Codelco Original

7/24/2019 Codelco Original

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million tonnes of copper in its mining plan, s*fficient for more than #3 years of operation atc*rrent prod*ction rates.t also has additional identified reso*rces of 236 million tonnes ofcopper, tho*gh one cannot say how m*ch of this may proe economic. & ! '

Codelco5s principal prod*ct is cathodecopper. t is also one of the world5slargestmolybden*mprod*cers, prod*cing 2#,67# fine metric tons in 233#, and is a largeprod*cer of rheni*m, of which Chile is the world5s largest prod*cer.& ! '& 2 't also prod*ces small

amo*nts of goldand silerfrom refineryanode slimes, the resid*e from electro refiningofcopper.

Contents&hide'

!8istory

2he company

9:iisions

o 9.!Codelco Norte

9.!.!Ch**icamata

9.!.!.!he modern mine

9.!.!.2he f*t*re of Ch**icamata

9.!.2adomiro omic

9.!.9Northern e0pansion of /ina +*r

9.!.;+econdary waste d*mp leach

9.!.7/inistro 1le


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o 9.$=ther proentanas

;Codelco5s presence o*t of Chile

7+ee also

$eferences

#E0ternal links

History &edit'Main article:Chilean nationalization of copper

Codelco5s history begins with ?aw !!,626, of /ay 7, !"77, that created the CopperOffice( Departamento del Cobre) of the Chilean goernment, approed *nder -residentCarlos

b@AeB del Campo. :*ring the administration of -resident Ed*ardo Frei /ontala, Congresssanctioned ?aw !$,;27, on an*ary 27, !"$$, and transformed the Copper Officeintothe Copper Corporation of Chile(Codelco).

With the constit*tional reform thatnationaliBed copper(?aw !#,;73 *ly !!, !"#!), d*ring-resident +alador 1llende5s goernment, f*ll ownership of all copper mines and copper fieldsin the co*ntry were transferred to Codelco. he creation of the Corporacin Nacional delCobre de Chile, as it is c*rrently known, was formaliBed by decree of 1pril !, !"#$, *nderthe1*g*sto -inochetdictatorship. 1 st*dy by Doldman +achsof an*ary 233$ estimated thec*rrent al*e of the company between + 2;.7 and 2#.7 billion.&citation needed'

Codelco5s symbol is based on the alchemical symbol for copper.

The company &edit'

Codelco consists of research, e0ploration, ac*isition and deelopment departments. t hasfie principal operating diisions, Codelco Norte, +alador, 1ndina, >entanas and El eniente,and a ;"4 interest in the El 1bra /ine. t has seeral other potential mining operations *ndere0ploration and deelopment incl*ding the 1le


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mine shaft by a fall of rock. & 7 '8oweer mining on any scale did not start *ntil the later years ofthe !"th cent*ry and these early operations mined the high grade eins (!3%!74 copper) anddisregarded the low grade disseminated ore. & $ '=ne attempt was made to process the lowgrade ore in !6""%!"33 by Norman Walker, a partner in ?a CompaAia de Cobre de

1ntofagasta, b*t it failed leaing the company deeply in debt. & # '

he modern era started when the 1merican engineer Iradley finally deeloped a method of

working low grade o0idised copper ores. n !"!3 he approached the lawyer and ind*strialist1lbert C I*rrage who sent engineers to e0amine Ch**icamata. heir reports were good andin 1pril !"!! he started to b*y *p mines and claims in association with :*ncan Fo0 y Cia., anEnglish entreprene*r. & $ '& # '

nfort*mately I*rrage did not hae the capital to deelop a mine so he approached theD*ggenheim Irothers. hey e0amined his claims and estimated reseres at $"3 million tonnesgrading 2.764 copper. & $ 'he D*ggenheims also had a process for treating the low grade oresdeeloped by E1 Capellen +mith & 6 'and were immediately interested, organised the ChileE0ploration Company (Chile0) in an*ary !"!2 and eent*ally bo*ght o*t I*rrage for +27million in Chile0 stock. & " '

