Coastal Area Monitoring System using GSM communication

7/27/2019 Coastal Area Monitoring System using GSM communication

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coastal-area-monitoring-system-using-gsm-communication 1/52



MARINE COASTAL AREA SECURITY SYSTEM2011-2012

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Homeland security is very vital for every country. Costal area is the most

vulnerable targets for any nation having sea or ocean as one its boundries from its enemy

nations. So every maritime nations around the world would need to be ever vigilant and

prepared for natural and manmade disasters. So there is increased the demand for security

along boarder. The need for this type of security can be seean it the attacks on Mumbai

where terrorists entered the financial capital of India through sea and caused and unseen

havoc in the history of India. So to safe guard a nation from all these trespassers including

identification and monitoring the movement of known and unknown the vessels becomes

a topmost duty of navy wing.

Hence this aspect becomes the main idea behind the development of this project.

Our project focuses on that aspect and provides a continuous automatic monitoring of the

region in the water body and if found any trespass, it reports to the base station which is

nothing but the control center. The project implements the GSM technology for

surveillance of the area in coastal regions.

The project can be converted into total wireless system. The Wire-less feature can

be explored to its maximum limit. The small-scale and medium size industries can be

converted from manual to wireless controlled operations. This reduces the over all man

power & maintains charge and increases the efficiency & production of the Industry. The

conversion to wireless is simple and worth investing. This project is open for

developments from all sides. It is the users’ imagination which limits the working of this

project. One can go on adding the extra, rich features to this project

KIT Mangalore Dept of ECEPage

2




CHAPTER 3

WORKING AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1. WORKINGHere ship contains RFID tag. Output of RF tag and ultrasonic radar signal goes to buffer

driver then relay one signal goes to microcontroller 89c51 it will send message authorize

through gsm modem to their respective mobileIf only output of ultrasonic radar signal

goes to buffer, driver then relay, one will trigger to buzzer then other goes to

microcontroller 89c51 it will send message unauthorise through gsm modem to their

respective mobileOnce the controller comes to know unauthorized ship the person can set

the shooting order to harbor place which will trigger the other mobile from their mobile

with respective keypad tones.

2.1.1 Block Diagram Shooting Section

2.1.1. shooting section


3

Mobil

eDTMF

Decoder

Buffer

Drive

r

Relay Schmitt

Trigger

Mobile




2.1.2 Block Diagram of Authorised and Unauthorised Section

Fig.2.1.2. determination of Authorised and unauthorised


4

Ultraso

nic

Radar

B u f f e r

Drive

r

Rela

y

microcontr

oller

Buzzer

GSM

MODE

M

Mobil

e

RF

Transmi

tter

RFReciev

er




CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1. BUFFER, DRIVER & SWITCHING MODULE

When the user programs the schedule for the automation using GUI [Graphical User

Interface] software, it actually sends 5-bit control signals to the circuit. The present circuit

provides interfacing with the printer port of the Personal Computer and the controllingcircuitry. This circuit takes the 5-bit control signal, isolates the PC from this circuitry,

boosts control signals for required level and finally fed to the driver section to actuate

relay. These five relays in turn sends RC5 coded commands with respect to their relay

position.

Fig.3.1.1. IC 4050


5

1

2

6

3

16

5

15

4

14

10

11

12

13

7

Vcc

Vss8 9

IC 4050




3.1.1 HEX Buffer /Converter [Non-Inverter] IC 4050

Buffers does not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. logic 1 input results into

logic 1 output where as logic 0 input results into logic 0 output). Buffers are normally

used to provide extra current drive at the output, but can also be used to regularise the

logic present at an interface. And Inverters are used to complement the logical state (i.e.

logic 1 input results into logic 0 output and vice versa). Also Inverters are used to provide

extra current drive and, like buffers, are used in interfacing applications. This 16-pin DIL

packaged IC 4050 acts as Buffer as-well-as a Converter . The input signals may be of 2.5

to 5V digital TTL compatible or DC analogue the IC gives 5V constant signal output. The

IC acts as buffer and provides isolation to the main circuit from varying input signals. The

working voltage of IC is 4 to 16 Volts and propagation delay is 30 nanoseconds. It

consumes 0.01 mill Watt power with noise immunity of 3.7 V and toggle speed of 3

Megahertz.

Fig.3.1.2. Buffer driver circuit


6




3.1.2 1N4148 signal diode: Signal diodes are used to process information (electrical

signals) in circuits, so they are only required to pass small currents of up to 100mA.

General purpose signal diodes such as the 1N4148 are made from silicon and have a

forward voltage drop of 0.7V.

3.1.3 Circuit Diagram of Buffer, Driver & Switching Stage

Fig 3.1.3. Buffer, Driver and switching stage


7

5

3

9

7

8

1

1

1

4

2

1

0

6

1

2

1

4

1

5

R

L

2

R

L

3

R

L

4

R

L

5

IC

1

I

C

2

2

1

4

3

8

9

5

1

5

1

6

1

3

1

26 1

1

1

4

7

1

0

R1 TO

R5

D1

TO

D5

+

5

V

G

n

d

+

1

2

V

Comm

ands

from

PC

D

6-

D

10

R6

-R1

0

R

L

1

N/

C

CO

M-1

N/

C

CO

M-2

N/

C

CO

M-3

N/

C

CO

M-4

N/

C

CO

M-5




The Hex Buffer/Inverter IC1’s working voltage of +5V is applied at pin-1 and five control

signals are applied at input pins 3, 5, 7, 9 & 11. Thus the signal supplying circuit [i.e. PC]

is isolated from this Buffer & Driver circuit. Further the grounding resistors R1 to R5

prevents the abnormal voltage levels passing inside the IC1. The buffered outputs are

acquired at pins 2, 4, 6, 10, & 12. Thus the varying input is further stabilized and fed to

signal diodes [D1 to D5]. As the load is inductive, there is a chance of producing back

e.m.f. So to cope with this back e.m.f, signal diodes are used. But this signal level is not

strong enough to drive the low impedance relay. So, IC2 Darlington driver is used. Its

working voltage is +12 V and only five input/output pins are used. The output signal from

the Darlington driver IC is strong enough to actuate five relays. These relays with +12V

working voltage can be used to produce five command signals with RC5 format. The N/O[Normally Open] contact of each relay produces one command signal with the help of

RC5 Transmitter Circuit. The five relays activation with their corresponding command

signal production is tabulated as below:

3.2. POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The circuit needs two different voltages, +5V & +12V, to work. These dual voltages are

supplied by this specially designed power supply. The power supply, unsung hero of

every electronic circuit, plays very important role in smooth running of the connected

circuit. The main object of this ‘power supply’ is, as the name itself implies, to deliver the

required amount of stabilized and pure power to the circuit. Every typical power supply

contains the following sections:

3.2.1 Step-down Transformer:

The conventional supply, which is generally available to the user, is 230V AC. It is

necessary to step down the mains supply to the desired level. This is achieved by using

suitably rated step-down transformer. While designing the power supply, it is necessary to

go for little higher rating transformer than the required one. The reason for this is, for

proper working of the regulator IC (say KIA 7805) it needs at least 2.5V more than the

expected output voltage

KIT Mangalore Dept of ECE Page - 8 -




3.2.2 Rectifier stage:

Then the step-downed Alternating Current is converted into Direct Current. This

rectification is achieved by using passive components such as diodes. If the power supply

is designed for low voltage/current drawing loads/circuits (say +5V), it is sufficient to

employ full-wave rectifier with centre-tap transformer as a power source. While choosing

the diodes the PIV rating is taken into consideration.

