Coal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan's Water

Greenpeace Southeast Asia - Indonesia | 1

Coal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan’s Water

December 2014

GREENPEACE SOUTHEAST ASIA - INDONESIA

Coal Mines PollutingSouth Kalimantan’s Water


2 | Greenpeace Southeast Asia – Indonesia

TABLE OF CONTENTSTables/Figures, Abbreviations 3Greenpeace Investigation: Map of South Kalimantan sampling sites 41. Executive Summary 62. Methodology 73. Background 8 History: The Coal Boom in Indonesia 8 South Kalimantan: A Major Player in Indonesia’s Coal Industry 104. Understanding the Environmental Context: Geo-Spatial Analysis 12 Purpose and Scope 12 Map Source 12 DefinitionofMineConcessionStagesforLicensing 13 Geo-Spatial Analysis Results 15 a) CoalMiningConcessions 15 b) Forest Cover Within Coal Concessions 17 c) RiverCatchmentArea/WaterwaysDownstreamofCoalConcessions 195. Environmental Impacts of Coal Mining in Indonesia 20 OpenCastCoalMining 20 CoalMiningandDeforestation 20 AcidMineDrainage 23 HealthImpactsfromCoalMiningWastewatersonHumans,OtherAnimals, Fish,andPlants 25 LandErosiionLeadingtoWaterQualityDegradationandFloodingRisks 28 Post-MiningReclamationandLongTermRecovery 286. Greenpeace Investigation 32 PurposeandScope 32 SamplingResults 32 WhatDoestheSamplingMean?BreakingItDown 35 PoorandNon-ExistentSignageMayIndicateInadequateMonitoring 35 ThreeIn-DepthCaseStudies:TheFullerPictureofWhatWeFound 37 a)TopToxicTrouble–Arutmin 37 b)Banpu–EnvironmentalThreat 39 c)TanjungAlamJaya–ContaminatingaNearbyFarm 407. Government Agencies Acknowledge Degradation of Water Quality 42 a) GovernmentAcknowledgmentinSouthKalimantan 42 b)GovernmentAcknowledgmentinOtherRegionsofIndonesia 448. Conclusion and Demands 46End Notes 50Appendix 1. Analytical report Greenpeace Research Laboratories no. 04-2014 54



ABBREVIATIONS

FIGURES/TABLES

AMD AcidminedrainageAMDAL Environmental impact assessment procedureANDAL Environmental assessment reportASM Artisanalandsmall-scaleminingBAPEDAL IndonesianEnvironmentalImpactManagementAgencyBLHD BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah(ProvincialEnvironmentalProtectionAgency)BLTBiro LingkungandanTeknik,BureauofEnvironmentandTechnologyBOD BiochemicalOxygenDemandCCoW CoalContractofWorksCOD ChemicalOxygenDemandCoW ContractofWorksDGM DirectorateGeneralofMinesDO DissolvedOxygenDTPUDirectorateofTechnicalMiningEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)ha hectaresICP-AES Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopyIUP IzinUsahaPertambangan(whicharethenewminingpermitsbeingimplemented)KP KuasaPertambangan(coalconcessions)MEMR MinistryofEnergyandMineralResourcesmg/l milligramsperlitreMOFMinistryofForestryMt Million tonnesNGONongovernmentalorganisationpHmeasurestheacidityorbasicityofanaqueoussolutionPT PerseroanTerbatas(companyincorporatedinIndonesia)RKL RencanaPengelolaanLingkungun,EnvironmentalmanagementplanRPL RencanaPemantauanLingkungun,EnvironmentalmonitoringplanTSS Total Suspended Solids μg/l Microgramsperlitre

Figure3.1.IndonesiaCoalProduction1981-2013Figure3.2.SouthKalimantanCoalProductionFigure4.1.CoalMiningConcessionsinSouthKalimantan2013Table4.1.CoalMiningConcessionsinSouthKalimantan2013Figure4.2.SouthKalimantan,CoalMiningandForestsTable4.2.AreasofForestCoverwithinCoalMiningConcessionsFigure4.3.PotentialRiverPollutioninSouthKalimantanTable4.3.PotentialRiverPollutioninSouthKalimantanFigure5.1.Kalimantan,CoalMiningandDeforestationFigure5.2.USEPAOrganismResponsetopHTable.5.1.CompilationofstudiesonIndonesianFishSpeciesResponsetopHTable.6.1.WastewaterQualityLimitforCoalMiningActivitiesTable6.2.SummaryofFindingsandFieldObservationsFigure6.1.RelationshipsbetweenpHandthedissolvedconcentrationsofthreemetalsinsamplesofwaterandwastewatercollectedinthevicinityofcoalminingoperationsinIndonesiaFigure7.1.Fieldsketch:SamplingPointID/IDN14029Figure7.2.Fieldsketch:SamplingPointID/IDN14013,14016,14017Figure7.3.Fieldsketch:SamplingPointID/IDN14004

Coal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan’s WaterCoal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan’s Water

5 | Greenpeace Southeast Asia – Indonesia Greenpeace Southeast Asia - Indonesia | 5

PT. Arutmin Indonesia

15 18

04

PT. Tanjung Alam Jaya

A breach in the bank of an abandoned mine pit is leaking acid water (pH 3.74) into a stream used by the community

PD. Baramarta

PT. Jorong Barutama Greston

PT. Adaro Indonesia“.. Water scarcity is bad in this village. We never had it before the coal company came. Now every dry season, there's no water. Because the forests are gone. My village is high up so we don't get flash floods but this village gets a lot of flooding. The concession (well) is too deep. Like 100 m. And the community well is only 20 m deep…”

(Villager of South Kalimantan, Age 32, on water scarcity, refer to testimony: Coal Impact on People

(Not covered by Greenpeace sampling)

KOTABANJARMASIN

TANAHBUMBU

CENGAL-BATULICINRIVER AREA

BARITOKUALA

KAPUAS

BARITOSELATAN

BARITOTIMUR

HULUSUNGAIUTARA

HULUSUNGAI

SELATAN

HULUSUNGAITENGAH

RABALONG

BALANGAN

PASER

KOTABANJARBARU

BANJAR

KOTA BARU

TAPIN

TANAHLAUT

BARITORIVER AREA

12

1

234 8 11

10

9

24

25

26

2728 13

20

17

15

2114

1918

6

57

29

NOTES : *In comparison to regulatory limits for discharge of coal wastewater: Manganese (Mn) = 4mg/L = 4000 µg/L; Iron (Fe) = 7mg/L = 7000 µg/LMOE (2003) Indonesia Ministry of Environment (MOE) Decree No. 113 on Wastewater Quality Limit for Coal Mining Activities ** Testing results from all 29 locations are available in Table: Concentration of Metals and Metalloids, Analytical Report 04-2014

SOURCE:Coal Map of South Kalimantan, Petromindo, August 2013, IndonesiaBasemap 1:250.000 Geospasial Information Agency, 2014 River Area, Dir. Gen. of Water Resource, Ministry of Public Work,,

IMAGE: Erik Wirawan, Richi Raimba, DigitalGlobe, 2012-12-01 up to 2014-03-18, resolution spectral 60 x 60

108

Acid water with 10 times the discharge limit for Manganese leaks from a set of ponds *

pH 2.34; 40 times the discharge limit for Iron. * Also found higher levels of Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Hg than other samples. This acid pond is right beside the main road used by villagers of Salaman, South Kalimantan.

29

12 PT. Kadya Caraka Mulia

An acid pond (pH 3.38) right beside a public road in a valley of paddy fields.3 times the discharge limit for Manganese*

25

SOUTH KALIMANTAN

N

A leak was detected at point No. 025. (pH 4.4)

26

An abandoned mine pit has become a 2 km long acid lake (pH 3.74).

Greenpeace Investigation: South Kalimantan Sampling Sites LEGEND

River Areas boundary

Province Boundary

District/Kabupaten Boundary

Coal Production & Exploration

Construction and Feasibility StudySource:Coal Map of South Kalimantan, Petromondo, August 2013Indonesia Basemap 1:250.000, Badan Informasi Geospasial, 2014River Area, Ditjen Sumber Daya Air - Kem PU, Map Analysis

Coal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan’s WaterCoal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan’s Water

6 | Greenpeace Southeast Asia – Indonesia Greenpeace Southeast Asia - Indonesia | 6

Greenpeace has uncovered evidence that the intensive coal mining activities in Indonesia’s South Kalimantan province are discharging toxic pollution into rivers, and in some instances, violating national standards for wastewater discharges from mines. Local environmental authorities have failed to stop or prevent the violations. Due to the large amount of coal mining, almost half of the province’s rivers are at risk of being affected by water pollution from the mines.

In this report, Greenpeace is publishing findings from our first field-investigation on the impacts of large-scale coal mining on water quality in South Kalimantan. Coal mines are degrading the water in the region and harming the environment. Twenty-two of twenty-nine samples taken by Greenpeace from ponds and effluents associated with mining activities within five coal concessions across the province were found to have unacceptably high acidity. Of those samples, 18 had a pH below 4, and many of those contained elevated concentrations of metals. The actual leakage and potential for further overflow or seepage from such contaminated ponds in coal concessions poses grave dangers to nearby creeks, swamps, and rivers.

Greenpeace research indicates that around 3,000 km of South Kalimantan’s rivers - almost 45% of the total - are downstream from coal mines and hence potentially at risk of toxic pollution from different coal concessions. Coal mining companies are being allowed to violate the public’s right to clean water, and are jeopardising the current and future health and wellbeing of South Kalimantan’s people.

The Greenpeace investigation team on the ground discovered leaks and discharges of acid and toxic water well over legal limits set for discharges from operating coal mines and from abandoned mine pits. Scientific analysis of samples collected shows that wastes containing elevated concentrations of certain heavy metals, including iron, manganese, nickel and copper, are being released into the water bodies and surrounding areas at some of the sites, in addition to the presence of unacceptably low pH levels in the water. Around three quarters of all samples collected by Greenpeace had pHs outside regulatory norms for mine wastewater. Due to limited access, security threats, and time constraints, this sampling only covered a small number of the concessions in South Kalimantan, and thus it seems probable that there are many more violations. Moreover, every concession visited by Greenpeace revealed some evidence of environmental negligence. This report presents several cases of mining companies whose operations deserve deeper investigation by the relevant government agencies and subsequent regulatory control.

Our research has focused on mining activities in South Kalimantan – one of the areas most affected by Indonesia’s coal mining boom. This report incorporates a snapshot of different sampling points from several mining concessions in the province. The samples consisted of waters collected from leaks, engineered water discharge channels and abandoned mine pits.

Greenpeace believes that there is a clear and present danger of hazardous materials being released into neighbouring water bodies and the surrounding environment. As you are reading

this report, neighbouring and downstream local communities may be using potentially contaminated water to bathe, wash, and farm. The risks they face are unacceptable.

The mining companies who are profiting from these dirty and, in some cases, illegal operations have a legal and moral responsibility to reduce pollution into the water bodies that communities depend on, or they should be shut down. Moreover, companies found to be violating the law should pay for clean-up operations even if their mining licenses expire or are cancelled, since acid mine drainage (AMD) problems typically persist for many decades.

Greenpeace’s research is not to be generalised as a survey of every discharge point in all mining activities in South Kalimantan, nor as a survey of all mining companies. The purpose of this report is to present the data from those sampling points we were able to access and to give a snapshot of the releases of wastewater and drainage water into the environment due to some specific coal mining activities, and to reveal how the state appears to be failing to protect the environment and the public’s right to clean water.

Greenpeace’s field investigation findings correlate with a 2013 government water quality survey of the Barito and Martapura rivers, as well as other rivers, showing that the rapid expansion of coal mines over the previous fifteen years had contributed to the poor water quality in the region now, significantly driving up public spending to provide a safe drinking water supply. Indeed, some companies that Greenpeace investigated had previously been given fails (red rankings) and warnings from government authorities, which also found that these same companies were violating crucial regulations designed to protect human health

and the environment. These companies must be brought to justice and made to pay for the clean-up of the water bodies they have contaminated, as well as being forced to pay compensation to the people whose health and livelihoods they have endangered.

The people of South Kalimantan deserve better. All Indonesians are entitled to justice and to a healthy, bright future, with clean water for them and their children.

Greenpeace conducted research over a period of nine months, including three months of scouting and sampling. The investigation team visited South Kalimantan three times and collected 29 samples from five mining companies’ concessions; PT. Arutmin Indonesia, PT. Jorong Barutama Greston, PT. Tanjung Alam Jaya, PT. Kadya Caraka Mulia, PD. Baramarta and several smaller concessions in the districts of Tapin, Banjar and Tanah Laut, as well as conducting field pH measurements in

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 METHODOLOGY

additional mining concessions. Desk research reviewed publicly available data on the subject, with a focus on government data provided by the South Kalimantan provincial environmental protection agency, Badan Lingkungan Hidup Hidup Daerah (BLHD), and data from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Department of Mining. Data published by the Indonesian Coal Mining Association, along with other corporate data from coal companies, were also crucial to our desk review.

©greenpeaceCoal mining changes the landscape of

Asam-asam, Tanah laut, South Kalimantan



Twentyyearsago,Indonesiawasamarginalplayerintheworldofcoal.Between2000and2009,aneweraemerged,ofmassiveexpansionofcoalalongsidedecentralisation:Indonesiadevelopedtheworld’sfastestgrowingcoalsector,withcoalproductionincreasingby460%since2000.1 Today Indonesiaistheworld’slargestthermalcoalexporterandthesecondlargestcoalexporteroverall,reachingthisdominantpositioninaremarkablyshortperiodoftime.In2012,Indonesiasupplied39%ofglobalseabornethermalcoalexports,upfrom14%merely10yearsearlierin2002.2Injusttwodecades,Indonesia’srampantdeforestationandcoalminingboomhasdriventhenationtobecometheworld’sthirdlargestclimatepolluter,behindChinaandtheUS.Someactionisbeingtakentoaddressdeforestation,inordertohonouroutgoingPresidentSusiloBambangYudhoyono’s2009voluntarycommitmenttoreduceIndonesia’semissionsbyupto41%by2020.However,theprojected460milliontonnes3increaseincarbonemissionsfromcoalminingexpansioncompletelyunderminesthisemissionsreductiontarget.

Indonesia’scoalproductionbegantoincreaserapidlyfrom1989to1999,“duringwhichtimecoalproductiongrewfromonly4.43milliontonnes(Mt)(1989)to80.89Mt(1999),acompoundannualgrowthrateof30percent.”4 The spectacular boom in Indonesia’scoalproductioninthe‘90sheraldedthegovernment’sever-greaterdependenceoncoal.The90salsosawIndonesia‘smajorcoalproducersembarkonseriousexplorationprojects,withcommercialproductionskyrocketing.5

In1998,withthefallofSuharto,theIndonesianreformerabegan,andradicallyaltered Indonesia’s political and administrative system-fromhighlycentralisedadministrationto decentralisation and towards a more democraticsystem.ItalsobroughtIndonesiancoalcompaniestotheforeandsqueezedoutinternationalminingcorporations.

Increased autonomy devolved to the district/municipallevel,powertotheprovinciallevelbecamelimited,andcentralgovernmentauthoritywascurtailed.Withpoliticalandadministrativepowersshiftingtosub-nationalgovernments,theminingsectorchangedcompletely.

Localauthorities’newregulatorypoweroverthecoalminingsectorprovedprofitable,especiallyfromtheissuingofnewmininglicenses,explorationpermits,orproductionpermits(knownatthetimeasKuasaPertambanganorKPs).Quickly,theissuingoflocalpermitsproliferated.ThesystemofKPsisalreadyindisarrayandthelocalgovernmentshadgrantedover10,000permits.Manyofthesepermitswereoverlappingorunmapped.6 As Indonesian corporations rose to unprecedented prominence,previouslypowerfulinternationalactorsweresidelinedandsomeoftheworld’slargestextractivescompaniesweregraduallyexcluded.Majorityownershipofthebiggestcoalcompanies’shiftedtoIndonesianinvestors,whorapidlybecameindustrialgiants.7

Thiswasanerawhentremendousamountsofmoneyweremadeandlost,withIndonesiancompaniesengagedintitanicstrugglesfordominance.Indonesia’smosthighlyrespected,weeklyinvestigativenewsmagazine‘Tempo’

3BACKGROUND History: The Coal Boom in Indonesia



reportedaproliferationof“Coalmafias” 8 and “coalwars”9;thugswerehired;transparencylessened;corruptionexpanded;illegalminingoperationsmushroomed;governmentcoordinationdiminished;andfromthesky,muchofKalimantan,theIndonesianpartoftheislandofBorneo,begantolookmoreandmoreravaged.By2008therewerethreeenormous,legalcoalminingcontractorsinSouthKalimantan-buthundredsofillegal,unlicensedsmall-scalecoalminers.“AlmosteverydistrictofSouthKalimantanProvince

containsseveralillegalcoalmines,andtheirnumbersaregrowing.In1997,157individualsorbusinessesofthistypewererecorded,risingto445in2000and842in2004.”10 While large-scaleconcessionspollutemorebecauseoftheirsize,smallerconcessionsmaybeworseintheintensityoftheirpollution,giventheneartotallackofenvironmentalandotheroversightinmanycases.Someexpertsbelievethat“Artisanalandsmall-scalemining(ASM)inIndonesiaisundertakenwithlittleornoenvironmentalcare.” 11

Figure 3.1. Indonesia Coal Production 1981-2013

450

425

400

375

350

325

300

275

250

225

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

01981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 YEAR

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

Indonesia Coal Production (tonnes)

0.40 0.59 0.65 1.47 2.00 2.59 3.03 4.49 8.70 10.73 13.8422.36 27.58

32.8741.84

50.35 54.8262.23

73.6877.04

92.54103.33

132.35

152.72

193.76

216.95

240.25256.18

275.16

353.27

386.00

421.00

114.28



South Kalimantan: A Major Player in Indonesia’s Coal Industry

Today,Indonesia’scoalproductionisgeographicallyconcentratedinKalimantan.12 Kalimantanaccountsforover40%ofthecountry’sreserves.13 Most Indonesian coal comesfromEastKalimantan,butproductioninSouthKalimantanisbecomingamassivepartoftheIndonesiancoalstory,andisstillgrowing.SouthKalimantanproducedroughly79Mtin2008 14risingto118Mtin2011(33%ofnationaloutput).15Reportsestimatedin2009thattwo-thirdsofIndonesia’scoalexportswereproduced by around two dozen mines in East Kalimantan,whilemostoftheremaindercamefromSouthKalimantan.16

In2008,therewere26miningpermitsfromthecentralgovernmentand430miningpermitsfromlocalgovernmentinSouthKalimantan.17 A2013mapfromtheIndonesianCoalAssociation,includedatthebeginningofthisreport,listed480legalminingcompanies

inSouthKalimantan(withinthatlist,eachcompanycanhavemorethan1concession).18 AccordingtoGreenpeace’sspatialanalysis(see chapter 4),officialminingconcessions(illegalconcessions excluded) cover approximately 1 millionhectares(Mha)ofSouthKalimantan’stotalareaof3.7Mha.Whenfactoringinthesmall-scaleillegalcoalminersthatabound,almostathirdofSouthKalimantanhasbeengivenovertomining.

