulses Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin
sheath (Schwaan cells), Nodes of Ranvier
Synapse
Area where two or more neurons are connected
Contains neurotransmitters
Nerve Impulse
Resting Potential Outside neuron- positive charge (Na) Inside neuron-negative charge (K)
Action Potential Stimulated by another neuron or by
environment Na moves into cell changing charge inside
Threshold Minimum level of stimulus needed to
activate a neuron All or none response