3.2.3 Filter stage:

But this rectified output contains some percentage of superimposed a.c. ripples. So to

filter these a.c. components filter stage is built around the rectifier stage. The cheap,

reliable, simple and effective filtering for low current drawing loads (say upto 50 mA) is

done by using shunt capacitors. This electrolytic capacitor has polarities, take care while

connecting the circuit.

3.2.4 Voltage Regulation:

The filtered d.c. output is not stable. It varies in accordance with the fluctuations in mains

supply or varying load current. This variation of load current is observed due to voltage

drop in transformer windings, rectifier and filter circuit. These variations in d.c. output

voltage may cause inaccurate or erratic operation or even malfunctioning of many

electronic circuits. For example, the circuit boards which are implanted by CMOS or TTL

ICs.

Fig.3.2.1. Power supply





3.2.5 Circuit Diagram of +5v and +12v Fullwave Regulated Power Supply

Fig.3.2.2. +5v and +12v Fullwave regulated power supply

A d.c. power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c.

mains fluctuations or load variations is known as regulated d.c. power supply. It is also

referred as full-wave regulated power supply as it uses four diodes in bridge fashion with

the transformer. This laboratory power supply offers excellent line and load regulation

and output voltages of +5V & +12 V at output currents up to one amp.


230

AC

X

1

C

1

D

2

1

C

2

C

3

IC1

781

2D

1

19

V

C

4

IC1

78

05

+12

V

+5

V




3.4 MOTHER BOARD

The field parameters are monitored by this Microcontroller chip with the help of user

written program and generates alert message for LCD display and fault code for remote

monitoring end transmission. The Microcontroller Chip has input port for getting fault

condition of field parameters and ‘Stop’ signal through RF Receiver and output port for

sending fault code to DTMF Encoder and switching Relay [MCB] for isolating power line

from load.

3.4.1 Introduction of Micro-Controller

What is a microcontroller?

The general definition of a microcontroller is a single chip computer , which refers to the

fact that they contain all of the functional sections (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, ports and

timers) of a traditionally defined computer on a single integrated circuit. Some experts

even describe them as special purpose computers with several qualifying distinctions that

separate them from other computers. Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some other

device (often a consumer product) so that they can control the features or actions of the

product. Another name for a microcontroller, therefore, is "embedded controller ."

Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is

stored in ROM (read-only memory) and generally does not change. Microcontrollers are

often low-power devices. A desktop computer is almost always plugged into a wall socket

and might consume 50 watts of electricity. A battery-operated microcontroller might

consume 50 mill watts. A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often (but not

always) has a small LED or LCD display for output. A microcontroller also takes input

from the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending signals to differentcomponents in the device. A microcontroller is often small and low cost. The components

are chosen to minimize size and to be as inexpensive as possible. A microcontroller is

often, but not always, ruggedized in some way. The microcontroller controlling a car's

engine, for example, has to work in temperature extremes that a normal computer

generally cannot handle. A car's microcontroller in Kashmir regions has to work fine in

-30 degree F (-34 °C) weather, while the same microcontroller in Gujarat region might be

operating at 120 degrees F (49°C). When you add the heat naturally generated by the





engine, the temperature can go as high as 150 or 180 degrees F (65-80 °C) in the engine

compartment.

Why are they so popular?

The programmability of modern desktop PCs makes them extraordinarily versatile. The

functionality of the entire machine can be altered by merely changing its programming.

Microcontrollers share this attribute with their desktop relatives. The chips are

manufactured with powerful capabilities and the end user determines exactly how the

device will function. Often, this makes a dramatic difference in the cost and complexity of

a particular design. The true impact of this statement is best illustrated by example.For

every clock pulse, the circuit produces one of the three bit numbers in the sequence 000,

100, 111, 010, 011. This design has been implemented with three flip-flops and seven

discrete gates as well as a significant amount of wiring.

The design of this system can be quite laborious. One must begin with a state graph

followed by a state table. Then, the flip-flop T input equations must be derived from a set

of Karnaugh maps. Next, the t input equations must be transformed into the actual T input

network. All of this circuitry must then be wired together; a task that's time consuming

and sometimes error prone. On the other hand, this can be accomplished with a simpler,

less costly microcontroller design. Notice the dramatic difference in the amount of

hardware and wiring. This simple circuit, along with about a dozen lines of code, will

perform the same task as the first circuit. There are other benefits as well. The

microcontroller implementation does not have to contend with the undetermined states

that sometimes occur with discrete designs. Also consider for a moment what would be

required to change the sequence of numbers in the first circuit. What if the output needs

to be changed to eight bits instead of three? These are trivial modifications for the

microcontroller while the discrete circuit would require a complete redesign.

The example above is not an obscure case. The effects of this device are being felt in

almost every facet of digital design. A sure method of determining the popularity of an

electronic device is to note when they attain widespread use by hobbyists. It therefore

becomes essential that the electronics engineer or hobbyist learn to program these





microcontrollers to maintain a level of competence and to gain the advantages

microcontrollers provide in his or her own circuit designs.

3.4.2 Circuit Diagram of Mother Board

Fig 3.4.1. Circuit Diagram Of Mother Board


+

Vc

c

P0.

7

32

P0.6

33

P0.

5

34

P0.

4

35

P0.

3

36

P0.

2

37

P0.

1

38

P0.

0

39

P2.

7

28

P2.

6

27

P2.

5

26

P2.

4

25

P1.

7

8

P1.

6

7

P1.

5

6

P1.

4

5

P1.

3

4

P1.

2

3

19

XTAL

1

18

XTAL

2

30

pF

12

MHz

30

pF

89c

51

1

v

s

s

2

0

29

PSE

N

30

ALE

31

EA

9

RST

+VCC

10

MFD/63V

20KΩ

RESET

SWITCH

4

0

v

c

c

8 x

2.2

KΩ

a

d

7

ad

6

a

d

5

a

d

4

a

d

3

a

d

2

a

d

1

a

d

0

rd

w

r

t1

t0

in

t1

in

t0

tx

d

rx

17

P3.