South Kalimantan is more than just a major playerinIndonesia’scoalindustry.SouthKalimantan’sburgeoningcoaloutputandresultinghugeincreaseincarbonemissionscontributestoglobalclimatechange,giventhedominantandgrowingroleofIndonesiancoalintheinternationalcoalmarket.19,20



Source: Indonesia Mineral and Coal Statistics 2012 21

Adaro Indonesia, PT

Antang Gunung Meratus, PT

Arutmin Indonesia, PT

Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku, PT

Bangun Banua Persada Kalimantan, PT

Baramarta, PD

Borneo Indobara, PT

Jorong Barutama Greston, PT

Kadya Caraka Mulya, PT

Sumber Kurnia Buana, PT

Tanjung Alam Jaya, PT

Wahana Baratama Mining, PT

Senamas Energindo Mulia, PT

Additional companies[1]

Figure 3.2. South Kalimantan Coal Production

Tonnes5000000047500000450000004250000040000000375000003500000032500000300000002750000025000000225000002000000017500000150000001250000010000000

750000050000002500000

0 2010 2011

CoalmininginSouthKalimantan,Indonesia

©greenpeace/LauryMyllyvirta

[1] real numbers may be higher since local governments have not shared all their data.



Purpose and Scope

InordertounderstandhowextensiveminingactivitiesimpactSouthKalimantan,Greenpeacehasundertakenanin-depthgeo-spatialanalysistoattempttoanswer3questions:

1. HowmuchlandareaofSouthKalimantanisgiventocoalmining,andwhatisthecurrentstatusofeachconcessionbasedonlatestavailableinformation?

2. Oftheareasassignedtominingconcessions,whatimportantnaturalresourcesarebeingimpacted–forestandmajorrivercatchmentareas?

3. Watersystemaffectedbycoalmining-howmuchoftheriversystemisdownstreamofcoalminesandthusexposedtominingwastewaterdischarge?

Map Sources

• CoalMapofSouthKalimantan(production,exploration,construction,feasibilitystudybothforKP&PKP2BpermitsbyPetromindoAugust2011(scale1:250.000)

• Thecoalmapscontainboundariesofcoalconcessionswith8classifications;ProductionPKP2B,ProductionKP,ExplorationPKP2B,ExplorationKP,FeasibilityStudyPKP2B,FeasibilityStudyKP,ConstructionPKP2B,ConstructionKP(scale1:250.000).ScannedcopiesofthesecoalmapsweredigitisedusingArcGISsoftware.

• LandCoverMap(2011)fromRepublicofIndonesiaMinistryofForestry,(scale1:250.000).GISdigitaldata:Fromthelandcovermap,weincluded6classificationsofforestcover;PrimaryDrylandForest,PrimaryMangroveForest,SecondaryDryLandForest,PrimarySwampForest,SecondaryMangroveForest,SecondarySwampForest.

• TopographicMap(2010)byGeospatialInformationAgency(scale1:250.000).GISdigitaldata:Themapcontainsadministrativeboundaries,rivernetworks,roads,landcountours,railnetworksandimportantplaces.Rivernetworksareusedasthebaseforthepotentialriverpollutionanalysis.

• SouthKalimantanRiverAreaMap(2010)fromRepublicofIndonesiaMinistryofPublicWorks.ScannedcopiesoftheriverareamapweredigitisedusingArcGISsoftware.SouthKalimantan province contains 4 river basins: Barito,Cengal-Batulicin,KendiloandPulauLaut.Riverareas,whichextendedbeyondtheSouthKalimantanprovincialborder,wereexcludedfromthemapandtheanalysis.

4 UNDERSTANDING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS



Definition of MineConcession Stages for Licensing:

AccordingtotheMinistryofMiningandEnergyResourcesLawNo.4/2009

1. Exploration: Thestageofminingactivitiesthataimstoobtainaccurateanddetailedinformationaboutthelocation,shape,dimension,distribution,qualityandmeasuredresourceofminerals,aswellasinformationaboutthelocalsocialandenvironmentalsituation.

2. Feasibility Study: Thestageofminingoperationstoobtaindetailedinformationonallaspectsthatrelatetotheeconomicandtechnicalfeasibilityofmining.Thisincludestheanalysisoftheenvironmental impacts as well as post-miningplanning.

3. Construction: Thestageofminingactivitiesthatcoverstheconstructionofallfacilitiesrelatedtoproductionoperations,includingenvironmentalimpactcontrol.

4. Production: Thestageofminingactivitiesthatincludesconstructionattheminingsite,processing,refining,includingtransportationandsales,aswellasameansofcontrollingenvironmental impacts in accordance with theresultsofthefeasibilitystudy.

Data analysis:Usingthespatialdatafromtheabovesourcemaps,theareaofeachcoalconcessionwascalculatedandaggregated.Theareaofrivercatchmentareasandforestcover areas in each coal concession were alsocalculatedusinganoverlayanalysisandtabularanalysisprocess.Thelengthofriversandstreamsthatarewithinordownstreamoftheconcessionswasalsocalculatedusinganoverlayanalysisandtabularanalysisprocess.The results are presented below:

SouthKalimantan’sopencastcoalmining©greenpeace/YudhiMahatma



Figure 4.1. Coal Mining Concessions in South Kalimantan 2013

Geo-Spatial Analysis Results



Table 4.1. Coal Mining Concessions in South Kalimantan 2013

Row Labels

PRODUCTION (PKP2B)

PRODUCTION (KP)

EXPLORATION (PKP2B)

EXPLORATION (KP)

CONSTRUCTION (PKP2B)

FEASIBILITY STUDY (PKP2B)

Grand Total

Sum in Ha

81363

45443

--

97083

27199

22838

273926

%

2.11%

56.22%

2.53%

4.07%

17.88%

17.18%

100%

%

9.93%

35.44%

0.00%

8.34%

16.59%

29.70%

100%

Sum in Ha

183

530

--

--

417

8478

9608

Sum in Ha

17941

18323

531

75197

--

--

111992

210035

179290

24809

532685

49172

48860

1044851

Sum in Ha

109774

114275

16176

359301

13495

26023

639044

%

88.24%

4.34%

0.00%

0.00%

5.51%

1.91%

100%

%

0.00%

67.14%

0.47%

0.00%

16.36%

16.02%

100%

%

4.71%

50.98%

2.37%

4.68%

17.16%

20.10%

100%

%

0.00%

6.68%

78.78%

0.00%

7.00%

7.53%

100%

Sum in Ha

775

720

8101

687

--

--

10283

BARITOCENGAL-

BATULICIN

PULAULAUT

KENDILOSOUTH

KALIMANTAN

KENDILOEAST

KALIMANTAN*

TOTAL(Ha)

* As the GIS digital data that we extracted from the maps is based on coal concession boundaries, we have included some coal concessions that extend across the provincial border into East Kalimantan. However, as only small portions of these concessions extend across the border, we are confident that South Kalimantan level data is not distorted as a result.

Source: Indonesia Mineral and Coal Statistics 2012 i

Result: officialminingconcessions(illegalconcessions excluded) cover approximately1millionhectares(Mha)ofSouthKalimantan’stotalareaof3.7Mha.Whenfactoringinthesmall-scaleillegalcoalminesthatabound,almostathirdofSouthKalimantanhasbeengivenovertomining.

©gr

eenp

eace

TanahLautRegency,coalminespollutingSouthKalimantan’swater.

a) Coal Mining Concessions

ThisanalysisisbasedontheCoalMapofSouthKalimantan(production,exploration,construction,feasibilitystudybothforKP&PKP2Bpermits),byPetromindoAugust2011(scale1:250.000)



Figure 4.2. South Kalimantan, Coal Mining and Forests



b) Forest Cover Within Coal Concessions

ThisanalysisismadebyoverlayingtheCoalMapofSouthKalimantan(production,exploration,construction,feasibilitystudybothforKP&PKP2BpermitsbyPetromindoAugust2011-scale1:250.000),withtheLandCoverMapin2011fromtheMinistryofForestry.

Table 4.2. Areas of Forest Cover within Coal Mining Concessions

* As the GIS digital data that we extracted from the maps is based on coal concession boundaries, we have included some coal concessions that extend across the provincial border into East Kalimantan. However, as only small portions of these concessions extend across the border, we are confident that South Kalimantan level data is not distorted as a result.

Result: Approximately14%oftotalforestedareainSouthKalimantanisincoalminingconcessions.Approximately4%ofthetotalprimaryforestinSouthKalimantanisincoalminingconcessions.Another73%offorestedareainPulauLautand18%inCengal-Batulicinisincoalconcessions.

©greenpeace/Laury Myllyvirta©greenpeace/Richi Raimba

Sum of Ha Sum of Ha% %

PULAU LAUT GRAND TOTAL

Sum of Ha Sum of Ha Sum of Ha Sum of Ha

BARITO

3198.032318

3198.032318

12489.11793

--

12489.11793

--

--

--

--

--

--

816.0839472

--

816.0839472

--

7565.364518

--

--

7565.364518

--

--

434.9023897

--

434.9023897

--

24503.5011

6453.020864

6453.020864

23.77306323

--

23.77306323

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

529.5620622

--

--

529.5620622

--

--

1.515914771

--

1.515914771

--

7007.871904

--

--

36532.32714

2.080982548

33269.18438

756.686052

2504.375728

468.5992863

2.975003735

0.004483713

465.6197989

--

--

--

--

215.2660624

--

--

18.8429986

196.4230638

--

2673.636251

--

239.891495

2433.744756

39889.82874

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

34.34443664

13.1885721

--

21.15586454

34.34443664

14720.98512

14720.98512

93939.65937

1012.999503

87050.5928

3311.503599

2564.563471

2248.016802

687.3989511

427.7654773

1132.852374

1415.788286

169.1254057

816.0839472

430.5789333

26610.8817

124.6607225

247.5618226

23960.40219

862.1904242

1416.066533

10675.14236

353.3694007

7033.032305

3288.740654

149610.4736

13.05%

13.05%

50.97%

0.00%

50.97%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

3.33%

0.00%

3.33%

0.00%

30.87%

0.00%

0.00%

30.87%

0.00%

0.00%

1.77%

0.00%

1.77%

0.00%

100.00%

92.08%

92.08%

0.34%

0.00%

0.34%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

7.56%

0.00%

0.00%

7.56%

0.00%

0.00%

0.02%

0.00%

0.02%

0.00%

100.00%

0.00%

0.00%

91.58%

0.01%

83.40%

1.90%

6.28%

1.17%

0.01%

0.00%

1.17%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.54%

0.00%

0.00%

0.05%

0.49%

0.00%

6.70%

0.00%

0.60%

6.10%

100.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

0.00%

100.00%

38.40%

0.00%

61.60%

100.00%

9.84%

9.84%

62.79%

0.68%

58.18%

2.21%

1.71%

1.50%

0.46%

0.29%

0.76%

0.95%

0.11%

0.55%

0.29%

17.79%

0.08%

0.17%

16.02%

0.58%

0.95%

7.14%

0.24%

4.70%

2.20%

100.00%

COAL MINING TYPE

FOREST

CONSTRUCTION (PKP2B)

Secondary Dry Land Forest

EXPLORATION (KP)

Primary Mangrove Forest


Secondary Mangrove Forest

Secondary Swamp Forest

EXPLORATION (PKP2B)




FEASIBILITY STUDY (PKP2B)




PRODUCTION (KP)

Primary Dry Land Forest




Secondary Swamp Forest

PRODUCTION (PKP2B)




GRAND TOTAL

% % % %

6.49%

6.49%

57.43%

1.29%

52.79%

3.27%

0.08%

2.28%

0.88%

0.55%

0.85%

0.77%

0.22%

0.00%

0.55%

23.41%

0.16%

0.32%

20.27%

0.85%

1.81%

9.63%

0.44%

8.13%

1.07%

100.00%

5069.931939

5069.931939

44894.44124

1010.91852

41268.51743

2554.817547

60.18774325

1779.417516

684.4239474

427.7609936

667.2325749

599.7043391

169.1254057

--

430.5789333

18300.68905

124.6607225

247.5618226

15846.63261

665.7673604

1416.066533

7530.743368

340.1808285

6356.722506

833.8400335

78174.92745

CENGAL-BATULICIN KENDILOSOUTH KALIMANTAN

KENDILOEAST KALIMANTAN



Figure 4.3. Potential River Pollution in South Kalimantan



Table 4.3. Potential River Pollution in South Kalimantan

River at risk of mining activitiesNot directly impacted by mining activitiesGRAND TOTAL

River at risk of mining activitiesNot directly impacted by mining activitiesGRAND TOTAL

RIVER POLLUTION

RIVER POLLUTION

BARITO

BARITO

153228214353

31.18%64.82%100%

KENDILO

KENDILO

234339573

40.82%59.18%100%

PULAU LAUT

PULAU LAUT

7245

117

61.39%38.61%100%

GRAND TOTAL

GRAND TOTAL

325039357185

45.23%54.77%100%

CENGAL -BATULICIN

CENGAL -BATULICIN

1413729

2142

65.96%34.04%100%

LENGTH OF RIVER (KM)

LENGTH OF RIVER (%)

c) River Catchment Area/Waterways Downstream of Coal Concessions

The river area map analysis is based on overlayingtheCoalMapofSouthKalimantan(production,exploration,construction,feasibilitystudybothforKP&PKP2BpermitbyPetromindoAugust2011(scale1:250.000),withtheRiverAreaMapfromtheMinistryofPublicWorks.

Forthepotentialriverpollutionanalysis,wecalculatedthelengthofriver(km)flowingthroughcoalminingconcessionsandtracedtheflowsdownstreamusingtheTopographicMapbytheGeospatialInformationAgency(scale1:250.000)andtheCoalMapofSouthKalimantan,PetromindoAugust2011(scale1:250.000).Themapmaynotshowallthetributariesduetoitsscale.Ouranalysisonlyincludesrivers,orsectionsofrivers,intheprovinceofSouthKalimantan.

Result:Approximately3,000kmofSouthKalimantan’srivers-around45%ofallrivers in the province - are downstream fromcoalminesandhencepotentiallyatriskoftoxicpollutionfromcoalminingactivities.CarefulanalysisofmultiplemapsfromthecoalindustryandgovernmentauthoritiesindicatesthatseveralofSouthKalimantan’swatershedsareatriskduetothehighconcentrationofcoalminingoperationsthere.AccordingtoGreenpeacemappingcalculations,33%ofthecoalproductionconcessions in the province lie in the Baritowatershedand58%intheCengal-Batulicinwatershed,makingthesethemostcoalaffectedareas(see Table 4.1).



5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF COAL MINING IN INDONESIA

Open Cast Coal Mining

Indonesiapermits“opencast”mining,sometimesalsocalled“stripmining”or“surfacemining,”aswellas“mountaintopremovalmining”.Broadlyspeakingthisisminingwherebyallthesoilandrock,whichlieontopofthemineralbeingmined,areremoved,oftenbybulldozingorblasting.Opencastminingisdifferentfromundergroundmining,wherethesurfaceisleftmoreorlessinplaceandwhereminersmustremovemineralsviashaftsortunnels.22

Opencastminingmethodsusedtoextractshallowcoalreservesarecommon.InIndonesiagenerally,andinKalimantanspecifically,opencastminingisresponsibleforextremeandsometimes irreversible environmental destruction withintheareamined,andwithespeciallydetrimentalimpactsonlocalwaterresources.Groundwaterneedstobepumpedoutoftheminepitsinordertoaccesstheseams,loweringgroundwaterlevelsoveralargearea.Forestsneedtocleared,andfertiletopsoilisremovedinordertoaccessthecoal.Intheprocess,opencastcoalminingcandestroyvaluableundergroundaquifers,streamsandrivers.

