Collective Intelligence
-
Upload
sandra-rivera -
Category
Education
-
view
4.185 -
download
0
Transcript of Collective Intelligence
Collective IntelligenceMi Gao & Sandra Rivera______
Collective intelligence: concept and implications
Here comes everybodyHere comes everybody
The cult of the amateur
“Intelligence” and “Collective”
Intelligence Collective
the “capability of a system to adapt its behavior to
meet its goals in a range of environments”
(Fogel,1995, p. 22)
“the ability to solve hard problems” (Minsky, 1985)
defined as “of, relating to, characteristic of, or made
by a number of people acting as a group”
(American Heritage Dictionary)
What is collective
intelligence?intelligence?
MIT Center for Collective Intelligence
� Current Working Definition:
Groups of individuals doing Groups of individuals doing
things collectively that seem
intelligent.
� How about beehives and ant colonies are examples of groups of insects doing things like finding food sources that seem intelligent?
Question
� Could we even view a single human brain as a collection of individual neurons or parts of the brain that collectively act intelligently ?
MIT Center for Collective Intelligence
� Further Definition:
Collective Intelligence relies upon the individual Collective Intelligence relies upon the individual
knowledge, creativity, and identity of its constituent
parts, and emerges from a synergy between them. In
its highest forms, participating in collective
intelligence can actually help people self-actualize
while solving collective problems.
“
Wikipedia
Collective intelligence has been defined as a
shared or group intelligence that emerges “shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of many individuals. Collective intelligence appears in a wide variety of forms of consensus decision making in bacteria, animals, humans, and computer networks”.
“
Levy’s definition
It is a form of universally distributed
intelligence, constantly enhanced, “intelligence, constantly enhanced,
coordinated in real time, and resulting in
the effective mobilization of skills.
(1997, p. 13)
Levy’s Definition
� indispensable characteristic
The basis and goal of collective intelligence is
the mutual reorganization and
enrichment of individuals rather than the
cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities
(1997, p. 13).
Identifiers of Collective intelligence
a group of actors
a set of resources available to those actors
a set of actions that the actors take
the collective results of the actions
a way of evaluating the result
Question
Some people, when they hear the term “collective
intelligence” assume that it implies individuals giving up
their individuality to be somehow subsumed in a group.their individuality to be somehow subsumed in a group.
What do you think about this opinion?
Which factors inhibit collective intelligence
Groupthink and
Informational Cascades
?
Social Dilemmas
Coordination Failures
Groupthink and Informational Cascades
� Whole turns to be less than the sum of the parts because
only some parts are actually contributing while
everyone else imitates or conforms.
Remedy: mechanisms that foster diversity and independence might improve collective intelligence.
Social Dilemmas
� Whole turns to be less than the sum of the parts because
some parts contribute and the others slack off.
Remedy: Incentives must be carefully structured to Remedy: Incentives must be carefully structured to reward individual participation as well as collective intelligence.
Coordination Failures
� Whole turns to be less than the sum of the parts
because the parts’ contributions interfere with or cancel
each other.
� Remedy: evolving structures and practices that coordinate individual contribution
(Al-Hakim & Memmola, 2008 )
ParticipationParticipation
Question
Why do people take part in the activity
What motivates them to participate
?
?
?
What motivates them to participate
What incentives are at work
?
?
Human Motivation
Money
Love
(Malone, Laubacher, and Dellarocas, 2009)
Love
•1) intrinsic enjoyment of an activity
•2) socializing with others
•3) contributing to a cause
Glory
Here comes everybody:
the power of organizing without organizations
Clay Shirky• consultant on Internet technologies• consultant on Internet technologies
• Professor in New York University
Here comes everybody
Group action just got easier” just got easier”
Here comes everybody
3. Collective action action
2. Cooperation
1. Sharing
Stages in formation of groups: sharing
Stages in formation of groups: cooperation
Stages in formation of groups: collective action
Stages in formation of groups: collective action
“
Stages in formation of groups: collective action
Revolution doesn’t happen when society adopts new technologies, “society adopts new technologies, it happens when society adopt
new behaviors”
(Shirky, 2008, p. 160)
The cult of the amateur: how blogs, MySpace, YouTube and the
rest of today's user generated media are killing our culture and economy
Andrew Keen• Internet entrepreneur
• executive at several Silicon Valley • executive at several Silicon Valley based technology start-ups
““
The cult of the amateur
noble amateur”:
the heart of Web 2.0’s cultural revolution and threatens to ““
the heart of Web 2.0’s cultural revolution and threatens to
turn our intellectual traditions and institutions upside down.