7

16

P3.

6

15

P3.

5

14

a

1

5

a

1

4

a

1

3

a

1

2

a

1

230

AC

X1D1 &

D2

IC

1 +V

CC

R

1

D

3

C1

C2

C

3

por

t 0

por

t 1

port 2por

t 3




The mother board of 89C51 has following sections: Power Supply, 89C51 IC, Oscillator,

Reset Switch & I/O ports. Let us see these sections in detail.

Power Supply

This section provides the clean and harmonic free power to IC to function properly. The

output of the full wave rectifier section, which is built using two rectifier diodes, is given

to filter capacitor. The electrolytic capacitor C1 filters the pulsating dc into pure dc and

given to Vin pin-1 of regulator IC 7805.This three terminal IC regulates the rectified

pulsating dc to constant +5 volts. C2 & C3 provides ground path to harmonic signals

present in the inputted voltage. The Vout pin-3 gives constant, regulated and spikes free

+5 volts to the mother board. The allocation of the pins of the 89C51 follows a U-shape

distribution. The top left hand corner is Pin 1 and down to bottom left hand corner is Pin

20. And the bottom right hand corner is Pin 21 and up to the top right hand corner is Pin

40. The Supply Voltage pin Vcc is 40 and ground pin Vss is 20.

Oscillator

If the CPU is the brain of the system then the oscillator, or clock, is the heartbeat. It

provides the critical timing functions for the rest of the chip. The greatest timing accuracy

is achieved with a crystal or ceramic resonator. For crystals of 2.0 to 12.0 MHz, the

recommended capacitor values should be in the range of 15 to 33pf2. Across the oscillator

input pins 18 & 19 a crystal x1 of 4.7 MHz to 20 MHz value can be connected. The two

ceramic disc type capacitors of value 30pF are connected across crystal and ground,

stabilizes the oscillation frequency generated by crystal.

I/O Ports

There are a total of 32 i/o pins available on this chip. The amazing part about these ports

is that they can be programmed to be either input or output ports, even "on the fly" during

operation! Each pin can source 20 mA (max) so it can directly drive an LED. They can

also sink a maximum of 25 Ma current.

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral

features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used


.

3

24

P2.

2

23

P2.

1

22

P2.

0

21

1

1

2

P1.

0

1

1

4

13

P3.

3

12

P3.

2

11

P3.

1

10

P3.

0

a

1

0

a

9

a

8




3.5. RF TRANS-RECEIVER MODULE

This module explains the Radio Frequency transmitter and receiver units used in this

system to transmit code signal from Railway Station end/Train Engine end.

3.5.1 RF Transmitter Module

Introduction

Application Specific Integrated Circuit [ASIC] is another option for embedded hardware

developers. The ASIC needs to be custom-built for a specific application, so it is costly. If

the embedded system being designed is a consumer item and is likely to be sold in large

quantities, then going the ASIC route is the best option, as it considerably reduces the cost

of each unit. In addition, size and power consumption will also be reduced. As the chip

count (the number of chips on the system) decreases, reliability increases.

If the embedded system is for the mass market, such as those used in CD players, toys,

and mobile devices, cost is a major consideration. Choosing the right processor, memory

devices, and peripherals to meet the functionality and performance requirements while

keeping the cost reasonable is of critical importance. In such cases, the designers will

develop an Application Specific Integrated Circuit or an Application Specific

Microprocessor to reduce the hardware components and hence the cost. Typically, a

developer first creates a prototype by writing the software for a general-purpose

processor, and subsequently develops an ASIC to reduce the cost.

The RF transmitter is built around the common passive and active components, which are

very is to obtain from the material shelf. The circuit works on Very High Frequency band

with wide covering range.The RF transmitter is built around the ASIC and common

passive and active components, which are very easy to obtain from the material shelf. The

circuit works on Very High Frequency band with wide covering range. The Carrier

frequency is 147 MHz and Data frequencies are 17 MHz, 19 MHz,22 MHz & 25 MHz.





3.5.1.2 Circuit Diagram of RF Transmitter

Fig 3.5.1. Circuit Diagram Of RF Transmitter

The ASIC Transmitter IC has four inputs and only one output pin. Thefour inputs are

for the frequency range of 17 KHz, 19 KHz, 22 KHz and 25 KHz and four switches are

provided for each range. When any one switch is selected, that frequency is added to the

Transmitter circuit as data frequency and transmitted in the air. The Crystal X1 with two

coupling capacitor provides the working oscillator frequency to the circuit. The

Capacitors C6 and C7 are to stabilize the crystal oscillator frequency.


R6

R4

C1

R5

C

5

R3

33

0K

R

2

2

K

7

C7

C

2

0

.0

0

1

T

1

C3

C4

L

1

L

2

T2

R

1

+V

cc

Gn

d

17 KHz

S1

19KHz

S2

22 KHz

S3

25 KHz

S4

ASI

C

C6

C

7

X

1




The ASIC output is added to the transmitter circuit’s oscillator transistor T1s base. The

data frequency is added with carrier frequency 147 MHz and aired for transmitting

purpose. The transistor T1 is heart of the Hartely Oscillator and oscillates at carrier

frequency of 147 MHz along with tuned circuit formed by coil L1 and capacitor C4. The

Data frequency is fed to T1 on base through resistors R4 and R5. Capacitors C1 and C3

and for stabilizing the tuned circuit along with resistor R3. To increase the range of the

circuit, transmitting signals must be strong enough to travel the long distance [i.e., upto

100 meters in this prototype]. So the generated signals are made strong by amplifying to

certain level with the help of Transistor T2 and associated circuit. The Radio frequency

thus generated is fed to pre-amplifier transistor T2 on base terminal. The resistor R6 provides the bias voltage to T2 and capacitors C5 & C7 removes the noise and harmonics

present in the circuit.

3.5.3 RF Receiver Module

This circuit is built around the ASIC i.e., Application Specific Integrated Circuit, hence

less circuitry is observed. The Radio Frequency tuned circuit has 147 M Hz carrier

frequency with four options viz., 17Khz, 19Khz, 22KHz and 25KHz.




Circuit Diagram of RF Receiver

Fig 3.5.2. Circuit Diagram of RF Receiver

The transmitted signals are received on coil L1 which acts as receiver antenna. The

oscillator transistor removes the received signals from 147MHz carrier frequency and fed

to ASIC. The tank circuit formed by C1 and L1 gives the carrier frequency range. The

current limiting resistor R1 and bypass capacitor C5 stabilizes the oscillator. The resistor

R2, R3 and R4 provide the biasing voltage to the oscillator transistor T1. Capacitors C2

and C3 are there to bypass the noise and harmonics present in the received signals.

Through coupling capacitor C7 output of the RF Receiver is fed to ASIC.