The modern mine &edit'

Chile0 then went ahead with the deelopment and constr*ction of a mine on the easternsection of the Ch**icamata field % it ac*ired the remainder grad*ally oer the ne0t !7 years %and a !3,333 tons per day leaching plant which was planned to prod*ce 73,333 tons ofelectrolytic copper ann*ally. 1mongst the e*ipment p*rchased were steam shoels from the-anama Canal.& $ '& !3 '1 port and oil%fired power plant were b*ilt at ocopilla, "3 miles to thewest and an a*ed*ct was constr*cted to bring water in from the 1ndes. & !! '-rod*ction startedon /ay !6, !"!7. 1ct*al prod*ction rose from ;9;7 tonnes in the first year to 73,;33 tonnes in!"23 and !97,6"3 tonnes in !"2" before the :epression hit and demand fell. & 6 'heD*ggenheims gae *p control of the mine in !"29 when they sold 7!4 to1naconda Copper,which ac*ired most of the remainder in !"2". 1naconda ran the mine *ntil the !"$3s whenthe Chilean state ac*ired a 7!4 holding in the HChileniBationH of the copper ind*stry. n !"#!the mine was nationalised and in !"#$ was incorporated into Codelco.

-rod*ction from the capping of o0idised minerals, which re*ired mere leaching in s*lph*ricacid to dissole the copper and the recoery of the copper by electrolysis was the sole meansof prod*ction *ntil the !"73s. 8oweer their grad*al depletion forced the constr*ction of a milland flotation plant in !"$! to treat the *nderlying secondary s*lphides.hese hae beensteadily e0panded *ntil recently the pit was prod*cing oer $33,333 tonnes of copper ann*ally,tho*gh this has now fallen with the lower grades as the richer secondary mineralisation is alsodepleted in the three porphyries that make *p the orebody.

he present mine is a conentional tr*ck and shoel operation, with a large proportion of theore cr*shed in%pit and transported by *ndergro*nd coneyors to the mill bins. he !62,333tonnes pa concentrator is also conentional and is primary cr*shing followed by +1D mills andball mills with cyclone classification. he flotation section prod*ces both copper andmolybden*m concentrates. & !2 'he !.$7 million tonnes pa of concentrate are smelted in one

=*tok*mp* flash smelter and one eniente conerter with electric f*rnace and cylindrical slagcleaning followed by fo*r -ierce +mith conerters. he blister copper goes to si0 anodef*rnaces which feed three anode casting wheels. he anodes go on to the 677,333 tonnes paelectrolytic refinery. & !9 '

The future of Chuquicamata &edit'

-lans to go *ndergro*nd and mine the rest of the Ch**icamata orebody by block caing arenow well adanced. 1t the +/N conference in 233# in +antiago & !; 'Codelco engineersdetailed a possible f*t*re mining plan. he open pit is becoming grad*ally *neconomic and it
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was estimated that mining wo*ld slow down and stop by 2323. n the meantime the mill will bekept *p to its !62,333 tonnes per day capacity with s*lphides from adomiro omic and

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For many years Ch**icamata, partic*larly its smelter, was a byword for poll*tion and theinhabitants of the Ch**icamata camp and Calama had serio*s amo*nts of arsenic in theirblood. his has changed drastically. he camp at Ch**icamata has been closed and theinhabitants moed to Calama, away from the d*st and general poll*tion close to the mine.

he off gasses from the flash smelter, eniente conerter and -ierce%+mith conerters hae ahigh eno*gh s*lph*r dio0ide content to allow s*lph*ric acid prod*ction in a single absorption

s*lph*ric acid plant which has improed s*lph*r capt*re to "64.& !" 'he Corporation alsoplanned some years ago to red*ce arsenic emissions by "#4 b*t there hae been no recentreports. -oll*tion of the ier ?oa, which flows thro*gh Calama is a problem which is beingaddressed b*t little has been reported.