Moreover,barrenlandsareeasilyeroded,degradingthewaterqualityandcloggingupriversdownstream,leadingtoincreasedfloodingrisks.JATAM,theleadNGOforminingadvocacyinIndonesia,estimatesthatforeverytonneofcoalextracted,7-10tonnesofsoilneedtoberemoved.AccordingtoJATAM,“inEastandSouthKalimantan…agreatnumberofplantationsandpaddyfieldsthatusedtobeproductivehavebeenturnedintogapingminingholes.”23

Coal Mining and Deforestation

Massivelandclearanceforcoalminingthreatensforests,contributingtothecriticaldeforestationbroughtaboutbypalmoilplantations,logging,andotherthreats.Whenitcomestoforeststhreatenedbycoalmining,drylandforestsmaybemostatrisk.BasedonGreenpeaceanalysisofminingconcessionandlandcovermaps, see Tables 4.1 and 4.2,approximately14%oftotalforestedareainSouthKalimantanisincoalminingconcessions.AccordingtoGreenpeacemappingcalculations,33%ofthecoalproductionconcessionsintheprovincelieintheBaritowatershedand58%intheCengal-Batulicinwatershed,makingthesethemostcoalaffectedareas.

Fromthemapbelow,lookingatKalimantanasawhole,Greenpeacemappingshows0.13millionhectaresbeingdeforestedincoalminingconcessionsbetween2009and2011–weestimatethataroundone-quarterofthetotaldeforestationinKalimantanbetween2009and2011appearstobeattributabletocoal,contributing0.13milliontothetotal0.44MhaofforestcutdowninKalimantan. Coalminingcoulddofarmoredamageinthefuturethanwehavealreadyseeninthe pasttwoyears.Coal mining could be a deforestation time bomb waiting to happen. With 3.45 Mha of forests designated as coal mining concessions throughout the whole of Kalimantan in2011,Indonesiastandstolosehundredsofthousandsmorehectaresofforestifcoalcompaniesarepermittedtominethem.



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Opencastcoalminingcreatesextremechangesinlandscape.Therichtopsoilislostandmayneverbefullyrecovered.Coal

miningpotentiallychangesthelandscape,createserosion,andaltersnaturalwaterways.



Figure 5.1. Kalimantan, Coal Mining and Deforestation



Acid Mine Drainage

Acidminedrainage(AMD)isthefloworrunoffofpolluted,acidic,metal-richwaterfromoperatingor old abandoned coal mines and areas with surfacedepositsofminewastesuchasrockpiles,tailings,openpits,undergroundtunnels,andleachpads.Dependingonthearea,thecontaminatedwatermaycontainhighlevelsofsalts,sulphate,iron,aluminium,andtoxicheavymetalssuchascadmiumandcobalt. 25 AMD occurswhenmetalsulfides,commoninrocksurroundingthecoalseams,comeintocontactwithwater,generatingacidity. 26Waterqualityisfurtherdegradedbecausethisacidicwateriscapableofdissolvingharmfulmetalsinthesurroundingrocks. 27 AMD can have a direct impactonthequalityofdrinkingwaterdrawnfromimpactedsurfacewater,onanimalorplantlife,andevencausethecorrosionofequipmentorstructures. 28Asmentionedabove,AMDisoftenlinkedtoanincreaseinheavymetalsinwaterbodiesorrivers,dissolvedironoxides,sulphates,aswellasincreasedacidity. 29 Many heavymetalsbio-accumulateintissue,andiftheyreachhighenoughconcentrationstheycan cause health and reproductive problems in wildlifeandhumans.

Thisistruenotonlynowbutforthelongtermfutureaswell.EvenifKalimantan’scoalminingcompaniescleaneduptheiroperationsandcompliedwiththeregulations,theirpastoperations would still threaten human health andtheenvironmentformanyyearstocome.This is partly because metals can cause problemsovermanyyears,sincetheydonotbreakdownintheenvironment,butrathersettleandpersistinbottomsofstreams.Thiscreateslong-termcontaminationforaquaticinsectsandanyanimalsthatfeedonthem.Existingtechnologydoesnotenableustostopacidminedrainageoncethereactionshavestarted.Indeed,coalminesthatcontaminateneighbouringstreamswithAMDwillposeproblemsthatfuturegenerationsmayhavetoaddressandmanageforhundredsofyears.Ideasandprognosticationsabouthowtomanagesuchwasteinthelongrunremainspeculative. 31

“Acidminedrainageisconsideredoneofmining’s

most serious threats to water resources.Aminewithacid

minedrainagehasthepotentialforlong-termdevastating

impactsonrivers,streamsandaquaticlife.”24

Worldwideitisknownthatcoalminingcancausesignificantwaterpollution.Ingeneral,theimpactsofacidminedrainage(AMD),primarilyfromabandonedminelands,onhundredsandpossiblythousandsofstreammilesgloballythatareaffectedbyacidification,caninclude:

• Contaminationofdrinkingwater,• Contaminationofindustrialwatersupplies,• Killingoralteringgrowthand reproductionofaquaticfloraandfauna,• Restrictedstreamuseforwashing,• Skinailmentsassociatedwithexposure tocontaminatedwater,• Decreaseinagriculturalyields,• Decreaseinfisheriesyields,• Declineinfoodsecurityforthose dependingonfishingorneighboring agriculture,• Declineinvalueofrealestatelocated

nearpollutedwatersources(housingsales data in some countries indicates thatbeinglocatednearastreamcontaminatedbyacidminedrainagelowersthevalueofapropertyorhouse).

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AstudyofAMDinSouthKalimantanbytheCollegeofTechnologyGeologicalDepartmentatSTTNASYogyakartafoundconsiderablesourcesofAMDandexamplesoflowpH.ThestudyrevealedthatinBinuangarea,SouthKalimantanProvince,coalminingproducedwaste dumps and AMD in many settlement pondswithaverylowpH(of2.8to4.4),withmetalsamongothersmagnesium,manganese,ironandlead.AMDinthestudyareawasfoundtobeaffectedbylocalgeologicalconditions,suchasbasintopography,weathering,occurrenceofsulfideminerals(predominantlypyrites)andgeologicalphenomenasuchasjointsandminorfaults(thatincreasedpermeabilityofrockssothatrainwatercouldfilterthroughmore]freely.”),aswellasrainfallandhightemperatures.AroundBinuang,atTarungin,SimpangempatandPakan,pondscontaminatedwithAMDvariedinsizefromafewsquaremetrestoanareaofmorethan

INFOBOX:

South Africa: AMD is now “the greatest environmental challenge”

InSouthAfrica,theDepartmentofWaterandSanitationtoldtheParliamentthatAMDis“thegreatestenvironmentalchallengeever”32,as it impacted water security and hademergingimpactsondrinkingwater.Emergencyinterventionwasrequiredinthreebasins-Western,Eastern,Centralbasins.Atthehearing,theChamberofMines(industryassociation)pointedoutthattheliabilityandmitigationcostsofAMDfrommininglegaciesaretheresponsibilityofthestate.

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25,000m2.Thestudyfoundthatminingwastewaterhadmixedwithgroundwater,surfacewater,andrainwater.33Sinceminingactivitiesatthissiteareongoing,thestudyconcluded that the mine would continue toproduceAMDinyearstocome,posingproblemsthatneededtobeovercome.34

AfurtherstudyalsofoundAMDfromaPT.BeraumineinEastKalimantan,andfoundalowpH(3.96to4.49)atalmostallmonitoringpointsin11sub-catchmentsoftheUkudriverdownstream.Italsofoundmetalssuchasiron,aluminum,andmanganese.35The study foundthat“inthepastoperationtherewasnosegregationbetweenpotentiallyacidformingmaterialandnon-acidformingmaterialwhendumpingtheoverburdeninthiscatchment.” 36

Furtherafield,inSumatra,similarproblemsofcoalminescontaminatingriverswithAMDhavebeenidentifiedaswell–raisingthepossibilitythat what happens in South Kalimantan may notbeanexceptionbutratherthenorm.OnesuchstudybyRizaetal,surveyedandanalysedwaterqualityfromApriltoNovember2011inseveraltributariesoftheSingingiriver,tounderstandtheeffectofcoalminesinKuantanSingingiRegency,RiauProvince.WatersamplescontaminatedbymineseffluentswerecollectedfromfourSingingirivertributaries,Sepuhriver,Geringgingriver,Keruhriver,andTapiriver.ThestudyconcludedthatGeringgingriverandKeruhriverwereheavilypolluted,andSepuhandTapiriversweremoderatelypolluted. 37

TheIndonesiangovernmenthasaresponsibilitytotestallofthepotentiallyAMDaffectedwaterbodies in Kalimantan that may be impactedbycoalmining,andtoexaminesamplesfor:lowpH,anincreaseintotalsuspendedsolids(TSS),totaldissolvedsolids(TDS),biologicaloxygendemand(BOD),andheavymetalconcentration.

Health Impacts from Coal Mining Wastewaters on Humans, Other Animals, Fish, and Plants

Wastewaterfromcoalminescanincludeelevatedlevelsofaluminium,arsenic,cadmium,chloride,copper,fluoride,hydrogensulphide,iron,lead,manganese,nickel,nitrate,nitrite,phosphate,potassium,sodium,sulphate,zincandothercontaminants.

Differenttoxicpollutants,whichtypicallyemergefromcoalmines,canpotentiallycauseavarietyofhealthproblems,38,39,40can harm crops when usedforirrigation,aswellasaffectfisheriesandfreshwaterecosystems(see box below).

44 United States Environmental Protection Agency

TROUT

BASS

PERCH

FROGS

SALAMANDERS

CLAMS

CRAYFISH

SNAILS

MAYFLY

6.5 5.5 4.56.0 5.0 4.0

pH

Figure 5.2. US EPA OrganismResponse to pH



Acidwastefromcoalminescanseverelyharmorkillfish,animalsandplants,reducingoreveneliminatingfishpopulations.ApHofaround7ishealthy,neutral,andnaturalformostwaterbodies(althoughrainwateranduplandwateroftenhasapHbelow7throughcompletelynaturalprocesses).ManystreamsthatareaffectedbyAMDfromcoalmininghavepHvaluesofaround4orevenlessthan4. 41

AtsuchlowpHlevels,plants,fish,andotheranimalscanhavetroublesurviving.WhenwaterpHdropsto4or5,fishreproductionisaffectedandmostfisheggsarenotabletohatch;andadultfishcandieatlevelsof3to4: 42 Some plantsandfisharemoreresilientthanothersand can withstand low pH better than more acid-sensitivespecies,buteveninthosecases,eggsandyoungfishtendtobemoreacid-sensitivethanadults.“Thechartbelowshowsthatnotallfish,shellfish,ortheinsectsthattheyeatcantoleratethesameamountofacid.”43

TheboxaboveillustratesclearlyhowdifferentaquaticspeciesintheUnitedStatesareaffectedbylowpH,andalthoughthereisnocomprehensiveequivalentforKalimantan,someinformationdoesexistonhowafewpopularfishthatarewidelyconsumedinIndonesia,respondtodifferentlevelsofpH.

TheUSEPAalsonotedthatallbiologicalorganismsareinterdependentandinterrelatedto each other and to the environment in which theylive.Thus,eveniffrogsareabletotoleratehigherlevelsofaciditythanmayflies,iftheyneedtoeatinsectslikethemayflyinordertosurvive,frogsmaydiewhenmayfliesdie–simplybecausetheirfoodsupplyhascriticallydwindled.“Thus,aslakesandstreamsbecomemoreacidic,thenumbersandtypesoffishandotheraquaticplantsandanimalsthatliveinthesewatersdecrease.” 49

BesidespH,metalcontaminationofwatercanhavesignificantimpactsonfishandotheraquaticlife,andtheIndonesianauthoritiesmustinvestigatetheseimpactsinandaroundSouthKalimantan’scoalmines,toassessthemagnitudeofdamagedone.Aluminium,arsenic,manganese,nickel,cobaltandchromiumareknowntobeharmful(andoccasionallyevenlethal)toaquaticorganismsat the concentrations detected in Greenpeace samples(seeboxbelow). 50 Water pollution fromcoalminescanhaveimpactsfardownstream,especiallygiventheverylargenumberofcoalminesinthecatchmentsofSouthKalimantan’smainrivers.Whennotjustonetributarybuttheentireriverispolluted,dilution cannot be counted on to lower contaminantconcentrationstosafelevels.

Aspreviouslynoted,acidwaterreleasesmetalsfromsoilsintolakesandstreams;somemetalsarehighlytoxictomanyspeciesofaquaticorganisms.Manyaquaticorganismsareextremelysensitivetocopper,particularlyinsolubleforms,whicharegenerallyfarmorebioavailableandtoxictoawiderangeofaquaticplantsandanimals,51 withsomeeffectsoccurringevenatverylowconcentrations.52

Increased copper levels cause chronic stress thatmaynotkillindividualfish,butleadstolowerbodyweightandsmallersizeandmakesfishlessabletocompeteforfoodandhabitat.Greenpeacefoundcopperathighconcentrationsinsomewaters(upto1880microgramsperlitreorμg/l).Backgroundconcentrationsofsolublecopperinuncontaminatedsurfacewaterscanvarysignificantly,butlevelsaretypicallybelow10μg/l,andoftenfarlower.53

Fish Speciesin Indonesia

Respon to pH*

Ikan Nila (Nile Tilapia)Oreochromis niloticus

Ikan Gabus (snakehead fish)Channa striata

Ikan MasCyprinus carpio

Ikan Lele (Catfish)Clarias gariepinus

At pH 4 -5 only 30% survived (red strain); other strains died with various gill damages. 45

At pH 5 only 72% survived. 46

pH 6,5 - 8,5- optimum. 47

pH 6,5 - 8,6- optimum. 48

*Compilation of studies, each measured under different testing conditions, including various environmental parameters and life’s stages.

Table. 5.1. Compilation of studies onIndonesian Fish Species Response to pH



Potential Impacts of the Heavy Metals Detected in South Kalimantan Coal Mining Wastewaters

Very few studies have been carried out on toxicity of heavy metals to Indonesian freshwater species and ecosystems. This box highlights findings from other parts of the world that clearly indicate that the detected levels of heavy metals can have serious impacts in Indonesia as well – and that groundwater flowing through active or abandoned coal mines often has depressed pH levels and elevated levels of dissolved metals such as arsenic, iron, copper and zinc, which can affect health of plants or animals. 55

Aluminium hasgreatertoxicityinacidicwater(pH5.5andbelow).Concentrationsof0.1-0.3mg/lhavebeenfoundtoreducesurvivaloffisheggsandhampergrowthinacidicwater.Concentrationsof0.7-3.3mg/lare reported to be chronically toxic in neutral waterwitheffectsincludingweightloss&impairedswimmingandfeedingability(thisrelatestochronicorlongtermtoxicityratherthanacutetoxicity).Athigherconcentrations,effectsincludedamagetogills,clogging

anddisturbanceofgillfunction;changesininternalorgansandreproduction.56

Manganese concentrationsofaround1mg/lcancausetoxiceffectsonorganismsinstreams,riversandlakes,asshownbybothlaboratorytestsandfieldobservations.Effectsincludeinhibitionofgrowth&photosynthesisofalgae;survivalandhatchingofcrabembryos;cankillsomefishandfishembryos,aswellasamphibianembryos,alreadyatconcentrationswellbelowtheIndonesiandischargestandards.Otherdocumentedeffectsincludeshelldisease in crabs and discoloration in the gillsoflobsters.Manganeseisalsotoxictosometerrestrialplants,withtoxicityvaryingwidelywithspecies;effectsincludemarginalchloroses,necroticlesions,anddistorteddevelopmentoftheleaves.57

Iron: Dissolvedironistoxicathighconcentrations,suchasthosewhichcanoccurinacidicwaterlackingoxygen,suchasminedischarge.Studieshavesuggestedthatdissolvedironconcentrationsinfreshwatershouldbebelow0.2-0.4mg/l,basedonimpactsonfreshwaterfish,clams,insectsandplants.58 Particulate iron can settle on the bottomofwaterbodies,destroyingplants,

bottom-dwellinginvertebratesandfisheggs.

For every species that locals notice have been affected,theremaybemanymorethatslipundertheradar.Indeed,althoughbiodiversityappearstobeheavilyaffected,thereisnoreliablestudyontheexactextentofthelossoffloraandfaunaincoal-miningaffectedforests.

Greenpeace calls on the authorities to conduct such a study, as a matter of urgency. Theneedforsuchastudyisallthemorepressinggiventhatstudiesinothercountries’miningaffectedareasrevealedclearnegativeimpactsofcoalpollutiononfloraandfauna.OnesuchreportaboutstreamsintheCentralAppalachianCoalfieldsintheUSassessedthestateofthescienceon

environmentalimpactsofmountaintopcoalminesand“valleyfills”bycoalcompanies(namelydumpingsomuchminingwasteintovalleysthattheywerecompletelyfilledupanddisappeared).Thestudyconcludedthatminingharmed stream ecosystems in numerous ways.Springsandsmallstreamshadbeencompletely lost due to mountaintop removal orburialunderfill;concentrationsofmajorchemicalionswerefounddownstream;waterqualitywasat“levelsthatareacutelylethaltostandardlaboratorytestorganisms”;seleniumconcentrationsweresohighthatthey“havecausedtoxiceffectsinfishandbirds”;and“macro-invertebrateandfishcommunitiesareconsistentlydegraded.”54



Land Erosion Leading to Water Quality Degradation and Flooding Risks

ManyofSouthKalimantan’scoalminesandconcessionsarelocatedinfloodproneareas.GreenpeaceinvestigatorswitnessedaflashfloodwhiletheywereinvestigatingcoalminesinKabupatenTanahLaut,recognisedasafloodproneareabythelocalgovernment.Basedonananalysisofthelastfiveyearsbythelocaldisastermanagementagency,thereare939floodpointsinSouthKalimantan,whicharelocatedinthedistrictsofBanjar,TanahLaut,TanahBambuandHuluSungaiUtara.68Coalminingcontributestofloodingbecause land clearance destroys the water retentioncapacityofthesoil,leadingtoquickrunoffafterrainfall,andbecauselargeamountsofsedimentdischargesclogwaterways.Thosewaterwaysthenoverflowmoreeasilywhenheavyrainscome.Coalminingalsoexacerbatesfloodingbecauseitistypicallyprecededbyloggingand,duringmining,notreesareallowedtogrowbackinkeyareas.Loggingtreesincreasesthefloodriskinthelongtermbecausetreessoakupvastamountsofwater.Withouttheseforeststhereisnothingtosoakupheavyrainfall,anditfrequentlyleadstoflashfloods.