The ASIC manipulates the received signal and gives out four channels as output viz.,

17KHz, 19KHz, 22KHz and 25KHz. Each channel is amplified by pre-amplifier transistor

T2 along with bias resistor R9. The output of the pre-amplifier transistor is fed to relay

KIT Mangalore Dept of ECE

T

4

T

3

T

4

T

3 T

2

T

2

C

5

C

3

L

1C

2

C

1

R1

R

2

C

4

T

1

+

Vc

c

1

4

1

3

1

2

1

1

1

0

98

1234567

ASIC

R

8

R

L

1

R

8

R

L

2

+

Vc

cC

6

C

7

R

3

R4 R5

R6

R7R9

R9



driver stage to activate the respective relay ON. The Darlington pair T3 and T4 are

arranged in driver stage to drive the low impedance relay

3.6 SCHMITT TRIGGER

3.6.1 Introduction

The basic function of the Schmitt trigger circuit is to convert / generate a chain of square

wave from any regular or irregular signal input. Since all the circuit section of the

frequency counter section is TTL compatible, this system helps the exhaling analogue

waveform signals to the digital pulse format. The triggering pulse generator produces a

series of square waves using signals produced by Pre-Amplifier with Acoustic Transducer

Stage, and acts like a clock signal generator to the further section. Here the square waves

generated by the Trigger pulse generator are fed to the Counter & Display Driver, Timer

Section.

Digital circuits often require a source of accurately defined pulses. The requirement is

generally for a single pulse of given duration (i.e. a ‘one shot’) or for a continuous train of

pulses of given frequency and duty cycle. Rather than attempt to produce an arrangement

of standard logic gates to meet these requirements, it is usually simpler and more cost-

effective to make use of one of the range of versatile integrated circuits known

collectively as ‘timers’. The greater level of accuracy and stability with long Monostable

periods is possible only with timer IC. The 555 timer is a neat mixture of analogue and

circuitry but its applications are virtually limitless in the world of digital pulse generation.




3.6.2 Circuit Diagram of Schmitt Trigger Using 555 Timer IC

Fig 3.6.1. Schmitt Trigger Using 555 Timer IC

An electronic circuit that generates square waves using positive feedback is known as a

Multivibrator. This switching circuit is basically a two stage amplifier and operates in two

states (ON and OFF) controlled by external circuit conditions. There are three types of

Multivibrator: Astable or Free Running Multivibrator, Monostable or One Shot

Multivibrator and Bistable or Flip-flop Multivibrator.

An oscillator circuit which generates square wave of its own (i.e. without external

triggering) is known as Astable or Free Running Multivibrator. The outputted square

pulse is not stable in nature. It switches back and forth from one state to the other. And

the switching time is determined by the external components (i.e. RC constant). These

pulse trains are used to ON/OFF or trigger the connected external circuits. The normal

555 IC Astable Multivibrator can be used readily to drive a relay (operating current must

be less than 150mA).The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as an

Astable pulse generator. In this mode the circuit provides very constant output frequency.

This circuit gets its working voltage at +Vcc pin- 4 through RL1’s N/C [Normally


R2

P

C1

4 8

7

3

1

6

2

5

+Vcc

Output of

Clock Pulses

C2

R1

IC1

Gnd

Trigger pulse from Pre-Amplifier with Acoustic



Connected] pin of Timer Circuit. And after one minute the supply will be switched OFF

automatically.

The triggering pulse is fed from Receiver Section output is fed to trigger input pin-2which is grounded through capacitor C1. When the circuit is first put ON, the capacitor

C1 is uncharged and the trigger input is low and that switching transistor TR1 (at pin-7) is

in the non-conducting state. Thus the output (at pin-3) is high. The capacitor C1 will

begin to charge toward +Vcc with current supplied by means of the series resistors R1, P1

and R2.When the voltage at the ‘threshold’ input (at pin-6) exceeds ⅔ of Vcc, the output

of the upper comparator will change state and the Bistable will be reset, making the Ō

output go ’HIGH’ and turning TR1 ‘ON’ in the process. Due to the inverting action of the

buffer, the final ‘output’ (at pin-3) will then go ‘LOW’.The capacitor C1 will now

discharge, with current flowing through R2 & P1 into the collector of switching transistor

TR1 (at pin-7). At a certain point, the voltage appearing at the ‘trigger’ input (pin-2) will

have fallen back to one third of the supply voltage at which point the lower comparator

will change state and return the Bistable to its original set condition. The Q ‘output’ of the

Bistable then goes low, TR1 switches ‘off’, and the final ‘output’ (pin-3) goes high.

Thereafter the entire cycle is repeated indefinitely.

The essential characteristics of this waveform are:

Time for which output is ‘high’: Ton=0.693(R1+R2+P1) C ………….3.6.1

Time for which output is ‘low’: Toff =0.693(R2+P1) C……………….3.6.2

Period of output T=Ton+Toff =0.693(R1+P1+2R2) C…3.6.3

Pulse Repetitive Frequency of output: p.r.f. = 1.44 / (R1+P1+2R2) C……..3.6.4

Pulse Period: T = 1/ p.r.f………………………….3.6.5

Where T is in seconds, C is in farads, and R1 & R2 are in Ohms.

Note: It should be noted that the mark to space ratio produced by a 555 timer can never

be less than unity (i.e. 1:1). However, by making R2 very much large than R1 the timer

can be made to produce a reasonably symmetrical square wave.




3.7 DTMF DECODER

This decoder stages helps IVRS Unit to get people phone number encoded in DTMF form

to 4-bit binary form for easy processing by PC program. The output of this stage is fed to

parallel port of PC for caller line identification.

3.7.1 DTMF Decoder and BCD Converter Module

This Section decodes the DTMF form fault code signal sent by Field Unit, converts it into

4-bit Binary Coded Decimal form and fed to PC’s parallel port for further processing.

Before going in deep on actual circuit & its explanation, let us have details of the terms &

components used in this section.