In one sense, it is a digitalized version of Rousseau’s noble
savage, representing the triumph of innocence over
experience, of romanticism over the commonsense wisdom
of the Enlightenment”
(Keen, 2008, p. 36)
The cult of the amateur
• has entries “none of them edited
or vetted for accuracy.”Wikipedia
“Our goal is to capture the full range of humanity's various understandings and knowledge of reality, and thereby to paint a maximally broad and detailed portrait of our universe as accurately as living humans understand it. We also
expect our approved articles to be, in the long run, as authoritative, error-free,
and well-written as encyclopedia articles are expected to be”
Wikipedia Citizendium
Year of creation 2001 2006 (pilot)2007 (public)
Creators Jimmy WalesLarry Sanger
Larry Sanger
Platform Media Wiki Media WikiPlatform Media Wiki Media Wiki
URL www.wikipedia.org www.citizendium.org
Languages 260 1 (English)
Articles in English 3,058,844 12,338
Popularity in internet (Alexa)
6 52,387
Registered users 10,727,792 2,100 (2007)
Shirky into social media
Internet has native support for groups and
conversation at the same time
All media gets digitized, Internet becomes
the mode of carriage for all other media
Media where the audience not only
consumes media, but also produces it
(Shirky, 2009)
Which model do you prefer, Wikipedia or Citizendium
How valuable is the content generated in social web
?
?web
Do we need gatekeepers to monitor the production or the quality of contents found in social media
?
?
References•2005. Wikipedia: External peer review/Nature December 2005 [Online]. Wikipedia. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_peer_review/Nature_December_2005 [Accessed 9 October 2009].•2009. Collective intelligence [Online]. Wikipedia. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence [Accessed 9 October 2009].•AL-HAKIM, L. & MEMMOLA, M. 2008. Business Web Strategy: Design, Alignment, and Application, Hershey, PA, USA, IGI Global.•BONE, J. 2006. Britannica 'still rules' over web rival [Online]. TimesOnline. Available: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article695582.ece [Accessed 9 October 2009].•CHRISJOHNBECKETT. 2007. Mobile clubbing flashmobs Tate Modern (12 October, 2007) [Online]. Flickr. Available: http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisjohnbeckett/1557634786/ [Accessed 09 October 2009].•GILES, J. 2005. Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. Nature, 438, 900-901.•KEEN, A. 2008. The cult of the amateur : how blogs, MySpace, YouTube and the rest of today's user generated media are killing our
culture and economy London Nicholas Brealey.culture and economy London Nicholas Brealey.•LÉVY, P., - 1997. Intelligence collective. English
•Collective intelligence : mankind's emerging world in cyberspace / Pierre Lévy ; translated from French by Robert Bononno, New York :, Plenum Trade.•MALONE, T. n.d. What is collective intelligence? [Online]. Available: http://www.socialtext.net/mit-cci-hci/index.cgi?what_is_collective_intelligence [Accessed].•MALONE, T., LAUBACHER, R. & DELLAROCAS, C. 2009. Harnessing Crowds: Mapping the Genome of Collective Intelligence [Online]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. Available: http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2009-01.pdf [Accessed 2 October 2009].•MALONE, T. W. 2006. What is collective intelligence and what will we do about it? [Online]. MIT. Center for Collective Intelligence. Available: http://cci.mit.edu/about/MaloneLaunchRemarks.html [Accessed 2 October 2009].•SHIRKY, C. 2008. Here comes everybody: the power of organizing without organizations, London, Allen Lane.•SHIRKY, C. 2009. Talks Clay Shirky: How social media can make history [Online]. TED Talks. Available: http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cellphones_twitter_facebook_can_make_history.html [Accessed 09 October 2009].