Post-Mining Reclamation and Long Term Recovery

Thewholesaledestructionofvegetationandsoiloverlargeareas,aswellasminetailingsandtoxicpitsleftbehindbymining,affectecosystemsandwaterresourcesfordecades.Miningcompanieshaveanobligationtoalleviatetheimpactstotheextentpossiblethroughpost-miningreclamation,butinrealitythisposesterribleproblems.Inmanycases,reclamationinSouthKalimantaniscompletelyneglected.Whenminingcompanieshaveremovedallthecoaltheywant,theyoftenabandongiantpits,whichfillwithtoxicwater,leavingbehindlagoonsthatareespeciallydangerousforfish,amphibians,otheranimals,andlocalcommunities.

Inmanycases,post-miningreclamationinKalimantanisdoneverypoorly–althoughGreenpeace posits that there is no truly good way to conduct reclamation, which is precisely one of the crucial reasons why strip mining should not be allowed. With bad reclamation, loss of topsoil, failure to save and reinstate original topsoil, re-planting with homogenous plantations of acacias,69 the land and its original biodiversity will never fully recover.

Nickel: Infreshwaterecosystems,nickelcaninhibitalgaegrowthandharmthesurvivaloftheembryosofsomefishspecies.Nickelcaninhibitgrowthofcrops.Besidesinhibitingplantgrowth,othersymptomsofnickeltoxicityinplantsincludechlorosis,stuntedrootgrowthandbrowninterveinalnecrosis.59,60,61,62

Cobalt causesreducedsurvivalandgrowthoffishembryosinsomespecies,anditislethal to toad larvae and sensitive invertebrate species.Cobaltisalsotoxictoavarietyoffoodcrops.63

Chromium cancauseallergicdermatitisthroughbothskincontactanddrinking.Theconditionischaracterisedbydryness,erythema,fissuring,papules,scaling,smallvesicles,andswellingofskin.TheU.S.EPAhasproposedtoclassifychromium-6aslikelytobecarcinogenictohumanswheningested,andanassessmentiscurrentlyongoing.Infreshwaterecosystems,chromiumdecreasesinsurvivalandgrowthratesofaquaticanimals;cancauseDNAdamageandeffectsonfertilizationandbloodcompositioninsomespecies.64,65,66,67



There are severe limits to what can be achievedthroughreclamation.AUniversityofCaliforniastudybyKarenHoll,UniversityofCalifornia,reviewedthelong-termeffectsofreclamationeffortsofdegradedlandscapeson plant conservation to determine whether vegetationofreclaimedminesapproximatedthesurroundingforestafteralongperiodofreclamation.Thestudyalsoevaluated“howintensive reclamation practices used to address short-termerosionandwaterqualityconcernsaffectlong-termrecovery.”ThehardwoodforestreferencesitesinsouthwesternVirginiahadnotrecovered.Itwasfoundthatchangespersisted,evenonlandsthathadbeenreclaimedforover35years.Thisstudy’sresultsshowedthatplantingwithaggressivenon-nativegroundcover species to minimize short-term erosion in highlydisturbedsitesmayhaveslowedlong-termrecoveryonthesitesstudied.70 This is particularly relevant because what reclamation thereisinKalimantanisoftendoneonthequickandonthecheap,withinadequatesoilreplacementandplantingofaggressivenon-nativegroundcoverspeciessuchasacacia,

East Kalimantan: Environmental Devastation from Coal Mining

East Kalimantan is Indonesia’s most significantcoalexportregion.Over200milliontonnesofcoalwasshippedoutin2011.Ifitwasacountry,itwouldbetheeighthbiggestcoalproducerintheworld.

Landerosionfromdeforestationandmininghasdramaticallyincreasedtheriskoffloodingintheregion.From2010to2012,thecityofSamarindahasrecordedatotalof218floodsandhasnowacquiredthereputationof“KotaBanjir”,orfloodcity.

Thecoalminingboominthepast15years has also caused widespread water pollutionintheMakahamriver,whichflowsthroughrainforestsandishometo147indigenousfreshwaterfishspecies.

CoalMininginSouthKalimantan

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rather than with any attempt to replant the speciescommontotheoriginalforest.

AstudyforaPhDthesisbyD.SetiawanfromtheBogorInsituteofAgricultureinIndonesia71

conductedonthePT.Adaroconcessionatfourdifferentlocations,reportedthatreclamationwasineffectiveintermsofastrikinglossofmacrofaunabiodiversity(includingadearthorabsenceofworms,whichplayanimportantroleinsoilfertility).SetiawanexaminedtheeffectivenessofreclamationwithSengon(Paraserianthesfalcataria)andAcacia(Acaciamangium),whicharetypicalplantsmostcommonlyusedforreclamationofminingsitesinKalimantan.Setiawan’sanalysisexaminedthelacksuccessoflandrehabilitation.Thestudyalsoexaminedsoilcharacteristicssuchasbulkdensity,aggregatestability,porosity,pH,andorganiccarbon.Setiawanfoundthatalthoughseveral indicators showed that reclamation hadimprovedthestabilityofsoilaggregates,72 nosignificantimprovementscouldbenotedintheabilityofthesoiltoretainwaterforplantsorinotherkeyindicatorsduringtheperiodofobservation.

Another study conducted in 2012 73on reclamationlandownedbyPT.ArutminBatulicininSouthKalimantan(wheretypicalAcaciaandSengonplantationswerechosenduetotheirfastgrowingnature),observedlossofbiodiversitybycomparingtheseplantations

withthesurroundingunharmedforestwithvegetationsuchasEusidexylonzwageri/thefamouskayuUlin,Shorealepidota(damarputih),whichisprotectedbyAgricultureMinistryDecreeNo.54/Kpts/Um/II/1972.74

In2013,theSouthKalimantanEnvironmentProtectionAgencyreleasedastatementacknowledgingthatsurfaceminingwouldleavedamagedlandthatmightnotfullyrecover.Itfoundthatevenwhenprevioustopsoilhadbeenpiledandsetasidetobereusedforfinalcoveringofabandonedminingpitsduringlandreclamation,thelandwouldbedifferentfromtheoriginalstate.Thepiledtopsoilthatwasreservedtogobackasthefinallayeroftopsoilwasalreadymixed,clearlydifferentfromitsoriginalstate,andhadsufferedstructuredamage,withlowerbulkdensity,worsepermeability,andworseaeration.75

Reclamationofpostmininglandwithinadequatesoilreplacementandacaciaplantationscannotbecalledreclamation,andisnotrestoringtheoriginalbiodiversityofKalimantan.Postmininglandcharacteristicallylosesitsrichtopsoil,limitingre-vegetation.Today many local communities in Kalimantan havebeenleftwith–atworst–amoonscapeofbaredrylandwithpondsofacidwasteor–atbest–homogenousplantationforestwithnoeconomic,biodiversity,orhistoricalvalue.

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Purpose and Scope

ThepurposeofthisreportistoexploreandexplainthereleaseofhazardousmaterialsintotheenvironmentduetosomespecificcoalminingactivitiesandtorevealhowtheIndonesiangovernmenthasfailedtoprotectthepublic’srighttocleanwater.Greenpeace’ssamplingofminedischargeaimedtoprovideasnapshotofthesituationandtocomplementextensivedeskresearchandpriorinvestigationsintotheoverallsituationofcoalmininginSouthKalimantan.ItisnotasurveyofeverydischargepointinallcoalminingactivitiesinSouthKalimantannorasurveyofallcoalminingcompanies in the area

After,extensivedesktopresearch,analysisofGoogleEarthandsatellitemaps,andapreliminaryroundofscoutinginthefield,GreenpeaceteamsreturnedtothefieldandcollectedwatersamplesfromcoalconcessionsinSouthKalimantan.

Sampling Results

29samplesofwastewaterorsurfacewater were collected and were sent to the GreenpeaceResearchLaboratoriesinExeter,UK,intwoseparatebatches,inJulyandAugust2014.Allsampleswerecollectedfromlocationsassociatedwithcoalminingactivities,withthefirstsetcollectedbetween19th-23rdJuly2014,and the second set collected between 11th-14th August2014.

Allsampleswerecollectedinpre-cleanedglass,screw-cappedbottlesandkeptcoldanddarkbeforeshipmenttoourlaboratoryintheUKforanalysis.Sampleswereanalysedquantitatively

6GREENPEACE INVESTIGATION

formetals.ThepHofeachwastewaterwasmeasuredbothinthefieldusinganumberofcalibratedhand-helddevicesforcross-checkingandalsouponreceiptofthesamplesatthelaboratory.(See Appendix for the full report: Greenpeace Research Laboratories Analytical Report 04 – 2014)

Allsampleswereanalysedquantitativelyforthepresenceofarangeofmetals.Concentrationsofmetalsinbothwholeandfilteredwaterweredeterminedinordertodistinguishbetweenmetals associated with suspended matter and thosepresentindissolvedforminthewater.

Forthemajorityofsamples,themetalconcentrationsinthefilteredsamplewereverysimilartothoseinthewhole(unfiltered)sample,indicatingthatthesemetalswerepresentinthese samples almost exclusively in dissolved formsratherthanboundtosuspendedparticleswithinthewater.

WastewatersgeneratedbycoalminingactivitiesaresubjecttoregulationinIndonesiawhichsetsmaximumpermissiblelimitsforcertainparameters,includingiron(7milligramsperlitreormg/l=7000μg/l),manganese(4mg/l=4000μg/l)andpH(between6-9).76

18ofthecases(see Table6.2)weresampledfromwastewaterbeingdischargedatthemomentofinvestigation,orfromwateroutsideman-madepitsandpools,whichconstitutesadirectviolationofIndonesianregulation.Inothercases,aviolationiscommittedifthewaterisdischargedwithoutsubstantialtreatment.

For22ofthe29samples(76%),allofwhichwerewastewatersamples,thepHwasbelow6.Inthe



caseofthese22samples,pHvaluesrangedfrompH4.66(IDN14007)topH2.32(IDN14029),with7sampleshavingapHbelow3.

Theconcentrationsofmanganeseexceededthepermissiblelimitforwastewaterdischargesin17ofthe27wastewatersamples(63%),inboththefilteredandwholesampleinallcases,withconcentrationsinthewholesamplerangingfrom5350μg/l(5.35mg/l)to40200μg/l(40.2mg/l).Thehighestconcentration,insampleIDN14029,exceededthelimitby10times.Forallbutone(IDN14001)ofthese17samples,thepHwasalsooutsidetheallowedrange(pH6-9),andthehighestmanganese

Parameter

pH

TSS (Suspended Solids)

Iron (Fe) total

Mn total

Chromium

Nickel

Zinc

Copper

6-9

400 mg/l

7 mg/l

4 mg/l

None

None

None

None

6-9

50 mg/l

2 mg/l

--

0.1 mg/l

0.5 mg/l

0.5 mg/l

0.3 mg/l

IndonesianStandard

World BankGroup

Guidelines

(Indonesian standards are much weaker than those recommended by the USA78 or the World Bank Group guidelines).79

*World Bank safeguards are stronger than Indonesian regulation and practice.

Wastewaters from many of the locations sampled in this study did not comply with these regulations at the time of sampling, due to elevated concentrations of manganese and iron, and/or due to high acidity (pH below 6).

Table. 6.1. Wastewater Quality Limit for Coal Mining Activities77

SampleCode

IDN14001

IDN14002

IDN14003

IDN14004

IDN14005

IDN14006

IDN14007

IDN14008

IDN14009

IDN14010

IDN14011

IDN14012

IDN14013

IDN14014

IDN14015

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Creek water

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

N/A

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes – highest level of Iron, 40

times above standards

Discharge/ flows out

Not a Discharge. Abandoned pit, water is few centimeters from overflowing

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Not a discharge. Set of ponds located uphill, already breaking in the edge/Prone to landslide

N/A

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Not a Discharge. The pond is already breaking in the edge. The pond is a few centimeter from overflowing to the road use also by the community.

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Not a Discharge. The pond is already breaking in the edge. The pond is a few centimeter from overflowing to the road use by the community.

SampleType

FlowsOut?

Results Abovethe limit set

for discharge by the MoE?

Field Observation

IDN14016

IDN14017

IDN14018

IDN14019

IDN14020

IDN14021

IDN14022

IDN14023

IDN14024

IDN14025

IDN14026

IDN14027

IDN14028

IDN14029

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Pond water

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

N/A

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes – highest level of Mn found, ten

times above standards

Discharge/flows out

Not a Discharge. Ponds are uphill, ± 112 m from a valley of swamp

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

N/A

Not a Discharge.

Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Not a discharge. Abandoned Pit.

Discharge/flows out



Discharge/flows out

Discharge/flows out

Table 6.2. Summary of Findings and Field Observations



concentration(40.2mg/l)wasfoundinsampleIDN14029,whichhadthelowestpH(2.32).

Ofthese17samples,7alsohadconcentrationsofironthatexceededthemaximumpermissiblelevel,withsimilarlevelsinboththefilteredandwholesampleinallcases.Concentrationsoftotalironinwholesampleswereintherange9740μg/l(9.74mg/l)to280000μg/l(280mg/l),withthehighestconcentrationexceedingthelimitby40times.ThehighestironconcentrationwasalsofoundinasamplewithoneofthelowestpHvalues(IDN14015,pH2.34).Thesefindingsareconsistentwiththehighacidityofmanysamplessolubilisingironandmanganesefrommineralsinthelocalenvironment.

Threesamples(IDN14015,IDN14017andIDN14029)hadnotablyhigherconcentrationsofaluminium(94700-184000μg/l,or94.7-184mg/l),nickel(1360-1690μg/l),zinc(3210-3880μg/l)andcopper(100-1890μg/l)comparedtootherwastewaters.Twoofthesesamples(IDN14015&IDN14029)hadthelowestpHofallwastewatersamplesandalsocontainedthehighestconcentrationofeitheriron(IDN14015)ormanganese(IDN14029).Toalesserextent,concentrationsofchromium,cobalt,mercuryandvanadiumwereelevatedinsomewastewatersamples,particularlyforIDN14015andIDN14017.Theseadditionalmetals may also be present in the samples at elevatedconcentrationsasaresultofhavingbeensolubilisedfrommineralsinthelocalenvironment.

Overall,thedataindicateastronglinkbetweenhighacidity(lowpH)inwastewaters(particularlyforthosebelowpH4)andelevatedconcentrationsofmetals(especiallyiron,manganeseandaluminium),predominantlyinsolubleforms(see Figure1).Thedataalsoindicatethatthereiscommonlyalinkbetweenhighconcentrationsofironand/ormanganeseinwastewatersandhigherconcentrationsofothermetals.

TherelevantregulationsetsparametersonlyforpH,twometals(ironandmanganese),andtotaldissolvedsolids.Nevertheless,thedataand

correlationsapparentfromthecurrentstudysuggestthatwastewatersfromothersimilarlocations which have been reported by others alsotoexhibitlowpHmayalsohavehighconcentrationsofmetals,particularlyironandmanganese,andalsothathighconcentrationsofironandmanganeseinwastewatersmayalsoindicatehighconcentrationsofothermetals.

300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Iron (Fe)

pH

Concentration(ug/l)

200000

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Aluminium (Al)

pH

Concentration(ug/l)

45000

40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Manganese (Mn)

pH

Concentration(ug/l)

Figure 6.1. Relationships between pH and the dissolved concentrations of

three metals in samples of water and wastewater collected in the vicinity of coal mining operations in Indonesia

Source: Greenpeace Research Laboratories (University of Exeter, UK)



What does the Sampling Mean? Breaking It Down

ThelowpHin22ofGreenpeace’ssamples(pH4.66to2.32)meansthatthewaterwetestedcouldharmorkillfish,insects,otherlivingbeings,andevenplants–aswellasharmpeoplecomingintodirectcontactwithit.Ifthiswaterand/orsimilarwaterfromholdingpondsandnearbywaterpuddlesweretoleachoroverflowortrickleintoriversandlakesdownstream,itcouldharmfloraandfaunatheretoo(somesamplesweretakenfromwaterswhichwereleaching/overflowingatthetime).

AsexplainedintheAcidMineDrainagesection,whenwaterpHdropsto5or4,fishreproductionisaffected,mostfisheggscannothatchatpH5orbelow,andadultfishoftendieatlevelsof4to3orbelow.OtherlivingorganismsbesidesfishwouldalsobeaffectedbystreamscontaminatedfromrunoffofpondswithsuchlowpH,aswouldplants.