Circuit Diagram of DTMF Decoder

Fig 3.7.1. Circuit Diagram Of DTMF Decoder


R

4

9

A

3

2

4

7

1

8

1

6

1

11

71

81

21

31

4

5 6 9

IC

1X

1

1

0

0

R

5

9

A

R3

9

R

1

9

A

C

1

9

A

R

2

9

A

C

2

9

D

1

–

D

4

R

6

From FM

Receiver

I

C

2

4

0

5

0

1

3 2

V

C

C

5 4

7 6

1

1

9 1

0

1

41

5

1

5

To

ParallelPort of

PC

+5

Volts



The Power Line Carrier Communication is the most extraordinary element of the

telecommunication systems. A Power Line Carrier Communication works on the principle

of varying the line current in proportional to sound. The transducer which converts sound

waves to an electrical signal is called a microphone, and the one which does the reverse

function is called a speaker/earphone. Signaling is the most critical function of any

telecommunication system. Normally alternating voltages of low value are used for

signaling or ringing, as commonly referred. In modern Power Line Carrier

Communications, the rotary dial has been replaced by pushbutton matrix dial. These

Power Line Carrier Communications use ICs to generate the DC pulses. The pulse dialing

is slower and susceptible to noise. It takes over 10 seconds to dial a 6-digit number. The is

very slow as compared to the processing speed of modern electronic exchanges. Besides it

has the following limitations: The subscriber can signal only up to the exchange, and end

to end or subscriber to subscriber signaling is not possible. Only ten codes, i.e. from 0 to

9, are possible. Time required to dial each digit is different. To overcome these

limitations, modern telecommunication uses two distinct tones, which correspond to a

particular number. This is called the Dual Tone Multi Frequency [DTMF] dialing. If one

dials, say, number ‘5’, then two tones of 770 Hz and 1336 Hz is transmitted. These tones

are sensed and decoded by the exchange and converted to the dialed digit, which is digit

‘5’ in this case. The column pertaining to tone 1633 Hz is used for special facilities like

flash, pause etc.

The Power Line Carrier Communication is the most extraordinary element of the

telecommunication systems. A Power Line Carrier Communication works on the principle

of varying the line current in proportional to sound. The transducer which converts sound

waves to an electrical signal is called a microphone, and the one which does the reverse

function is called a speaker/earphone. Signaling is the most critical function of any

telecommunication system. Normally alternating voltages of low value are used for

signaling or ringing, as commonly referred. In modern Power Line Carrier

Communications, the rotary dial has been replaced by pushbutton matrix dial. These

Power Line Carrier Communications use ICs to generate the DC pulses. The pulse dialing

is slower and susceptible to noise. It takes over 10 seconds to dial a 6-digit number. The is

very slow as compared to the processing speed of modern electronic exchanges. Besides it

has the following limitations: The subscriber can signal only up to the exchange, and end


9

A

9

A



to end or subscriber to subscriber signaling is not possible. Only ten codes, i.e. from 0 to

9, are possible. Time required to dial each digit is different. To overcome these

limitations, modern telecommunication uses two distinct tones, which correspond to a

particular number. This is called the Dual Tone Multi Frequency [DTMF] dialing. If one

dials, say, number ‘5’, then two tones of 770 Hz and 1336 Hz is transmitted. These tones

are sensed and decoded by the exchange and converted to the dialed digit, which is digit

‘5’ in this case. The column pertaining to tone 1633 Hz is used for special facilities like

flash, pause etc.




3.8. ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER

Two NAND Schmitt trigger circuits are connected as a Astable Multivibrator circuit,

which delivers approximate square wave pulses to the transmitter unit. The frequency canrange from about 11 kHz to 55kHz to 55kHz and is controlled by a preset P1.

3.8.1 Circuit Diagram of Ultrasonic Transmitter

Fig.3.8.1.Ultrasonic Transmitter

The NAND Gate CMOS IC1 is used to construct the Astable Multivibrator circuit. The

IC1’s pin-14 is connected to +Vcc and pin-7 is to ground of the power supply. The RC

Time constant is generated by the components P1,R1 and C1.The Preset P1 is used to fine

tune the Ultrasonic wave’s frequency to the desired value, that is 48 Kilo Hertz in this

case. The Crystal X1 provides the initial and reference clock pulses to the circuit. Both the

NAND gates two inputs are shorted and hence used as buffers.

KIT MANGALORE Dept of ECE



3.9. ULTRASONIC RECEIVER

Fig.3.9.1. Ultrasonic Receiver

Circuit Description:

The receiver uses a similar transducer to receive the signals that are reflected back to it.

The electrical signals produced by it are then amplified by transistor T3. They are further

amplified by the op-amp IC1 that also references the negative peaks of the signal to a

predetermined DC level. The output of IC1 is converted to DC in a peak detector and then

taken to the non-inverting input of IC2, the feedback circuit on this op-amp can be

adjusted by the sensitivity preset to control there is no change incoming signal level IC2

quickly adjusts to a steady high output. Sound waves reflected by different objects arrive

at the receiver in different phases, if thy are in phase they add to create a larger signal. If

they are out of phase they cancel to give a smaller signal. As an object moves towards or

away from the Rx unit by a small distance (about 1cm) it causes the receiver signal to

cycle through a high/low cycle. It is this change from in-phase to out-of-phase which

triggers the unit. The steady high output of IC2 is pulled down causing the NAND gate

output to go high. The high turns on the Darlington arrangement to transistors, which




turns on the LED. This 6V signal is available at Pads 1 and 2 where it can be taken to

manage other devices such as relay, buzzers opto-couplers etc.

3.10 GENERAL COMPONENTS

3.10.1. RESISTORS:

In many electronic circuit applications the resistance forms the basic part of the circuit.

The reason for inserting the resistance is to reduce current or to produce the desired

voltage drop . These components which offer value of resistance are known as resistors .

Resistors may have fixed value i.e., whose value cannot be changed and are known as

fixed resistors . Such of those resistors whose value can be changed or varied are known

as variable resistors.

There are two types of resistors available. They are :

1. Carbon resistors .

2. Wire wound resistors .

Carbon resistors are used when the power dissipation is less than 2W because they are

smaller and cost less. Wire wound resistors are used where the power dissipation is more

than 5W . In electronic equipments carbon resistors are widely used because of their

smaller size .

All resistors have three main characteristics:

(i) Its resistance R in ohms (from 1 ohm to many mega ohms ).

(ii) Power rating (from several 10 W to 0.1 W ) .

(iii) Tolerance (in percentage ) .

3.10.2.CAPACITORS:Devices which can store electronic charge are called capacitors. Capacitance can be

understood as the ability of a dielectric to store electric charges. Its unit is Farad, named

after the Michael Faraday. The capacitors are named according to the dielectric used.

Most common ones are air, paper, and mica, ceramic and electrolytic capacitors.

Physically a capacitor has conducting plates separated by an insulator or the dielectric.

The plates of the capacitor have opposite charge, this gives rise to an electric field .In

capacitor the electric field is concentrated in the dielectric between the plates.




Like resistors, capacitors are also crucial to the correct working of nearly every electronic

circuit and provide us with a means of storing electrical energy in the form of an electric

field. Capacitors have numerous applications including storage capacitors in power

supplies, coupling of A.C. signals between the stages of an amplifier, and decoupling

power supply rails so that, As far as A.C. signal components are concerned, the supply

rails are indistinguishable from zero volts.