Sal&ador &edit'Main article:El Salvador mine

he El +alador mine is a combined open pitand *ndergro*ndcopperminein the companytownof El +alador. he El +alador mine was p*rchased by1naconda Copper, who hadlittle intention of mining it, d*e to high ta0 rates by the Chilean goernment. When the ta0 rateswere red*ced 1naconda decided to bring the mine into prod*ction.-rod*ction at the minebegan in the early !"$3s, and was intended to replace prod*ction of the company5s -otrerillos

mine, which wo*ld be closing. -rod*ction from the El +alador wo*ld increase Chile5s totalo*tp*t of copper abo*t ;73,333 tons of copper per year, rather than a decrease in prod*ction,o*t of satisfaction and relief, the company renamed the mine El +alador, +panish he+aior. & 23 'n 2337 Codelco had planned to sh*t down the El +alador mine in 23!! beca*se ofdecliningoregrades and increased costs, & 2! 'b*t e0tended the pro


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feasibility st*dies on raising mill capacity to oer 233,333 tonnes per day by 23!; sho*ld becomplete this year. :eep drilling to proe *p reso*rces to s*stain s*ch a prod*ction ratecontin*e. No estimates of the likely copper o*tp*t at a milling rate of 233,333 tonnes per dayhae been gien and cannot be *ntil the deep drilling campaign is complete. & ! '

=ne of the mysteries of 1ndina is why it did not b*y Compania /inera :isp*tada de lasCondes when -eAarroya was prepared to sell it for a ery low price in !"#2. t went to Enami

who s*bse*ently sold it for a handsome profit to E00on /inerals for +"# million. & 29 't wo*ldhae gien Codelco complete control of the district. When E00on finally did decide to sell in2332, Codelco e0pressed interest b*t were not prepared to match the +!.9 billion that 1nglo

1merican were prepared to gie for it. & 2; '

ock glaciershae been serio*sly interened by 1ndina since the late !"63s, when it startedto deposit seeral million tons of waste rock on top of rock glaciers, res*lting in theiracceleration and partial destabilisation. +ince then, 2.! km 2of rock glaciers with a watere*ialent of more than !7 million c*bic metres hae been affected by 1ndina, incl*ding thepartial remoal of rock glaciers. & 27 '

El Teniente &edit'Main article:El Teniente

+it*ated ;; km east of ancag*a and #7 km so*th of the capital, +antiago, El eniente claimsto be the largest *ndergro*nd copper mine in the world (see below). he El eniente orebodyhas been known and worked on a small scale for many years. n the !$th cent*ry it becamethe property of the es*its as it was located on their 8acienda de la CompaAia de esLs. heyoperated a small mine known as the +ocan de los es*itas. Following their e0p*lsion, thehacienda was ac*ired in !#$6 by :on /ateo de oro y Mambrano y reta. Ietween !6!" and!629 his heirs restarted and enlarged the workings, bringing in a mining engineer tohelp. & !7 '8oweer, these and s*bse*ent attempts to establish anything more than a smallscale mine failed for lack of capital and the property was eent*ally bo*ght by the 1merican,William Iraden, for appro0imately +!33,333.he same year Iraden formed ancag*a/ines, which became the Iraden Copper Company, in association with old colleag*es from

1+1C=, incl*ding Iarton +ewell. & 6 '

Work started on establishing a mine in !"37 after Doernment permission had beenac*ired & 2$ 'b*t progress was slow beca*se of diffic*lty of access and a hard winter climate.1small graity plant was soon erected b*t it was not *ntil !"!2 that a flotation plant was erectedat +ewell.& !7 'Control passed to ennecott in !"!7 and it ran the mine *ntil nationalisation in!"#!.