Whentestingformetals,Greenpeacefoundveryhighlevelsofironandmanganeseinmanyofthewatersamples,andinsomealsohighlevelsoftoxicheavymetalsincludingnickel,zinc,and

copper.ThelevelsofironandmanganesethatGreenpeacefoundinthewaterwasoftenfarabovethelegallimitsetbythegovernmentforcoalwaterdischarge-withonecase40timesabovethelegallimit.TherearelegallimitsfordischargefromcoalminesinIndonesia,andifthewaterisabovethoselimits,andisbeingdischargedorhadbeendischargedwithouttreatmentintotheenvironmentand/orintorivers,thisisaviolationofthelaw.

Inaddition,noneofthepondscontaininghighlyacidicwaterorhighmetalconcentrationswhereGreenpeace collected its samples were lined orappeareddesignedtopreventseepageintoneighbouringwaterbodies.Madeofearth,theyarevulnerabletoseepageaswellasoverflowintherainyseason.Somewereleakingwhenthesampleswerecollected.

Poor and Non-Existent Signage May Indicate Inadequate Monitoring

Duringtheirinvestigations,Greenpeacestaffsawveryfewsignsanywhere,forwarningormonitoring.Evenworse,therewerenosignsat

Afadingsign“Penaatan”/”Compliance”markingawastewatersettlingpondofacoalminein

TapinDistrict,SouthKalimantan.Coalmininghasleftacidpondsthatarepronetolandslide,overflows,andmanywithoutpropersignage.©

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allatsitesthatwesubsequentlyfoundtohavetheworstsamplingresults–lowestpHandhighestheavymetalcontamination.

Greenpeaceinvestigatorsidentifiedtwodistinctkindsofsettlingponds–asmallnumberofofficialsettlingpondswithsignage,whicharetreatedandmonitored,andamoonscapeofabandonedminepitswithfewornosignsandnoevidenceofbeingtreatedormonitored.

ThelackofsignagemayindicatethatthereislackofmonitoringandsurveillancearoundtheissuanceofWastewaterDischargeLicenses(Ijinpembuanganlimbah).Inordertoproperlymonitorwastewater,andtoadequatelytrackchangeovertime,governmentcomplianceofficersmustusespecificcompliancepoints.The2003MinistryofEnvironmentDecreeNo.113onWastewaterQualityLimitsforCoalMiningActivities,Article1.7statesthat:“APointofComplianceisoneormorelocationthatisthereferenceformonitoringcomplianceoverwastewaterlimit.”Accordingtoarticles8,9and11,theRegentorMayormustissuelicensesforwastewaterdischarge,whichspecifythe

locationoftheCompliancePoints.Iftherearechangesinbusinesslocationoractivity,thecompanymustreporttogetapprovalofnewCompliancePoints.GreenpeacesawpoorevidenceofCompliancePoints,giventhelackofappropriatesignage.

Greenpeacechallengesthegovernmenttoprovetransparentlywhatroutinemonitoringhasbeendone,bothbycompaniesandbythegovernment,bypublishingdates,locations,andfindingsofitsmonitoringonlineforthepublic.Moreover,asmanyruralcommunitiesinSouthKalimantandonothaveinternetaccess,itisalsocrucialformonitoringresultstobepublished in local newspapers and posted on villagenoticeboards.

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Three In-Depth Case Studies: The Fuller Picture of What We Found

a) Top toxic trouble – Arutmin

The Arutmin concession in Asam Asam district wastheworstofallthesitesthatGreenpeacesampled,withitsscarredbarrenlandscape,deadtrees,luridcolouredtoxicponds,andabandonedpits.

Onesample(IDN14029)takenfromtheArutminconcessionhadthelowestpHofalloursamples:pH2.32Asacomparison,theregulationoncoalwastewaterqualitylimits(MoE,No.113,2003)specifiesthatthepHshouldbebetween6and9.Thesamplealsorecordedthehighestmanganeseconcentration:10timesthelegallimitforpermissibledischargesfromcoalmines.TheGreenpeaceinvestigationteamdocumentedclearevidencethatthedirty,contaminatedsettlingpondswereflowingintothebroaderwatersystem.InthissampleareaGreenpeacefieldinvestigatorswereabletoclearlyidentifytracksleftfrom

wateroverflowingfromaholdingpond.Waterwasoverflowingatthetimeinsomeplaces.Moreover,inotherplacestherewasevidenceofpreviousoverflowevents:additionaldrytracesofpreviouslyoverflowingwaterwereunmistakable,althoughatthetimeofsamplingitwasthemiddleofthedryseason.Itwasclearthatonepondhadrecentlyoverflowedintoapuddle,andwas1-2cmbelowthepointofoverflowingagain.Thedirty,contaminatedsettlingpondswereobservedatthetimeofsamplingtobeflowingintothebroaderwatersystem.

Moreover,theponds,overflowpuddleandthecoursetakenbythecontaminatedwaterwerealllessthan20metresfromapublicroadthatwasfrequentlyusedbylocalvillagers.Inthesameconcession,butatadifferentlocationfromwhereGreenpeacewasabletosample,ourfieldinvestigatorsdocumentedaleakintoacreekthatflowsintoariver.Thereisarisk,therefore,thatcontaminatedwaterfromthisArutminconcessionmaybeaffectingtheresidentsofneighbouringSalamanvillage.



At another site in the same Arutmin concession (IDN14016),contaminatedwaterflowednotonlyfromonetoasecond,thentoathirdsettlingpond,butalsoflowedintoasmallcreek,awayfromtheofficialponds.Itthenflowedunderaroad,thenfurtherawayontheothersideoftheroad,intoalargeyellowpuddle,thenintoagreenishyellowpuddle,andultimatelyintoaswamp.Almostallthetreesintheswampweredead.AttheyellowishpuddleattheheadoftheswampthepHwasverylow(3.56).Attheedgeofthelastpondabovetheroad–theleakingpond(sourceofallthecontaminatedwater),thepHwas3.43(IDN14013).

The contaminated swamp was a mere 200 metresawayfromasmallcreek.Thissmallcreekled4.7kmawaytoAsamAsamriver.

Greenpeaceinvestigatorsfoundanevenmore contaminated pond very close to the contaminatedswamp(IDN14017),withapHof3.43andhighconcentrationsofcopper,nickel,andzinc,whichalsocontainedchromium,cobalt,vanadiumandmercury.Thiscontaminatedpond,whichwasabrowncolour,

was not only near the swamp but was also elevatedrelativetotheswamp–posingariskofpotentialleakageespeciallywithheavyrainfall.Italsoappearednottobeanofficialsettlingpondatall,butratheranabandonedminingpit,whichhadbeenallowedtofillupwithrainwater.

Whereasminingcompaniesmustpostsignsovertheirsettlingpondsdetailingtheresultsofroutinemonitoringandmeasurements,ArutminhadnosuchsignsvisibletoGreenpeaceinvestigators,recordinganymeasurements.TheonlysignGreenpeacefoundwasalonesignproclaiming“nofishingorbathing”overanofficialsettlingpondabovetheroad–nothingbelowtheroad,alongtheswamp,orattheabandonedminingpit.

The third contaminated hotspot in Arutmin (IDN14015)hadextremelylowpHat2.34andthehighestironcontaminationofallsamples,upto40timesthelegallimit.Alsohighwerezincandnickelconcentrations,aswellaselevatedconcentrationsofcopper,chromium,cobalt,andmercury.Thispondwaslocatedlessthan3metresfromapublicroadtoSalamanvillage.

Figure 7.1. Field sketch : Sampling Point ID/IDN 14029

Sketch is an illustration of field conditions; it doesn’t

reflect the real scale



Drinkingwatershouldnotexceed0.3mgofironperlitre(mg/l)accordingtotheIndonesianauthorities.80 Theotherheavymetalsfoundinhighconcentrationsinthisthirdcontaminatedhotspot–zinc,nickel,copper,chromium,cobaltandvanadium–mayalsobeofconcerninrelationtohumanhealthiftheycontaminatedrinkingwater.

b) Banpu – Enviromental threat

BanpuanditsfullyownedsubsidiaryJorongBarutama Greston have a concession that Greenpeacealsoinvestigated.

TheGreenpeaceinvestigationrevealedthattheminehasamassiveacidminedrainageproblem.Wefoundalargeabandonedminepit200mx2km(visibleinaGreenpeacedronevideo)withacidityandmanganeselevelswellabovedischargestandards(IDN14026).Yettherewasanuncontrolledandunregulateddischargeofacidwaterrightnexttothelargepit(IDN14025).Moreover,smallerpondstestedbyGreenpeaceallaroundthelargepitwereallrevealedtobeacidic,withpHrangingfrom3.15to4.66.

Eveniftheyareweakerthaninmanyothercountries,Indonesiahaslegallimitsondischargesofpollutedwaterfromcoalmines.Theseregulationsrequirethatwastewaterfromminingisdischargedthroughregulateddischargepointsand,inmostcases,thewatermustbetreatedinsettlingpondsbeforedischarge.Yettheteamwitnessedseveralcaseswherecontaminatedwaterwasbeingdischargedoutsideofthemineareapastsettlingpondsandthemonitoringpoints.TheBanpu-JBGcasewasamongtheworstofthesecases.Waterinthelarge200mx2kmpitthatGreenpeacetestedhadapHof3.74atthetimeofsampling,andtheleakedorspilledwateroutsidetheminehadapHof4.48.Moreover,concentrationsofmanganeseclearlyexceededregulatorylevels.

In 2010 the entire concession was closed by the authorities due to permit violation in a protectedforestarea.Lateronthematterwasresolved.81 Theconcessionreceiveda“red”ranking(meaning:itfailed)inthegovernmentenvironmentalrankingsystemcalled“PROPER”from2009and2010.82 DetailsofBanpu’scompliancewerenotmadepublic.Withinthe

Figure 7.2. Field sketch : Sampling Point ID/IDN 14013, 14016, 14017

Sketch is an illustrationof field conditions;

it doesn’t reflect the real scale

Real distances of ID 14013 - 14016 = ± 600 m;

ID 14016 - ID 14017 = ±112 m; ID 14017 - ID 14013 = ± 558 m



PROPERsystem,rankingsareissuedbytheMinistryoftheEnvironment.Aredrankingmeansthatthecompanyhasbrokenthelawandfailedtoprotecttheenvironment.PROPER,whichhasbeenlongcriticisedbyNGOsforleniency,weakness,lackoftransparency,andenablingcorporategreenwashing,isnotconsideredwidelytohavestringentcriteria.YetevenPROPERhasfoundthisconcessiontobefailing,inthepast.

Greenpeace was physically prevented by securityforcesfromtestingfurtherpondsandpotentiallycontaminatedcreeksandriversallaroundthegiant2km-longpit,includingbyoneindividualwearinganarmyuniform.

Nonetheless,Greenpeaceaerialfootagefromadroneindicatesthatmanyrivuletsandcreekscould well be contaminated by the many apparentlytoxicpondsintheBanpu-Jorongconcession.Thesefindingsappeartobecorroboratedbyananalysisofsatelliteimagery.

NGOsandlocalparliamentariansrepresentingtheareaaroundtheJorongconcessionhaverepeatedlycomplainedaboutthelackof

adequatereclamation.83A local NGO in South Kalimantan,MERAHPUTIH,alsoquestionedJorong’sreclamation,sinceitonlyplantedacaciatrees.(Acaciatreesareknownforbeingespeciallyabletowithstandlowqualitylandwithpoornutrients,drought,andarethoughttoberesilienttopollution).GreenpeacejoinsthecallforJorongtofulfilitslegalresponsibilitiesandtoimplementeffectivelarge-scalereclamationasamatterofurgency.

c) Tanjung Alam Jaya – contaminating a nearby farm

OurthirdcasestudyconcernsTanjungAlamJaya,whichwasacquiredbystateownedtinminingcompanyPTTimah’ssubsidiaryPTTimahInvestasiMineralin2003.84 When GreenpeacesentinvestigatorstosampleintheTanjungAlamJayaconcession,samplingsitesrevealednumerousproblems.Atonesite,thewestsideofanabandonedpithadapipeleadingtoacreek.Testingupstreamanddownstreamofthepipeinthecreek,GreenpeacefoundthatthepHbeforethepipewas7.45,whichisconsideredneutralornatural,whereasthepHdownstreamwas3.74

Figure 7.3. Field sketch : Sampling Point ID/IDN 14004

Sketch is an illustration of field conditions; it doesn’t

reflect the real scale



(IDN14004),whichishighlyacidicandtoxictomanyfishorotheraquaticspecies.

Thecontaminatedacidicwaterflowedthroughthecreekdowntoapond.Twoadditionalpipesledtothatpondaswell.Theiroriginpointwasunknown.Thatpondwasveryclosetoapublicroad.

Worseyet,alongtherightsideofthecreekwasasmallplantationwherealocalfarmergrewcassava,banana,andothercrops.His“pondok”(aplantationhut)waslessthan20metresfromthecreek,whichheusedforbathinganddrinking.Withouttherightequipment,itwasnotpossibleforGreenpeacetoconducttestsonhiscrops,butthepotentialforcontaminationofsoilsandcropsintheareaisclear.

Belowtheabandonedpitonthesouthside,aleakappearedtobeleadingtoaswamp,whichappeared,inturn,tobeconnectedtothelocalwatersystem.ThelocationatwhichGreenpeacetestedthecreekwasapproximately500metresfromtheMangkaokriver,atributaryoftheMartapurariver.

Greenpeaceisnotaloneinnotingproblematicissuesinthisconcession.In2010,Tanjung

AlamJayawassanctionedbyIndonesia’sMinisterofEnvironment–forpollutingwater.In2010,asettlingpondintheTanjungAlamJayaconcessionleakedintoRiamKiwaRiver,Banjarregency.Thiscreatedhighturbidity,withhighlevelsofsuspendedsolidsthatsurpassedthepollutantdischargelimitforcoalminesof400mg/l).“Itwasreportedthatturbiditylevels…[were]threateningthedeathoffishintheriverandalsocausinghumanhealthproblemsduetothewaterbeingusedforbathinganddailyconsumption.”85 Due to this scandal,TanjungAlamJayawassubjectedtoadministrativesanctionsfromtheEnvironmentalMinistry,alongside4othercompaniesinSouthKalimantan.Theyweregiven6monthstocleanupandfixtheirenvironmentalmanagementsystems.GreenpeacenowquestionstowhatextentTanjungAlamJayahastrulycleanedupandimproveditsperformance.

TheIndonesianCoalMiningAssociationreportedthatTanjungAlamJayawillbeshutdownin2014,86raisingthequestionofreclamation.Ifoperationsaretrulyslatedtoendin2014,whyhasreclamationstillnotbeenrolledoutcomprehensivelythroughouttheentireconcession?

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GreenpeaceisnotaloneinfindingsubstantialcontaminationofwaterbycoalcompaniesinIndonesia.Governmentagenciesconfirmedseriousdegradationofwaterqualityaroundnumerous coal mines across Indonesia; andacknowledgedthatcoalminingplaysasignificantrole.ThissectionoutlinesgovernmentstudiesofhowcoalispollutingwaterwaysinSouthKalimantan,aswellasinseveralotherregionstoindicatetheseverityandscopeofthisproblemnationwide.

a) Government Acknowledgment in South Kalimantan

Greenpeace’sanalyses,layingoutdataaboutpollutionthatindictsthecoalcompanies,affirmsthefindingsofthelocalEnvironmentProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerahorBLDH)forSouthKalimantanProvince.

Key conclusions of the ‘Annual Report: Regional Environment Status South Kalimantan Province 2013’ 87

• Thetestingresultsfromseveralgovernmentsamplingstationsshowsacidity(lowpH),highTotalSolidSolution(TSS),highManganese(Mn)andhighIron(Fe).Onesampleevenreaches1,000%theallowedlimitforIron(accordingtoGovernor’sdecreeNo.05from2007).Theseindicatorsshowshazardsthatareposedtoaquaticlife;andshowlowerwaterqualityduetointenselanderosion,responsibilityforwhichthegovernmentspecificallyattributestotheminingsector,namingcoalminingastheculprit.

• Opencastcoalminingcreatesextremechangesinlandscape.Coalminingcreatesgapingpitsthatcanneverbefullyreclaimedorcovered.Therichtopsoil,evenifpreservedonthesideforlaterreclamation,undergoesmixturethateventuallyleadstoearthwithstructuredamage,lowerbulkdensity(Bobotisi/BI),smallerporosity,worsepermeabilityandaeration,andwhichisunfertile.Coalminingpotentiallychangesthelandscape,createserosion,andaltersnaturalwaterways.

• Furtherpotentiallanddamageincoalminingareasisthedestructionofnaturaldrainageinwaterbodiesduetolandscapechanges,erosion,andlandslides.Ingeneral,miningactivity can create water pollution and leave behindunproductivelandthatcannolongerbeusedforfarming.

In addition, the South Kalimantan government EPA report listed a number of key findings regarding the Barito river and coal:

• TheBaritoriverisimpactedbythemassivevolumeofcoaltransportontheriver,amountingtoapproximately65milliontons(±63,170,000metrictonnes).

• Thetransporttakesplaceusingbargeswithacapacityofaround5,000tons(±4,500metrictonnes),implying13,000loadedbargesandthesameamountof[returning]emptybargesperyear.

• Thebargesandtugboatspullingthemcausecoaldustpollution,spreadcoalintotheriver(withspillsandscatteringofbitsofcoalfromcoalbargesandtugboats),andcauseturbulence.