3.10.2.1 Types of Capacitors:

Ceramic Capacitors:

The Ceramic Capacitors use ceramic dielectric with thin film as electrodes bonded to the

ceramic .these capacitors are available as low permittivity, medium permittivity and high

permittivity types .The ceramic is used is generally thick because they cannot with stand

high potential gradients .The leads are soldered to metal electrodes and the entire

assembly is enclosed in a ceramic or epoxy molded cases. Capacitors are available as

tubular ,disk, monolithic and barrier type.

Disc Capacitors :

In the disk form, silver is fired on to both sides of the ceramic to form the conductor

plates. The sheets are then baked and cut to the appropriate shape and size & attached by

pressure contact and soldering . These have high capacitance per unit volume and are

very economical. The disks are lacquered or encapsulated in plastic or Phenolic molding.

Round disk are used at high voltages the capacitance of values upto 0.01F can be

obtained. They have tolerance of +20% or –20%. In general these capacitors have voltage

ratings upto 750 V d.c.

Electrolytic Capacitors :

These capacitors derive the name from electrolyte which is used as medium to produce

high dielectric constants. These capacitors have low value for large capacitances at low

working voltages.

There are two types of Electrolytic capacitors:

i. Aluminum Electrolytic capacitors .

ii. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors .




Electrolytic capacitors are used in circuits that have combination of D.C. voltage and A.C.

The D.C. voltage maintains the polarity . They are used as ‘ripple filter ‘ where large

capacitance are required at low cost in small space . They are also used as ‘biasedcapacitors ‘ and ‘decoupling capacitors ‘ and even as ‘coupling capacitors ‘ in R- C

amplifier.

3.10.3. DIODES:

To ensure unidirectional flow of liquid we use mechanical valves in its path. By properly

arranging these valves in a system we get useful devices such as pumps and locomotives.

In the field of electronics too we have a valve called semiconductor diode (a counterpart

of thermionic valve) for controlling the flow of electric current in one direction. But we

use these diodes in circuits for limited purposes like converting AC to DC, by passing

EMF etc. a diode allows current to pass through it provided it is forward biased and the

biasing voltage is more than potential barrier (forward voltage drop) of the diode.

To ensure unidirectional flow of the liquids we use mechanical valves in its path. By

properly arranging these valves in a system we get useful devices such as pumps and

locomotives. In the field of electronics too we have valve called semiconductor diode ( a

counterpart of thermionic valve ) for controlling the flow of electric current in one

direction . But we use these diodes in circuits for limited purposes like converting A.C to

D.C by passing back E.M.F etc.

A diode allows current to pass through it provided it is forward biased and the biasing

voltage is more than potential barrier (forward voltage drop) of the diode. All diodes are

general-purpose silicon or germanium diodes.

3.10.4. Automatic Switch Over to Battery

An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is necessary for a main operated clock. This facility

is very useful in transistors and two in ones for recording or listening to news programs. A

relay can do this job with a battery backup. But the relay takes several milliseconds before

it makes contact. Moreover, it is costly and occupies space.

The same task can be achieved with a single diode. Just connect a germanium diode

DR50 (D1) as shown in fig 1.when the power is available form the eliminator or the

external power source, the gadget will use the power from it. As points A and B are at




same potential, the external power is remove, point B will be at higher potential that point

A i.e. D1 is forward biased and current flows from the battery. In no case the voltage of

the eliminator or the external power source should be less than the voltage of the battery.

Otherwise, the current will flow from the battery during mains operation also and the

battery will be drained quickly.

3.10.5. Transistor

The transistor an entirely new type of electronic device is capable of achieving

amplification of weak signals in a fashion comparable and often superior to that realized

by vacuum tubes. Transistors are far smaller than vacuum tube, have no filaments and

hence need no heating power and may be operates in any position. They are mechanically

strong, hence practically unlimited life and can do some jobs better than vacuum tubes.

Invented in 1948 by J. Bardeen and W.H.Brattain of Bell Telephone Laboratories, a

transistor has now become the heart of most electronic appliance. Though transistor is

only slightly more the 45 years old, yet it is fast replacing vacuum tubes in almost all

applications.

A transistor consists of two pn junction formed by sand witching either p-type or n-type

semiconductor between a pair of opposite type. Accordingly, there are two types of

transistors namely:

1) n-p-n transistor

2) p-n-p transistor

An n-p-n is composed of two n-type semiconductors separated a by thin section of p-type.

However, a p-n-p is formed by two p-section separated by a thin section of n-type.

• These are two pn junctions. Therefore, a transistor may be regarded as a

combination of two diodes connected back to back.

• There are 3 terminals, taken from each type of semiconductor.

• The middle section is very thin layer. This is the most important factor in the

functioning of a transistor.

Origin of the name “transistor “: When new devices are invented, scientists often try to

device a name that will appropriately describe the device. A transistor has two pn

junctions. As the discussed later one junction is forward biased and the other is reversed

biased. The forward biased junction has low resistance path whereas the reverse biased




junction has low resistance path whereas the reverse biased junction has a high resistance

path. The weak signal is introduced in the low resistance circuit and output is taken from

the high resistance circuit. Therefore, a transistor transfers a signal from a low resistance

to high resistance. The prefix ‘tans’ means the signal transfer property of the device while

‘istor’ classifies it as a solid element in the same general family with resistors.

3.10.6. Naming the Transistor Terminals:

A transistor (pnp or npn) has three sections of doped semiconductors. The section on one

side is the emitter and the section on the opposite side is the collector. The middle section

is called the base and forms two junctions between the emitter and collector.

Emitter: -

The section on one side that supplies charge carriers (electrons or holes) is called

the emitter. The emitter is always forward biased w.r.t base so that it can supply a large

number of majority carriers.

Collector: -

The section on the other side that collects the charge is called the collector. The

collector is always reversing biased. Its function is to remove charges from its junction

with the base.

Base: -

The middle section, which forms to pn junctions between the emitter and

collector, is called bas. The base emitter junction is forward biased, allowing low

resistance for the emitter circuit. The base-collector junction is reversed biased and

provides high resistance in the collector circuit.

3.10.7. Integrated Circuits

All modern digital systems rely on the use of integrated circuits in which hundreds of

thousands of components are fabricated on a single chip of silicon. A relative measure of

the number of individual semiconductor devices within the chip is given by referring to its

‘scale of integration’.

Encapsulation

The most common package used to encapsulate an integrated circuit, and that with which

most reader will be familiar, is the plastic dual-in-line (DIL) type. These are available

with a differing number of pins depending upon the complexity of the integrated circuit in




question and, in particular, the need to provide external connections to the device.

Conventional logic gates, for example, are often supplied in 14-pin or 16-pin DIL

packages, whilst microprocessors (and their more complex support devices) often require

40-pins or more.

Identification

When delving into an unfamiliar piece of equipment, one of the most common problems

is that of identifying the integrated circuit devices. To aid us in this task, manufacturers

provide some coding on the upper surface of each chip. Such a coding generally includes

the type number of the chip (including some of the generic coding), the manufacturer’s

name (usually in the form of prefix letters), and the classification of the device (in the

form of a prefix, infix or suffix).