The present mine &edit'

he porphyry orebody consists of a stockwork (a network of narrow eins) of mineralisedeinlets, mainly in andesitic laas and tonalite, s*perimposed by a leached Bone and as*bstantial Bone of secondary enrichment, both of ery ariable thickness. t s*rro*nds anarrow, almost circ*lar ring of to*rmaline breccia which in t*rn s*rro*nds the Iraden Chimney,an inerted cone of breccia which was emplaced after the main mineralisation. & !7 'eseres

and reso*rces are s*bstantial. 1t the end of 233# reseres and reso*rces in the mining plantotalled ;,23; million tonnes grading 3."!4 copper or 96.9 millionn tonnes of containedcopper. n addition the mine has identified additional reso*rcesof !7,62# million tonnes grading3.;$4 copper or nearly #9 million tonnes of contained copper tho*gh there is no indicationhow m*ch of this may proe economic. -rod*ction in 233# was ;3;,#26 tonnes copper and7,379 tonnes molybden*m. & ! '

/ining is grad*ally moing lower and remoing the ore between the barren co*ntry rock andthe Iraden Chimney. 1ccess is thro*gh adits (horiBontal t*nnels) to shafts and other sericesc*t in the Iraden Chimney. /ining methods incl*de panel caing, panel caing with pre%
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*nderc*t, and block caing, & 2# 'which hae been adapted to oercome the serio*s rockb*rstproblem which stopped mining some years ago on leel $ and threatened the f*t*re of themine. 1 new leel, ?eel 6, is now in operation and another, lower, leel is beingst*died & !" 'which will gie access to !.7 billion tonnes of ore grading 3."$4 copper and e0tendthe life of the mine by many years.

1ll ore is now treated in the lower Coln mill, the original +ewell mill being closed. Capacity is

now !93,333 tonnes daily, split e*ally between +1D and conentional milling, followed byflotation, thickening and filtration. he recent increase in mill capacity has been necessary tocompensate for the grad*al moe of mining into the lower grade primary ore Bone. heconcentrate goes to the Caletones smelter f*rther down the alley. his is e*ipped with twoeniente conerters with slag f*rnaces, three -ierce +mith conerters and si0 anode f*rnacesfeeding two anode and one fire refined casting wheels. & !9 'ailings are fl*med down the alleyto dams on flatter gro*nd. 1n independent company, /inera >alle Central, retreats old andc*rrent El eniente tailings and e0tracts some !2,333 tonnes pa of copper in concentrate. & 26 '

Sewell &edit'

+ewell, the original mine camp and known as the 5city of stairs5 beca*se it looked as tho*gh ithad been po*red down the mo*ntain, has become a NE+C= World 8eritage +ite.t was

fo*nded in !"3$ by William Iraden to ho*se his mine workers and had a pop*lation of aro*nd!7,333 at its peak. t was closed down in the late !"63s as all the workers moed down toancag*a.

El 'ra &edit'

Codelco sold a 7!4 interest in its El 1bra deposit in !""; to Cypr*s%1ma0 (now part ofFreeport /c/oan Copper and Dold) who then deeloped it. -rod*ction started in !""$. t is aporphyry copper with an e0tensie capping of leachable o0ide and s*lphidemineralisation. -rod*ction oer the ne0t three years is e0pected to be in the !72,333 to!$6,333 tonnes copper pa from the 22#,333 tonnes pacapacity +JGEW plant. t is planned toe0ploit the *nderlying s*lphides starting in 23!3 which sho*ld e0tend the mine life by oer !3years.& 2" '

Other pro!ects &edit'he (a'riela Mistral #(a'y$ %ro!ectis an o0ide copper proentanas -ro


9/9

he plant consists of a eniente conerter with electric f*rnace slag cleaning, three -ierce+mith conerters, a rotary anode f*rnace and two reerbatory refining f*rnaces and two anodecasting wheels. Capacity is ;73,333 tonnes pa concentrate to prod*ce !!3,333 tonnes copperann*ally. =ff gasses go to a 8*go -etersen s*lph*ric acid plant. & !9 'he refinery prod*cescathode copper, and gold, siler and seleni*m are prod*ced from the anode slime left oerfrom the refining process.

Codelco's presence out of Chile &edit'

=n *ly 2$, 23!2, the Chilean and Ec*adorian goernment signed an agreement to actiatethe highly controersial *nin copper mining pro

Codelco Original

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