7 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ACKNOWLEDGE DEGRADATION OFWATERQUALITY



• Thephysicalconditionoftheriversidehasdegradeddramatically.Itisimpactedbythehighfrequencyofcoaltransportbybargesonalargescale.Heavytrafficfromvariousactivities,includingcoaltransportation,hascausedlandslides.

• DamagetoanddestructionofthemanymangroveforestscanbeseenontheriverbankinLautKualaLupak,TabunganenDistrict.

• 252,677peoplelivealongtheriverside.

• Governmentwaterqualitymeasurement:1. pH:lowpHwasduetotheconditionof

thecatchmentareaoftheBaritowatershedthatreceiveswastewaterfromtheminingsector.LowpHmaydeterminetheoverallwaterqualityespeciallysincewateracidityincreasesthedissolutionofmetalsintothewater.LowpHthreatenstheaquaticecosystemasonlycertainfishcanwithstandhigheracidity.

2. TSS:ThehighestTSSreached117mg/linAugust2013,surpassingtheallowedlimitof50mg/linaccordancewiththeGovernor’sdecreeNo.05Year2007onriverwaterquality.TSSrisesduetomudandfinesandthataremostlycausedbylanderosion,thatimpactsthewaterbody.ThemanymeasurementsofTSSsurpassinglimitsintheBaritoriverareduetoinputsfromriverswherecoalminingpersists.

3. Thewatersheddestructionand destructionofcriticallandinKalimantan reaches3millionhectares.

4. Fe(Iron):Inalmosteverymonthoftesting,Fe measurement results surpassed the

allowed limit set by the Governor decree No.05,2007.TheGovernmentclaimedthat one measurement even reached 1000%abovethelimit.

5. Manganese(Mn):Thehighestmeasurementin2013was0.5697mg/lintheAlalakfloatingmarket,whichwasmorethan5timestheallowedlimit.

6. Theseindicatorshighlighthazardsthatareposedtoaquaticlife,andproblemsforthecommunitywatersupply,andthegovernmentspecificallypointstotheminingsector–especiallycoal–astheculprit.

The South Kalimantan government EPA report also listed a number of key findings regarding the Martapura river and coal:

• TheMartapurariverwithstandsthedumpingofwasteandnumerousactivitieslinkedtovariousriverineindustriesincludingplywood,glue,rubber,sandmining,andcoalmining(PT.Baramarta).Someofthemonitoringpointsreceiveaburdenofwastefromthecoalminingsector.

• TSS:Atmanytimesandmanystationpoints,themeasurementofTSSsurpassestheallowedlimitof50mg/l(Governor’sdecreeNo.05Year2007)onriverwaterqualitylimit,forexample494mg/linOctober2013.TSSrisesduetomudandfinesandthataremostlyattributedbythegovernmenttolanderosionthatwascarriedbythewaterbody.ThemanymeasurementofTSSsurpassinglimitintheMartapuraarefoundtobeduetoinputsfromriverswherecoalminingpersistsandthateventuallyflowintotheMartapura.Thegovernmentthushighlights



coalminingasacontributortotheunusuallyandunacceptablyhighTSSinthisriver.WaterwithhighTSShaslowerclarityandlesssunlight,aningredientimportantforvegetationtoconductphotosynthesis,whichsupportstheentireaquaticecosystem.

• Fe(Iron):Allmeasurementstakenin2013,measured5timesat5controlstations,surpassedtheallowedlimitof0.3mg/linaccordancewiththeGovernor’sdecreeNo.05Year2007.FelevelsintheMartapurariverevenreached45timesthelimit,duetothepeatandminingsectorsupstream.

• Manganese(Mn):ThepresenceofManganeseintheMartapuramaybeduetotheminingsector.MeasurementsinAprilandMarchsurpassedthewaterqualitylimitbecauseoftherainyseason,whentheacidminedrainagecannotbemanaged,andenterstheMartapura.

• Thereportfocusesonaresidentialarea,6000haoffarmland,aswellastheaforementionedindustries.

b) Government Acknowledgment in Other Regions of IndonesiaVariousgovernmentdocumentationhasbeenobtainedbyGreenpeaceinvestigators,confirmingthattheofficialgovernmentacknowledgementsthatcoalisalsoasourceofwaterpollutioninotherregionsofIndonesia.Excerptsandsummariesofsomeofthesereportsareincludedbelow,inordertohighlightthepossiblescopeandseverityoftheproblemnationwide.Thesereportsalsounderscorethatgovernmentalacknowledgmentofcoal’sroleinwaterpollutionisnotanisolatedphenomenon,limitedtoonesinglereport,butratherrepeatedacknowledgmentsbydifferentagenciesatdifferenttimes.

The East Kalimantan Environmental Status Reports prepared by the provincial government88showthattheMahakamriverinEastKalimantanhasbeen“heavilypolluted”foraslongassampleshavebeentaken,since2003.Totalsuspendedsolids,BOD(biochemicaloxygendemand)andCOD(chemicaloxygendemand)havebeenhigh

throughout,buttowards2012therewasasignificantincreaseinCOD.Overallwaterqualitydegradedsignificantlyfrom2011to2012,andriverbottom(benthic)faunadownstreamofSamarindadiedentirely.TheEnvironmental Status report by the provincial governmentattributestheworseningofwaterpollutionandthedie-offtowaterpollutionfromsludgeorwastewaterdischargesintotheriver,andtowatertransport.Bothimpactsaredominatedbycoalmining,andtheincreaseinCODwithoutcorrespondingincreaseinBODwould be consistent with coal dust or other inorganicpollution,ratherthanorganicmatterfromlanderosion.Landerosionisalsoamajorfactorinthepollutionoftheriverandcoalminingisoneofthemaindrivers.

InMarch2013,theheadoftheparliamentoftheEastKutairegencyLegislativeCouncilheavilycriticizedKPCfordischargingcoalminingwastewaterintotheSangattariver.Thedischargeshavedestroyedandpollutedtheriverthat10,000peoplerelyonastheirsourceofwater.89

In2009,theSouthKalimantanenvironmentalauthorities told the local people downstream ofAdaro’sTutupancoalminenottoconsumethewaterintheBalanganriver,becauseofdischargesofpollutedwaterfromthesettlingpondofthemine.Theyorderedthecompanytodistributecleanwatertotheaffectedcommunities.90

AccordingtotheEastKalimantanEnvironmentalStatus Report 2012 by the East Kalimantan EnvironmentalAgency(BLHKaltim),floodingincreasedinSamarindafrom2009through2012.Samarindahasbecomeknownasthe“FloodCity”(“KotaBanjir”).Thereisalsoasayinghighlightinghowflood-pronethecityhasbecome:“ifitrainswithoutflooding,thenameofthecitycannotbeSamarinda”(“kalauhujantidakbanjir,itubukanSamarindanamanya”).Thegovernmentreportsaysthat(coal)miningcontributestofloodingbydestroyingthewaterretentioncapacitythroughlandclearance,andbycloggingthewaterwaysanddrainagesystemsthroughsedimentation.

AcademicstudiesofotherriversregardingtheimpactofcoalpollutiononIndonesia’s



rivers,havefindingsquitesimilartogovernmentreports.Asurveyandanalysisofwaterqualitywascarried out in several rivers to assesstheeffectofcoalminesinthedistrictofSingingi,inKuantanSingingiRegency,RiauProvince.Thisisanareanationallyrenownedforitscoalminingactivity.TheresultsofwaterqualitycomparedwiththeGovernmentRegulationNo.82/2001andrefersto the Ministerial Decree No.115/2003onGuidanceofWaterQualityStatus,

layingoutawaterqualityindex,show“thatGeringgingriverandKeruhriverwereheavilypolluted.Whileothertributariesaremoderatelypolluted,thesetworiversshowhighlevelsofTSS,pH,BOD5,COD,anddissolvedoxygen(DO)comparedtostandards.CoalmininginKuantanSingingiRegencyisopencastmining,apracticethatremovesthesurfacelandorsoiltotapintocoalresources…,[which]eventuallycreatesacidminedrainage…Opencastminingremovestheupperlayeroflandtoanother place and creates hills and valley that aredeepenoughtocreatesmallcreeksinthesurroundingareas,whicheventuallycarrywastetothemainriver.”91

@Gr

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wira

wan

Coalmine,TanahLaut,SouthKalimantan



Conclusion

Greenpeace’sinvestigationinSouthKalimantanhasfoundthatthecoalminingsectorposesaseriousandlong-termthreattotheprovince’swaterresources.

Hazardous Wastewater from Coal Mining

Sampleswerecollectedfrompondsassociatedwithminingactivitieswithinfivecoalconcessions.Incomparisontothenationalstandardforcoalwastewaterdischarge,resultsfromthe29samplesanalysedshowed:• 22sampleshadpHbelow6,withlowestpH 2.32.• 17samplesexceedManganeselimit; 7samplesexceedIronlimit,withthehighest concentrationupto40timesthelimit.

Theinvestigationuncoveredminedischargeabovestandardsinformof,seepageandleakagefromsettlingpondsandabandonedcoalminepits.Someofthestoragesiteswilllikelyfloodduringtherainyseason,releasinghighlytoxicminingwastewaterintotheenvironment.Satelliteimageanalysisalsorevealedthatsomeminesplacedtheirtailingpondsincloseproximitytowaterways,furtherincreasingtheriskofchronicseepageoftoxicsubstances,andriskoflargewastewaterspills.

ThecoalminingcompanyArutminwasfoundtohaveamongtheworstresults–allwastewatersamplesshowedlowpHandlevelsofmetalsthatisabovetheregulatedlimits;samplescontainingthehighestconcentrationofiron(40timesthelimit)andManganese(10timesthelimit)arefromArutminmines.Combinedwith

on-siteobservations,theinvestigationclearlyshowsArutmin’spoormanagementofon-siteandoffsiteenvironmentaleffectsincludingfailuretopreventtheformationofacidminedrainageandsubsequentpollutionofwaterwaysandfailuretopreventerosionoftopsoil.

Serious Risk of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in the Long-Term

The most serious threat to water resources is the formation of acid mine drainage, which will continue to impact the rivers decades after mine closure and are notoriously difficult and expensive to manage. IntheinvestigationwehaveuncoveredevidencethatshowssomeoftheminesalreadyshowssignsofAMD.

Recommendations:

TothegovernmentofSouthKalimantan,in particular the Provincial Environmental ProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)ofSouthKalimantan:And,totheMinistryofEnvironmentofIndonesia:

1. Immediate public investigation of coal mines’ water pollution in South Kalimantan

Inlightofthefindingsandthethreattowaterqualityandpublichealth,GreenpeacecallsontheProvincialEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)ofSouthKalimantanandtheMinistryofEnvironment

8 CONCLUSION AND DEMANDS



Anacidpond(pH2.34)fromCoalMiningactivities,rightbesidethemainroadusedby

villagersofSalaman,SouthKalimantan.@Gr

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/rich

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(MoE)ofIndonesiatoconductanimmediateandthoroughenvironmentalinvestigationofcoalminesoperatinginSouthKalimantan.Theinvestigationshouldcoveron-siteandoffsiteenvironmentaleffectsincludingwaterpollution,wastewatertreatment,siteselectionofminewasteponds,preservationoftopsoilandstepstakentopreventtheformationofacidminedrainage.TheMoEshouldpubliclyreleasetheinvestigationfindings,aswellasrecordsofthemandatoryenvironmentalauditsundertakenbyallcoalminingcompaniessince2012.

UnderIndonesianlawsandregulation,theMinistryoftheEnvironmentholdsresponsibilityforenvironmentalpolicyanditsimplementationisconductedbyBAPEDAL,theprovincialenvironmentaloffices.Accordingtotheenvironmentallicense(GovernmentRegulation27/2012)92companiesarerequiredto conduct mandatory environmental audits periodically,andifacompanyfailstocarryoutanenvironmentalaudit,theMinisterforthe Environment is authorised to carry out orappointathirdpartytoundertaketheaudit.Theregulationalsosetsoutthat,“iftheenvironmentallicenseisrevoked,therelevantbusinessandoractivitiespermits,whichallowthebusinesstooperate,willalsoberevoked.”

Greenpeace calls on the MoE to publish theenvironmentalauditsofallcoalminingcompaniessince2012(whentheregulationscameintoforce)andrevealifanyregulatoryactionshavebeentakenwhereviolationswerefound.LocalandorCentralGovernmentmustrevokeminingpermitsofviolators.

2. Ensure strong environmental accountability in the mining licenses allocation process

Greenpeace recommends that the mine license allocationprocessincludesamuchstrongerconsiderationofcompanytrackrecordsonenvironmentalperformance,tostrengthenenvironmentalaccountabilityoftheprocessandpenalisecompaniesthatarerepeatoffenders.

Toprotectthewaterqualityandpublichealth,thefollowingneedtobeassessedaspartofthelicensingprocessandaudit,withclearconditions:

• Licensingagencyshouldassesstheproximitytoconservationforestsandheadwaters.Thesitingofminewastewaterponds:awidebufferzonefromriversmustbesetinordertoreducefloodingandspillingrisks.



• Theconditionsshouldbethatthereisno overlap between mine development and conservationzone,nomininginheadwaterregionsandallpossibleeffortstoavoidanyreleasesfromwastewaterponds,includingthroughsiting,design(e.g.lining),maintenance,monitoringandrestrictionofaccesstosuchponds.

• Licensesofcoalconcessionsoverlapping withconservationforestsmustberevoked.

3. Security fund for long term AMD management and liability

GR 27/2012 also mandates the environmental licenseholdertosetasidefunds(anenvironmentalbond)thatwillbeusedforenvironmentalrehabilitationandrecovery.GreenpeacecallsfortheMoEtodisclosedetailsofthesecurityfundsetupforSouthKalimantan,andwhetherthisissetatthesufficientratetopreventlong-termpublicliabilityfromacidminedrainageaftermineclosure.

4. Greater transparency and public information

TheProvincialEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)ofSouthKalimantanandtheMinistryofEnvironmentof

Indonesiatopublishwaterdischargeviolationsonaregularbasis.Thishelpsinvestors,centralgovernmentminingpermittingbodyandNGOstotrackcompanyperformanceandprovidesastrongincentiveforcompaniestoimprovetheirpractice.Thisshouldbepublishedonaregularbasis.

TheProvincialEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)ofSouthKalimantanandtheMinistryofEnvironmentofIndonesiatomakeriverqualityreportspubliclyavailable–theGreenpeaceinvestigationcouldonlysourcethereportaftermakingseveralpersonal visits to the MoE and the local EPA; andonlythemostrecentyearisavailable.

The new government of Indonesia can and must do better in terms

of monitoring, enforcing the existing laws, holding polluters accountable, and protecting its

people and environment.

Greenpeace looks forward to working with the Central and

South Kalimantan governments to seriously tackle these problems

and find real solutions.

FloatingMarketCommunity sells their product at the floatingmarketintheMartapurariverinBanjarmasin,SouthKalimantan,Indonesia.TheSouthKalimantanEnvironmentAgency(BLHD)intheir

2013annualreportacknowledgesthatalongwiththeBaritoriver,Martapurahastowithstandtheimpactofcoalminingactivities,asidefromother

riverineindustries.