In many cases the coding is further extended to indicate such things as encapsulation, date

of manufacture, and any special characteristics of the device. Unfortunately, all of this

potentially useful information often leads to some considerable confusion due to

inconsistencies in marking from one manufacturer to the next!

Logic Families

The integrated circuit device on which modern digital circuitry depends belongs to one or

other of several ‘logic families’. The term simply describes the type of semiconductor

technology employed in the fabrication of the integrated circuit. This technology is

instrumental in determining the characteristics of a particular device. This, however, is

quite different from its characteristics, and encompasses such important criteria as supply

voltage, power dissipation, switching speed and immunity to noise.

The most popular logic families, at least as far as the more basic general purpose devices

are concerned, are complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and transistor

transistor logic (TTL). TTL also has a number of sub-families including the popular low

power Schottky (LS-TTL) variants.

The most common range of conventional TTL logic devices is known as the ‘74’ series.

These devices are, not surprisingly, distinguished by the prefix number 74 in their coding.

Thus devices coded with the numbers 7400, 7408, 7432 and 74121 are all members of this

family which is often referred to as ‘Standard TTL’. Low power Schottky variants of

these devices are distinguished by an LS infix. The coding would then be 74LS00,

74LS08, 74LS32 and 74LS121.




Popular CMOS devices from part of the ‘4000’ series and are coded with an initial prefix

of 4. Thus 4001, 4174, 4501 and 4574 are all CMOS devices. CMOS devices are

sometimes also given a suffix letter; A to denote the ‘original’ (now obsolete) unbuffered

series, and B to denote the improved (buffered) series. A UB suffix denotes an unbuffered

B-series device.

3.10.7. Power Transformer

The power supply, unsung hero of every electronic circuit, plays very important role in

smooth running of the connected circuit. The main object of this ‘power supply’ is, as the

name itself implies, to deliver the required amount of stabilized and pure power to the

circuit. Every typical power supply contains one transformer which steps-down the main

voltage, which is 230V AC, to the required level. The national standard for line frequency

of the mains supply is 50 Hz.

The transformer simply transfers 230 Voltage Alternating Current from primary side to

secondary side, without altering the voltage and frequency. The secondary voltage is

depends on the number of turns in secondary winding. This turns ration of primary to

secondary windings gives the rating of the transformer.

The transformers are classified on various parameters: based on the core – air core, ferrite

core, iron core etc.; based on the turns ration- step up, step down, isolation etc; based on

the tapping- centre tap or normal etc. As per the circuit requirements one can choose the

correct type of transformer.

The conventional supply, which is generally available to the user, is 230V AC. It is

necessary to step down the mains supply to the desired level. This is achieved by using

suitably rated step-down transformer. While designing the power supply it is necessary to

go for higher rating transformer than the required one. There are three reasons for this.

First reason is, across the secondary winding of the transformer there is no guarantee of

getting the equal voltages. Secondly, for proper working of the regulator IC it needs at

least 2.5V more than the expected output voltage. Last reason is to compensate the power

loss offered by the transformer windings and power supply circuit itself.

The typical construction of power supply goes like this:




If the power supply is designed for low voltage/current drawing loads/circuits (say +5V),

it is sufficient to employ full-wave rectifier with centre-tap transformer as a power source.

The transformer rating is 230V AC at Primary and 12-0-12V, 1Ampers across secondary

winding. This transformer has a capability to deliver a current of 1Ampere, which is more

than enough to drive any electronic circuit or varying load. The 12VAC appearing across

the secondary is the RMS value of the waveform and the peak value would be 12 x 1.414

= 16.8 volts.




Fig 3.10.1.Coastal area security system.




CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONThe general definition of a microcontroller is a single chip computer , which refers to the

fact that they contain all of the functional sections (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, ports and

timers) of a traditionally defined computer on a single integrated circuit. Some experts

even describe them as special purpose computers with several qualifying distinctions that

separate them from other computers.

Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some other device (often a consumer product) so

that they can control the features or actions of the product. Another name for a

microcontroller, therefore, is "embedded controller ."

Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is

stored in ROM (read-only memory) and generally does not change.Microcontrollers are

often low-power devices. A desktop computer is almost always plugged into a wall socket

and might consume 50 watts of electricity. A battery-operated microcontroller might

consume 50 mill watts.A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often (but notalways) has a small LED or LCD display for output. A microcontroller also takes input

from the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending signals to different

components in the device.

A microcontroller is often small and low cost. The components are chosen to minimize

size and to be as inexpensive as possible.A microcontroller is often, but not always,

ruggedized in some way. The microcontroller controlling a car's engine, for example, has

to work in temperature extremes that a normal computer generally cannot handle. A car's

microcontroller in Kashmir regions has to work fine in -30 degree F (-34 °C) weather,

while the same microcontroller in Gujarat region might be operating at 120 degrees F (49

°C). When you add the heat naturally generated by the engine, the temperature can go as

high as 150 or 180 degrees F (65-80 °C) in the engine compartment. On the other hand, a

microcontroller embedded inside a VCR hasn't been ruggedized at all.

Clearly, the distinction between a computer and a microcontroller is sometimes blurred.

Applying these guidelines will, in most cases, clarify the role of a particular device.




4.1. DISPLAY PROGRAM USING 89C51

#include<stdio.h> #include<at89x51.h>

sfr port0 = 0x80;

sfr port1 = 0x90;

sfr port2 = 0xa0;

sfr port3 = 0xb0;

sbit rs = port2 ^ 5;sbit rw = port2 ^ 6;

sbit e = port2 ^ 7;

sbit s1 = port1 ^ 0;



sbit s4= port1 ^ 3;

bit a;

void displayset();

void display(char);

unsigned char ch;

void command() // CONTROL BIT FOR LCD

rs = 0;

rw = 0;

e = 1;

e = 0;

void datawrt()// CONTROL BITS FOR LCD




rs = 1;

rw = 0;

e = 1;

e = 0;

void delay()

unsigned int i;

for ( i = 0; i < 50; i++ )

;

void main()

long int x;

int b=0, c=0, d=0;

unsigned char z;

unsigned char command1[] = "AT" ;

unsigned char command2[] = "AT+CMGF=1" ;

unsigned char command3[] = "AT+CMGS=" ;

unsigned char mobno[] = "9916052851" ;

unsigned char message1[] = "RESERVED" ;

//unsigned char message3[] = "LOW PRESSURE" ;

//unsigned char message2[] = "TEMPERATURE" ;

//unsigned char message4[]= "HIGH PRESSURE";

a=1; s1=1; s2=1; s3=1; s4=1;

displayset();

TMOD = 0x20;

TH1 = 0xfd;