©UletIfansasti/greenpeace/2012



8 END NOTES

Appendix 1i MinistryofEnergyandMineralResourcesRepublicIndonesia,DirectorateGeneralofMineralandCoal,DirectorateofMineral andCoalProgramSupervision.2012.“IndonesiaMineralandCoalStatistics2012”.http://www.minerba.esdm.go.id/library/ content/file/28935-Publikasi/bea3977b3c2b241a421c7640955ebf682013-03-12-12-28-12.pdf1 Bankwatch,15November2013,Bankingoncoal-Underminingourclimate.p.33.http://bankwatch.org/sites/default/files banking-on-coal.pdf2 Gresswell,‘AsianThermalCoalMarketsin2013–TrendsandThemes’,p.13.HDRSalva,corporatecommunication(Salvais aglobalexploration,miningandcommoditiesconsultant)https://salvareport.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Thermal-Market Presentation-180613.pdf3 GreenpeaceInternational,PointofNoReturn:Themassiveclimatethreatswemustavoid,p.45.http://www.greenpeace.org/ international/point-of-no-return/4 Ibid.5 LucarelliB.,July2010.TheHistoryandFutureofIndonesia’sCoalIndustry:ImpactofPoliticsandRegulatoryFrameworkon IndustryStructureandPerformance’,ProgramonEnergyandSustainableDevelopment.StanfordWorkingPaper#93.p.25. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22953/WP_93_Lucarelli_revised_Oct_2010.pdf6 Devi,B.&Proyogo,D.(2013)“MiningandDevelopmentinIndonesia:AnOverviewoftheRegulatoryFrameworkandPolicies,” March2013.P.42. http://im4dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Mining-and-Development-in-Indonesia.pdf7 LucarelliB.(2010).8 Tempomagazine,14June,2010,‘PerangMafiaEmasHitam(MafiaWars;BlackGold).(subscription).9 Tempomagazine(English),4March2012,p.59“MineWars”.NotinTemparchivebutreproducedhere.Accessed22Nov.2014. http://www.churchillmining.com/library/file/Tempo-Mine%20Wars-Mar2012.pdf10 LuthfiFatah,2008.TheImpactsofCoalMiningontheEconomyandEnvironmentofSouthKalimantanProvince,Indonesia. ASEANEconomicBulletinVol.25,No.1,pp.85–98..11 GaryMcMahon,EllyRasdianiSubdibjo,JeanAden,AzizBouzaher,GiovannaDoreRamanieKunanayagam.November2000. MiningAndTheEnvironmentInIndonesia:Long-TermTrendsAndRepercussionsOfTheAsianEconomicCrisis.EASES DiscussionPaperSeries.21438.12 LucarelliB.(2010).13 KP3EIKomitePercepatandanPerluasanPembangunanEkonomiIndonesia(TheIndonesianCommitteeforaccelerationand expansionofEconomicalDevelopment),“KalimantanPerkembangandanKemajuanKEKalimantan,” http://kp3ei.go.id/in/main_ind/content2/114/11714 MinistryofEnergyandMineralResourcesoftheRepublicofIndonesia,“Berita,Coal,SouthKalimantanCoalProductionExpected toIncrease,”RABU,07January2009,http://www.esdm.go.id/news-archives/coals/52-coal/2206-south-kalimantan-coal- production-expected-to-increase.html?tmpl=component&print=1&page=15 Fornationalcoaloutputpost2011,seetheBPstatisticalreviewofworldenergy http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html16 “Indonesiancoal”DonaldL.Ewart,Jr.,andRobertVaughn,Marstonne&MarstonneInc.US,reviewtheIndonesianthermalcoal industry.ReprintedfromMay2009WorldCoalAsiaSpecial.www.WorldCoal.com17 LuthfiFatah(2008):The“majorityofthelarge-scalecoalindustriesoperatedwithapermitcalledtheCoalMiningExploration ProjectAgreement(CMEPA),whichisinIndonesianiscalledaPKP2B(PerjanjianKaryaPengusahaanPertambanganBatubara) permit.Thesmall-scalecoalindustriesincludedsmallfirmsaswellasindividualsandcooperatives.TheseoperatedwithMining Authorization(MA)permits,whichinIndonesiaarecalledKP(KuasaPertambangan)permits.”18 2013mapofSouthKalimantanCoalConsessionsfromtheIndonesianCoalAssociationissuedbyPetromindo–onfilewith Greenpeace19 TheWorldEnergyCouncildeclaredin2011thatIndonesia’scoalreserveswereover5.5billiontonnes,or0.6%oftheworld’stotal coalreserves.[See,ICRAIndonesiaRatingFeatureSeptember2012.RatingMethodologyforCoalMiningCompanies*Overview] Thefiguresfor2011areasubstantialincreasefromthe2010BPStatisticalEnergySurvey,whichfoundthatin2009,Indonesia had“coalreservesof4,328milliontonnes,0.52%oftheworldtotal[and]coalproductionof252.47milliontonnes,4.55%ofthe worldtotal.”[See,Sourcewatch,CoalMininginIndonesia-Overview,“Indonesiaandcoal”.http://www.sourcewatch.org/index. php/Indonesia_and_coal]20 Zacksinvestmentresearchhasestimatedthatover90%oftheestimatedcoaldemandgrowthinAsia,whichis3.5billionmetric tonnes,isexpectedtocomefromIndonesiaoverthenext20years:ZacksInvestmentResearch,“Peabody’sNewCoalBackup,” 21December2010.http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/44950/peabodys-new-coal-backup21 IndonesiaMineralandCoalStatistics2012,DirectorateofMineralandCoalProgram,MinistryofEnergyandMineralResources. http://www.minerba.esdm.go.id/library/content/file/28935-Publikasi/ bea3977b3c2b241a421c7640955ebf682013-03-12-12-28-12.pdf22 DetermineAppropriatePostMiningLandUseinIndonesiaCoalMiningUsingLandSuitabilityEvaluation.(2011).SriMaryatietal. TechnicalPaperforKyushuUniversity. http://ncrs.cm.kyushu-u.ac.jp/assets/files/JNCRS/JNCRS_Vol5_33-38.pdf



23 Jatam(2010),DeadlyCoal:CoalExtractionandBorneoDarkGeneration.(Originaltitle:MautnyaBatubara,PengerukanBatubara danGenerasiSuramKalimantan.Coal,DiggingIndonesia’sgrave,p.12.24 EarthworksFactSheet,2002.AcidMineDrainage.2002.http://www.earthworksaction.org/files/publications/FS_AMD.pdf [hereinafterEarthworks,AMD];SeealsoU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,1993.AcidMineDrainagefromImpactof HardrockMiningontheNationalForests:AManagementChallenge.ProgramAid1505.p.12.and,USEPA,’AbandonedMine SiteCharacterizationCleanupHandbook’August2000,Chapter3:EnvironmentalImpactsfromMining,p30: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/remedy/pdfs/amscch.pdf25 GhinwaM.NajaandBohumilVolesky,2009.ToxicityandSourcesofPb,Cd,Hg,Cr,As,andRadionuclidesinthe Environment.2.3.1AcidMineDraingae,p.35:http://biosorption.mcgill.ca/publication/HandB-Ch2.pdf26 JamesWilliamson,HaleThurston,MatthewHeberling,2008.ValuingacidminedrainageremediationinWestVirginia:ahedonic modelingapproach.TheAnnalsofRegionalScience.02/2008;42(4):987-999.http://www.researchgate.net/ publication/23545340_Valuing_acid_mine_drainage_remediation_in_West_Virginia_a_hedonic_modeling_approach27 Ibid.28 Katoria,D.Sehgal,D.&Kumar,S.2013.EnvironmentImpactAssessmentofCoalMining.InternationalJournalofEnvironmental EngineeringandManagement.4(3):245-250.http://www.ripublication.com/ijeem_spl/ijeemv4n3_14.pdf29 Munnik,V.,Hochmann,G.Hiabane,M.&S.Law.2010.ThesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofCoalMininginSouth Africa:Acasestudy.EnvironmentalMonitoringGroup.January2010,CapeTown,SouthAfricaandAmsterdam,The Netherlands.http://www.bothends.org/uploaded_files/uploadlibraryitem/1case_study_South_Africa_updated.pdf30 McQuaid,J.2009.MountaintopMiningLegacy:DestroyingAppalachianStreams.360Yale.20July2009.http://e360.yale.edu/ feature/mountaintop_mining_legacy_destroying_appalachian_streams/2172/31 Earthworks,AMD.Foramentionofthepersistentnatureofcoal-relatedwaterpollution,seealso:Anderson,R.M.,Beer,K.M., Buckwalter,T.F.,Clark,M.E.,McAuley,S.D.,Sams,J.I.III,andWilliams,D.R.,2000,WaterQualityintheAlleghenyand MonongahelaRiverBasinsPennsylvania,WestVirginia,NewYork,andMaryland,1996-98:U.S.GeologicalSurveyCircular 1202,32p.,on-lineathttp://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1202/orpubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1202/major_findings.htm:“Mine-related influenceshavelongbeenrecognizedasamongthemostseriousandpersistentwater-qualityproblemsinPennsylvania (PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection,1996)andWestVirginia(WestVirginiaDepartmentofEnvironmental Protection,1998),aswellasthroughoutAppalachia,extendingfromNewYorktoAlabama(BieseckerandGeorge,1966).”32 DepartmentofWaterandSanitationofSouthAfrica,briefingtotheNationalAssemblyCommitteeonWaterandSanitationon AcidMineDrainage(AMD)anditsimplicationstogroundwater,riversanddams,5November,2014.Summaryofthehearingand thebriefingpaperscanbeaccessedat:http://www.pmg.org.za/node/4802733 B.P.Simarmata,T.ListyaniR.A.,Sukartono,2011.Simarmata,AcidMineDrainageIdentificationAtBinuangArea,South Kalimantan,andItsAlternativeTreatment.AtlasResourcesGeologicalDepartment,CollegeofTechnology“STTNASYogyakarta.” JurnalTeknologi,Volume4Number2,December2011,113-119.34 Ibid.35 AbfertiawanM.S.andGautamaR.S.2011.DevelopmentofCatchmentAreaApproachinManagementofAcidMineDrainage, presentationfortheInternationalMineWaterAssociationCongress2011,9September2011,Aachen,Germanyhttps://www. imwa.info/imwa-meetings/proceedings/176-proceedings-2011.htmlorhttps://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2011/IMWA2011_ Abfertiawan_325.pdf36 M.SonnyAbfertiawan,RudySayogaGautama,GintingJaluKusuma,AriefWiedhartono,FirmanGunawan,“TheChallengesin AcidMineDrainageManagementinLatiCoalMineOperation,EastKalimantan”(authorsbasedatPTBerauCoal,andthe IndonesiaandDepartmentofMiningEngineering,FacultyofMiningandPetroleumEngineering,InstitutTeknologi,Bandung, Indonesia)http://www.academia.edu/6968715/The_Challenges_in_Acid_Mine_Drainage_Management_in_Lati_Coal_Mine_ Operation_East_Kalimantan37 Riza,N.,Thamrin,Siregar,SH,2012.AnalysisofwaterqualityofSingingirivertributariesaroundtheKuantanSingingicoalmine. JurnalIlmuUngkuan,2012:6(2)(AnalisisStatusKualitasAirAnak-AnakSungaiSingingiSekitarTambangBatubaraDiKuantan Singingi)ISSN1978-5283.©2012ProgramStudiIlmuLingkunganPPSUniversitasRiau. http://download.portalgaruda.org/article.php?article=31887&val=227738 WorldHealthOrganization.2007.HydrogenSulfideinDrinking-water,BackgrounddocumentfordevelopmentofWHOGuidelines forDrinking-waterQuality,WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/07http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/ hydrogensulfide.pdf(OriginallypublishedinGuidelinesfordrinking-waterquality,2nded.Vol.2.Healthcriteriaandother supportinginformation.WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,1996.)39 QianLia,JackR.LancasterJr.2013.Chemicalfoundationsofhydrogensulfidebiology,NitricOxideVolume35,30November 2013,Pages21–34(DOI:10.1016/j.niox.2013.07.001)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S108986031300275940 WorldHealthOrganization.2008.BackgrounddocumentfordevelopmentofWHOGuidelinesforDrinking-waterQuality.WHO/ SDE/WSH/03.04/08(OriginallypublishedinGuidelinesfordrinking-waterquality,2nded.Vol.2.Healthcriteriaandother supportinginformation.WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,1996.):http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/i ron.pdf41 CarlosDeRosa&JamesLyon,1997.GoldenDreams,PoisonedStreams.MineralPolicyCenter,WashingtonDC,1997.



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acidrain/effects/surface_water.html.Forfurtherexamplesoffishkills,wherestudiesclearlylinkedfishdyingwithsuddenonslaughtsoflowpH,pleaserefertoHohls,B.C.andKuhn,A.L.(2001).FieldGuidetoFishKillAssessments.InstituteforWaterQualityStudies,DepartmentofWaterAffairsandForestry,Pretoria,SouthAfrica.http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/reports/fishkill/FieldGuidetoFishKills.pdforFishKillsinNSW,FrequentlyAskedQuestions,DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,NewSouthWalesgovernmenthttp://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/402790/Fish-Kills-FAQ-August-2011.pdf

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54 U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2011.TheEffectofMountaintopMinesandValleyFillsonAquaticEcosystemsofthe CentralAppalachianCoalfields.EPA/600/R-09/138F.WashingtonDChttp://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay. cfm?deid=22574355 Munnik,V.,Hochmann,G.Hiabane,M.&S.Law.2010.ThesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofCoalMininginSouth Africa:Acasestudy.EnvironmentalMonitoringGroup.January2010,CapeTown,SouthAfricaandAmsterdam,The Netherlands.http://www.bothends.org/uploaded_files/uploadlibraryitem/1case_study_South_Africa_updated.pdf56 OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.2003.EcologicalRiskAnalysis.http://www.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ ecorisk/documents/m5520ata.pdf57 WorldHealthOrganization.2004.ManganeseanditsCompounds:EnvironmentalAspects.http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/ cicad/cicad63_rev_1.pdf58 WaterStewardshipDivision,MinistryofEnvironment,ProvinceofBritishColumbia.March2008.AmbientAquaticLifeGuidelines

forIron:OverviewReport.http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/iron/iron_overview.pdfandIowaDepartmentofNaturalResources.2005.IronCriteriaandImplementationForIowaSurfaceWaters.11/28/2005CD,12/05/2005CD,http://www.iowadnr.gov/portals/idnr/uploads/water/standards/iron_issue.pdf,referencing

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68 Kompas.2012.PointspronetofloodinginSouthKalimantan.http://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/19/171034/993.Titik. Rawan.Banjir.di.Kalsel69 Characteristicpostmininglandhaslostitsrichtopsoil,limitingre-vegetationoptions. Sengon(Paraserianthesfalcataria)and

Acacia(Acaciamangium),aretypicallyusedinpost-coalminingreclamationplantationsintheregion.Theyarechosenduetotheirresilience. [EnvironmentProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)SouthKalimantanProvince.AnnualReport:RegionalEnvironmentStatusSouthKalimantanProvince2013.]Theycanliveinvarioustypesofland,includingdrylandwithminimalnutrients,withgoodorbaddrainageandevenlandwithsalinityproblems[AristaTH,B.2012.CarbonpredictioninAcaciamangiumandParaserianthesfalcatariainpostreclamationareaofPTArutminBatulicinKalimantanSelatan,Originaltitle:PendugaankandungankarbonpadategakanAkasia(Acaciamangium)dantegakanSengon(Paraserianthesfalcataria)dilahanreklamasipascatambangbatubaraPTArutminBatulicinKalimantanSelatan.Thesis,BogorInstituteofAgriculture,Indonesia]. However,Acaciaisalsoassociatedwithallelophathythatinhibitsotherplantsfromgrowing.[Noumi,Z.&Chaieb,M.2011. AllelopathicEffectsofAcaciaTortilis(Forssk.)Haynesubsp. Raddiana(Savi)BrenaninNorthAfrica.Pak.J.Bot.,43(6):2801-2805,2011].

70 Holl,K.D.2002.Long-termvegetationrecoveryonreclaimedcoalsurfaceminesintheeasternUSA.Departementof EnvironmentalStudies,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz.JournalofAppliedEcology39:960–970.http://people.ucsc. edu/~kholl/mining.pdf71 Setiawan,D.2004.TheChangeofsoilcharacteristicatcoalminereclamationareawhichisrevegetatedinone,two,threeand

fouryearswithSengonandAcaciaPlant.(Originaltitle:Perubahankaraktertanahpadakawasanreklamasibekastambangbatubarayangdirevegatisselamsatu,dua,tigadanempattahundengansengondanakasia.Thesis.BogorInsituteofAgriculture.

72 Ibid 73 AristaTH,B.2012.Originaltitle:PendugaankandungankarbonpadategakanAkasia(Acaciamangium)dantegakanSengon

(Paraserianthesfalcataria)dilahanreklamasipascatambangbatubaraPTArutminBatulicinKalimantanSelatan.(PredictionofresidualcarboncontentofAcacia(Acaciamangium)andSengon(Paraserianthesfalcataria)inlandreclamationaftercoalminingbyPTArutminBatulicininSouthKalimantan)Thesis,BogorInstituteofAgriculture.

74 TheMinistryofForestry,RepublicofIndonesia“DaftarJenis-JenisPohonYangDilindungi” http://www.dephut.go.id/Halaman/PDF/kalbar04/tabel-46.pdf.75 EnvironmentProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerah)SouthKalimantanProvince.AnnualReport:Regional EnvironmentStatusSouthKalimantanProvince2013.76 IndonesiaMinistryofEnvironment(MoE).2003.DecreeNo.113onWastewaterQualityLimitforCoalMiningAcivities(BakuMutu AirLimbahBagiUsahadanatauKegiatanPertambanganBatuBara).77 Ibid 78 ThemonthlylimitsintheU.S.aremorestringentthantheIndonesianlimits.CornellUniversityLegalInformationInstitute,“40CFR 434.35-Newsourceperformancestandards(NSPS).”http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/434.3579 InternationalFinanceCorporation,“Environmental,HealthandSafetyGuidelinesforMining,”2007.http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/ connect/1f4dc28048855af4879cd76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BMining.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&id=132315326415780 MinistryofHealth,RepublicofIndonesia(2010).IndonesianMinistryofHealthDecreeNo.492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 onRequirementofDrinkingWater.http://www.hukor.depkes.go.id/up_prod_permenkes/PMK%20No.%20492%20ttg%20 Persyaratan%20Kualitas%20Air%20Minum.pdf81 BusrinTreerapongpichit,2010.Banpumineclosedoverencroachment:Indonesianrulesneedclarification.BangkokPost,12 February2010ftp://202.60.207.28/BP/2010/02_BP_Feb/12022010/BK120210B10.pdf82 RepublikaOnline.2009.“MenteriLHAncamPidanakanLimaPerusahaan”(EnvironmentMinisterThreatenstosanction5 Companies),27November2009.http://www.republika.co.id/berita/shortlink/9210283 Kompas.2012.“993TitikRawanBanjirdiKalsel”(993Flood-proneLocationsinSouthKalimantan),19November2012.http:// regional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/19/1710346/993.Titik.Rawan.Banjir.di.Kalsel84 TheIndonesianCoalMiningAssociation,IndonesianCoalBook2012/2013,June2012.85 FokusBatulicin.2011.River’sWaterQualityinSouthKalimantanisdeclining(KualitasAirSungaidiKalimantanSelatanMenurun). 11April2011.http://www.fokusbatulicin.com/2011/04/kualitas-air-sungai-di-kalimantan.html86 TheIndonesianCoalMiningAssociationReport,,IndonesianCoalBook2012/2013,June2012.TanjungAlamJayaentryshowing thattheconcessionwillendin2013-2014,page427.87 EnvironmentProtectionAgency(BadanLingkunganHidupDaerahorBLDH)forSouthKalimantanProvince,‘AnnualReport: RegionalEnvironmentStatusSouthKalimantanProvince2013.’88 ResearchandDevelopmentAgencyEastKalimantanProvince(2003).ResearchReport:StudyonWaterConcentrationin

MahakamRiver,EastKalimantanProvinceBLH(BadanLingkunganHidup)EastKalimantanEnvironmentalStatusReport2009BLH(BadanLingkunganHidup)EastKalimantanEnvironmentalStatusReport2010BLH(BadanLingkunganHidup)EastKalimantanEnvironmentalStatusReport2011BLH(BadanLingkunganHidup)EastKalimantanEnvironmentalStatusReport2012

89 “DPRD:KPCbertanggungjawabataspencemaranSungaiSangatta”(ParliamentholdsKPCresponsibleforpollutionoftheRiverSengata)18March2013.http://www.antaranews.com/berita/363941/dprd-kpc-tanggung-jawab-atas-pencemaran-sungai-sangatta(Accordingtothisarticle,theChairmanofCommissionIIIDPRDinEastKutaiinEastKalimantan,memberofparliamentKasmidiBulang,assertedthatPTKaltimPrimaCoal(KPC)wasresponsibleforthepollutionanddamagetotheSengataRiverasaresultofcoalminewastedisposalintotheriver.Moreover,locallegislatorPalinggiPitersaidthatKPCmusttakeresponsibilityforthewastestreamflowingfromthecoalmineintotheSengataRiverandflowingintoresidentialareas;andaddedthatKPCshouldberesponsibleforcleanupoperations.Officialsreportedhavingtakenwatersamplesatdifferentpoints,anddocumentingvaryinglevelsofturbidityandquality,withatestinglaboratoryinSamarindarevealingveryhighturbidity,i.e.above200NTU.)