SCON = 0x50;

TR1 = 1;

while (1)

displayset(); b=0; c=0; d=0; e=0;




if ((s1==1) || (s2==1) || (s3==1) || (s4==1)) a=1;

else a=0;

if (((s1 == 0) || (s2==0) || (s3==0) || (s4==0)) &&

(a == 1))

if (s1==0) b=1;

if (s2==0) c=1;

if (s3==0) d=1;

if (s4==0) e=1;

a=0;

for (z=0; z<2; z++)

SBUF = command1[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

SBUF = 13;

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

x=0;

while(1)

while(RI==0)

x=x+1;

if (x>=20000) break;

if ((x>=20000) && (RI==0)) break;

else x=0;

ch = SBUF;

display(ch);

RI=0;




displayset();

for (z=0; z<9; z++)

SBUF = command2[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

SBUF = 13;

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

x=0;

while(1)

while(RI==0)

x=x+1;


if ((x>=20000) && (RI==0)) break;

else x=0;

ch = SBUF;

display(ch);

RI=0;

displayset();

for (z=0; z<8; z++)

SBUF = command3[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;




SBUF = 34;

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

for (z=0; z<10; z++)

SBUF = mobno[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

SBUF = 34;

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

SBUF = 13;

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

x=0;

while(1)

while(RI==0)

x=x+1;


if ((x>=20000) && (RI==0)) break;

else x=0;

ch = SBUF;

display(ch);

RI=0;

displayset();

if (b==1)




for (z=0; z<8; z++)

SBUF = message1[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

/* if (c==1)

for (z=0; z<11; z++)

SBUF = message2[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

*/

/* if (d==1)

for (z=0; z<8; z++)

SBUF = message3[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

*/

/* if (e==1)

for (z=0; z<8; z++)

SBUF = message4[z];

while(TI==0);

TI=0;




*/

SBUF = 26;

while(TI==0);

TI=0;

x=0;

while(1)

while(RI==0)

x=x+1;


if ((x>=20000) && (RI==0)) break;

else x=0;

ch = SBUF;

display(ch);

RI=0;

while ((s1==0) || (s2==0) || (s3==0) || (s4==0));

void displayset()

port2 = 0x00;

port0 = 0x00;

port0 = 0x38;

command();

delay();




port0 = 0x0e;

command();

delay();

port0 = 0x01;

command();

delay();

port0 = 0x80;

command();

delay();

port0 = 0x06;

command();

delay();

void display(char ch)

port0 = ch;

datawrt();

delay();

port0 = 0x06;

command();

delay();




CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.1. ADVANTAGES

The project is very effective in implementation. It operation is very simple and its

economical. The size of the whole circuit is very compact and consumes very less power.

By implementing this project the costal area can be secure from the terrorist attacks. The

whole system is highly reliable, as it uses power semiconductor devices. As we are using

frequency modulation and infra red wavelengths with a PC, there is much grater control

range over the entire system. As we are using high power devices, the vehicles can be

monitored from a remote area (that is no need of line of sight for monitoring the vehicles).

Since GSM Technology is used, the unauthorized ships can be traced very simply

and can be informed to the desired persons at right time where ever he is. Thus the

project, costal area security system can play a vital role in monitoring the country’s

security.

6.2. DISADVANTAGE

The initial cost of production for the effective implementation of project, costal

area security system is very high. More over the fixation of RFID TAG in every

authorized ships will take much time and is very difficult task. As we are using GSM

Communication if there occurs any error in GSM Communication system the complete

system will be collapsed. Also the system must complex as the range of detection

increases.




CHAPTER 7

APPLICATIONS

The main appliations of this project is to enhance the efficiency of the security

system of the costal area of a country. Other than security purpose it can be used to

monitor the movement of ships in the sea or ocean. Thus if any mishap occurs the coastal

patrol can always be in the possession to rescue. Also this project can help the blind to

move more safely without hitting any obstacles by making some small changes in the

circuit.

The project helps in the training of security officers and military personal to move

in complete darkness for the detection of object and navigation purpose. By using this

technology the presents of thieves can be detected in any industries or any other offices as

part of its security system.

The project can also used to airports, flights, shopping complexes and other

offices for automation of door control. With some simple modifications, the project can

also be used for industrial access control.




CHAPTER 8

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

The following modifications can be made to the present circuit, which leads to still

smarter project. The project can be easily upgraded to Computer Based Security System and

control many doors for illegal entry. Since this system is now associated with a PC, it is

very easy to store the data, keep track of the employees and their presence during the

watch-hour.Alarm Circuit can be added to get the audible alert sound, if any person wants to

break the door and try to enter the room.

The project can be converted into total wireless system. The Wire-less feature can be

explored to its maximum limit. The small-scale and medium size industries can be

converted from manual to wireless controlled operations. This reduces the over all man

power & maintains charge and increases the efficiency & production of the Industry. The

conversion to wireless is simple and worth investing. This project is open for

developments from all sides. It is the users’ imagination which limits the working of this

project. One can go on adding the extra, rich features to this project




CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

There are many improvements that we can make to our system in order to create better

results. First of all, we need to increase the range of the detection, not having to limit our

input signals as much to get accurate results. We need to adjust with the sampling rate that

we use in order to be able to detect smaller velocities as well as more accurate ranges. We

could optimize the algorithm for the peak locator in the velocity analysis to give more

accurate results.

In the end, we managed to create a system that created signals to send out with a RADAR,

as well as simulate a returned signal for objects a specific distance away or moving at a

certain velocity. We were able to detect the range for objects that were fairly close, and

calculate the velocity for objects moving extremely fast.




REFERENCES

1) [Davies, 1990] Davies, H.C, Kayaalp, A.E, and Moezzi, S. “Marine

Coastal Area Security Systems”, Proceedings Of AUVS-90, Dayton OH,

30 july-1 August 1990, pp 318-335

2) [Chun, 1994] Chun, W.H, and Jochem, T.M. “Ultrasonic Radar:

Demonstration A”, Proceedings of Ultrasonic Radar, Bostan MA, 2-4

November 1994, SPIE volume 2352, pp 180-191.

3) [Burke, 1995] Burke,J.D. et al, “Field Test of a Russian Coastal Area”,

Proceedings of the ANS 6th Topical Meeting on Security Systems,

Monterey CA, 5-10 February 1995, pp 425-432.

4) Receiver Tags, Bostan MA, 8-9 November 1990,SPIE VOLUME 1388,

PP 587-597.

5) J.E Flood. Et al. “Telecommunication Switching, Traffiv and Networks.

6) Mazidi “The 8051 Microcontroller & Embeded Systems, Spiring 1992,

volume 10, number 2, pp 42-47.

Coastal Area Monitoring System using GSM communication

Documents

Transcript of Coastal Area Monitoring System using GSM communication