90 Kompas.2009.“LimbahPertambanganBatuBaraCemariSungaiBalangan”(CoalMineWastepollutesBalanganriver),27 October2009.http://regional.kompas.com/read/2009/10/27/19211180/limbah.pertambangan.batu.bara.cemari.sungai.balangan91 Riza,N.,Thamrin,Siregar,SH.2012.AnalysisofwaterqualityofSingingirivertributariesaroundthecoalmineatKuantan Singingi.Jurnallingkungan6(2).EnvironmentalstudiesPPS,UniversityofRiau,Indonesia.http://download.portalgaruda.org/ article.php?article=31887&val=227792 GR27/2012ontheEnvironmentalLicense.AsdiscussedinDevi,B.&Proyogo,D.(2013)“MiningandDevelopmentinIndonesia: AnOverviewoftheRegulatoryFrameworkandPolicies,”March2013.p.42. http://im4dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Mining-and-Development-in-Indonesia.pdf


1 | Greenpeace Research Laboratories Analytical Report 04-2014

8 APPENDIX 1

MetalsinCoalMining&ProcessingWastewatersfromIndonesia,September2014

Kevin Brigden, David Santillo & Paul JohnstonGreenpeace Research Laboratories Analytical Report 04-2014

Contents

1. Introduction 2 2. Materialsandmethods 3 3. ResultsandDiscussion 3 References 5 Appendix1.a:Detailsofmethodologies 6

Greenpeace Research LaboratoriesSchoolofBiosciencesInnovation Centre Phase 2Rennes DriveUniversityofExeterExeterEX44RN,UK

Greenpeace Research Laboratories Analytical Report 04-2014 | 2


1. Introduction29samplesofsurfacewaterorwastewaterwerereceivedfromGreenpeaceIndonesiaforanalysisattheGreenpeaceResearchLaboratoriesintwoseparatebatches,thefirstonthe29thJuly2014andthesecondon21stAugust2014.Accordingtodocumentationsupplied,allsampleswerecollectedfromlocationsassociatedwithcoalminingactivities,withthefirstsetcollectedbetween19th -23rdJuly2014,andthesecondsetcollectedbetween11th - 14th August2014.Thesampleswerecomposedof27wastewatersamples,onesampleofwaterfromacreek(IND14008)andonesamplefromapond(IND14020).DetailsofthesamplesreceivedareprovidedinTable1a(description)andTable1b(GPSlocations)Allsampleswereanalysedquantitativelyforthepresenceofarangeofmetals.Concentrationsofmetalsinbothwholeandfilteredwaterweredeterminedinordertodistinguishbetweenmetalsassociatedwithsuspendedmatterandthosepresentindissolvedforminthewater.

Sample Code

IDN14001

IDN14002

IDN14003

IDN14004

IDN14005

IDN14006

IDN14007

IDN14008

IDN14009

IDN14010

IDN14011

IDN14012

IDN14013

IDN14014

IDN14015

IND14016

IND14017

IND14018

IND14019

IND14020

IND14021

IND14022

IND14023

IND14024

IND14025

IND14026

IND14027

IND14028

IND14029

Date (dd/mm/yy) ; Time

19/07/2014; 10.27

19/07/2014; 11.05

19/07/2014; 10.27

19/07/2014; 11.05

20/07/2014; 10.24

20/07/2014; 13.04

20/07/2014; 17.07

21/07/2014; 10.56

21/07/2014; 12.20

21/07/2014; 13.04

21/07/2014; 16.20

21/07/2014; 18.00

22/07/2014; 11.18

22/07/2014; 12.14

23/07/2014; 13.09

11/08/2014; 11.55

11/08/2014; 12.38

11/08/2014; 13.27

11/08/2014; 14.50

11/08/2014; 15.32

11/08/2014; 18.37

13/08/2014; 16.51

13/08/2014; 16.51

14/08/2014; 10.40

14/08/2014; 11.18

14/08/2014; 11.57

14/08/2014; 12.24

14/08/2014; 14.13

14/08/2014; 16.46

Sample Type

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Creek water

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Pond water

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater

Company/District

Tanjung Alam Jaya/ Banjar


Banjar District


Tapin District

Tapin District

Tapin District

Baramarta/ Banjar

Baramarta/ Banjar

Baramarta/ Banjar

Baramarta/ Banjar

Kadya Caraka Mulia/Banjar

Arutmin/Asam-asam

Jorong Barutama Greston/Tanah Laut

Arutmin/Asam-asam/Tanah Laut





Tanah Laut District


Arutmin/ Batulicin

Arutmin/ Batulicin







Description

Collected from a small pond, an outfall ± 258 m downstream from a pit mine and ±370 m upstream from Mangkaok river, a tributary to Martapura river.

Collected from an abandoned pit mine. Pit mine is ±628 m from Mangkaok river.

Collected from an abandoned pit surrounded by plantation. The pit is ± 310 m from Mangkaok river.

Collected from a leak at a land wall of an acid abandoned pit mine , the leak flows into a small creek, ± 478 m from Mangkaok river.

Collected from the discharge of a mine water treatment pond. Discharge from this pond can over flow to the irrigation channel, in parallel with Tapin river.

Collected from a leak from the edge of a mine waste pond.

Collected from a leak from the edge of a mine waste pond

Collected from a small creek, ±0.05 km upstream from Riamkiwa river.

Collected from mining wastewater treatment pond. The water flows to the direction of Riamkiwa river.

Collected from a pond with wastewater being pumped out of a pit mine, water flows to the direction of Riamkiwa river.

Collected from a leak at a mine waste treatment pond. Water flows in the direction of a swamp located ± 1.4 kmfrom the Riamkiwa river.

Collected from an abandoned pit mine beside a main road,with paddy fields on the other side of the road

Collected from the edge of a mine wastewater pond from which water flows to a swamp. A river is located nearby (± 0.78 km) which is a tributary to Asam-asam river (± 4.7 km).

Collected from a mining wastewater pond, adjacent to a villagers road (Desa Salaman), the pit leaks to a nearby creek (IND14019) which connects to Asam-asam River (± 7.6 km).

Collected from the edge/an opening at a mining wastewater pond, adjacent to a villagers road (Desa Salaman).

Collected from a mining wastewater pond. The water flows to a swamp, towards a nearby river (± 0.15 km), a tributary to Asam-asam river (±. 4.7 km).

Collected from a mining wastewater pond. The set of ponds are at a higher position than an adjacent swamp, separated by a high pile of land.

Collected from the edge/an opening of a mine wastewater pond which discharges waste water to an adjacent swamp, towards Asam-asam river (± 5.44 km)

Collected from a leak of a mine wastewater pond which flows to a small creek, a tributary to Asam-asam River (7.6 km).

(Non-Mining) A pond marked: “Standard Source Water Embung-embung (area)”. This non-mining pond is 4 -7 km uphill the sampling points in the area.

Collected from a mine wastewater pond. This pond is part of a cluster of ponds, ±1-2 km from a nearby creek, a tributary to Asam-asam River (± 7.6 km)

Collected from the edge of a mine wastewater pond that flows to a swamp, in the direction of a nearby creek (± 0.95 km), a tributary to Batulicin River (± 14 km)

Collected from the edge of a mine wastewater pond that flow to a swamp, in the direction of a nearby creek (± 0.95 km) a tributary to Batulicin River (± 14 km)

Collected from an abandoned pit within a concession area which is generally is barren.

Collected from a mine wastewater pond which flows to the surrounding area.

Collected from a very large abandoned pit ± 2 km in length.

Collected from an abandoned pit.

Collected from a mine wastewater treatment pond. After treatment, the water flow to a swamp area.

Collected from the edge/an opening of a mine waste pond with leaks which flow to a lower plantation .

TABLE 1A: DETAILS OF SAMPLES RECEIVED AND ANALYSED AT THE GREENPEACE RESEARCH LABORATORIES



TABLE 1B: GPS LOCATIONS FOR SAMPLES RECEIVED AND ANALYSED AT THE GREENPEACE RESEARCH LABORATORIES

SAMPLE CODE SAMPLE CODE

IDN14001

IDN14002

IDN14003

IDN14004

IDN14005

IDN14006

IDN14007

IDN14008

IDN14009

IDN14010

IDN14011

IDN14012

IDN14013

IDN14014

IDN14015

IND14016

IND14017

IND14018

IND14019

IND14020

IND14021

IND14022

IND14023

IND14024

IND14025

IND14026

IND14027

IND14028

IND14029

03º12’24.3”

03º12’23.6”

03º13’18.3”

03º13’14.5”

03º00’15.0”

02º58’33.1”

03º01’40.6”

03º12’57.2”

03º11’54.0”

03º11’58.2”

03º12’33.0”

03º15’13.5”

03º53’27.1”

03º51’51.4”

03º50’53.8”

03º53’11.8”

03º53’15.0”

03º52’47.2”

03º51’53.7”

03º50’03.7”

03º51’56.8”

03º15’53.4”

03º15’54.5”

03º54’30.1”

03º54’35.3”

03º54’23.2”

03º54’38.4”

03º54’38.0”

03º51’15.5”

115º09’36.7”

115º09’45.4”

115º09’19.5”

115º09’20.4”

115º12’02.2”

115º16’11.8”

115º10’12.2”

115º13’26.4”

115º16’04.9”

115º16’11.5”

115º15’17.4”

115º04’30.5”

115º05’35.9”

115º05’37.9”

115º07’01.1”

115º05’24.1”

115º05’22.4”

115º05’24.0”

115º05’35.0”

115º07’04.0”

115º05’37.1”

115º55’18.3”

115º55’17.5”

115º59’41.3”

114º59’52.8”

115º00’58.4”

115º01’11.4”

115º01’23.6”

115º06’59.1”

DEGREE MINUTE SECOND DEGREE MINUTE SECOND

S SE E

2. Materials and Methods

Allsampleswerecollectedinpre-cleanedglass,screw-cappedbottlesandkeptcoldanddarkbeforeshipmenttoourlaboratoryintheUKforanalysis.Sampleswereanalysedquantitativelyformetals.ThepHofeachwastewaterwasmeasuredbothinthefieldusinganumberofcalibratedhand-helddevicesforcross-checkingandalsouponreceiptofthesamplesatthelaboratory.

MetalconcentrationsweredeterminedforallsamplesbyICPatomicemissionspectrometry(AES)followingaciddigestionandusingappropriateintra-laboratorystandards.Boththetotalconcentrationsinthewhole(unfiltered)sampleandtheconcentrationsofdissolvedformsinafilteredsampleweredeterminedseparatelyforeachsample.Moredetaileddescriptionsofthesamplepreparationandanalyticalprocedures,includingpHmeasurements,arepresentedintheAppendix1.a.

3. Results and Discussion

Theconcentrationsofmetalsandmetalloidsinfiltered(dissolvedmetals)andinwholewaters(dissolvedandsuspendedmetals)arereportedinTable2,togetherwithpHmeasurementsrecordedinthefield.ThepHmeasurementsfromthefieldwereinclosecorrelationwithpHmeasurementsofsamplesreceivedatthelaboratory.



TABLE 2: CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS AND METALLOIDS (µG/L) IN WHOLE AND FILTERED SAMPLES OF WASTEWATER (WW), WATER FROM A CREEK OR FROM A POND. *LIMITS FOR WASTEWATERS GENERATED BY COAL MINING ACTIVITIES (MOE 2003)

IDN14001

IDN14002

IDN14003

IDN14004

IDN14005

IDN14006

IDN14007

IDN14008

IDN14009

IDN14010

IDN14011

IDN14012

IDN14013

IDN14014

IDN14015

IND14016

IND14017

IND14018

IND14019

IND14020

IND14021

IND14022

IND14023

IND14024

IND14025

IND14026

IND14027

IND14028

IND14029

Limit*

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

Creek

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

Pond

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

filter

whole

6.50

3.36

3.83

3.74

6.50

2.85

4.66

7.30

8.14

8.12

8.15

3.38

3.43

2.85

2.34

3.56

3.43

2.47

2.73

6.25

2.80

3.34

3.70

4.40

4.66

3.74

3.15

4.48

2.32

6-9

<50

678

9300

9460

3660

3700

3490

3510

84

1990

11700

11600

99

1130

<50

167

<50

2770

<50

1190

<50

775

13900

14000

6500

6570

25400

25400

184000

182000

3710

4010

92800

94700

49900

50100

21300

21800

<50

694

47000

47000

2340

2330

1620

1680

<50

742

139

629

2550

2600

8830

9080

229

579

106000

107000

<20

4880

703

815

179

232

<20

27

<20

551

20250

21400

<20

268

<20

12200

<20

1650

<20

386

<20

506

698

777

278

439

5825

6015

275000

280000

283

2000

173000

176000

114000

127000

10000

14400

68

4360

5950

6090

199

200

92

319

23

388

32

658

1780

1910

8340

9740

<20

793

77900

79200

7000

49

51

383

397

183

195

181

182

30

34

276

275

40

41

37

45

26

32

30

32

<20

<20

411

410

124

125

420

422

1510

1530

149

150

1680

1690

416

417

384

381

<20

<20

335

338

263

264

280

278

130

130

43

44

410

418

401

404

191

191

1360

1360

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

178

186

<20

30

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<5

43

637

641

246

254

250

248

70

117

473

546

46

124

7

19

<5

11

<5

<5

<5

<5

652

658

100

162

737

764

3820

3880

200

201

3480

3500

993

1000

698

693

<5

<5

646

647

116

117

115

114

184

184

70

67

697

713

928

941

309

309

3210

3210

8150

8180

12100

12300

6040

6050

6340

6300

944

946

13250

13500

580

578

2890

3140

947

1690

942

1520

133

428

12600

12600

2060

2090

12800

12850

8350

8480

2240

2270

13500

13700

8340

8480

14800

14800

<10

455

7240

7260

10350

10300

11800

11900

1640

1640

877

875

5280

5350

16400

16500

3010

3040

39700

40200

4000

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<50

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<100

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

11

15

<10

<10

18

25

12

13

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

14

14

76

76

<10

<10

294

297

59

60

<10

<10

<10

<10

15

16

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

43

45

31

32

219

226

94

94

96

96

35

35

139

137

26

26

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

207

206

64

64

196

197

973

972

73

74

1380

1390

318

321

211

212

<20

<20

194

194

83

84

92

88

89

90

28

31

276

282

249

250

149

150

787

784

<10

<10

51

53

13

13

12

12

<10

<10

16

16

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

<10

56

55

14

14

26

26

167

166

27

29

1880

1890

111

112

30

34

<10

<10

24

25

<10

<10

<10

<10

15

15

<10

<10

126

130

65

69

44

47

97

100

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

17

23

<5

<5

10

15

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

9

9

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

6

6

SAMPLE CODE

TYPE

pH (fi

eld)

Alum

iniu

m (A

l)

Antim

ony

(Sb)

Arse

nic

(As)

Cadm

ium

(Cd)

Chro

miu

m (C

r)

Coba

lt (C

o)

Copp

er (C

u)

Iron

(Fe)

Lead

(Pb)

Man

gane

se (M

n)

Mer

cury

(Hg)

Nick

el (N

i)

Sele

nium

(Se)

Vana

dium

(V)

Zinc

(Zn)



Forthemajorityofsamples,themetalconcentrationsinthefilteredsamplewereverysimilartothoseinthewhole(unfiltered)sample,indicatingthatthesemetalswerepresentinthesesamplesalmostexclusivelyindissolvedformsratherthanboundtosuspendedparticleswithinthewater.

Theexceptions,forwhichthewhole(unfiltered)samplecontainedanotablyhigherconcentrationofoneormoremetalcomparedtotheequivalentfilteredsample,werepredominantlythosesamplesofwastewater(IND14001,IND14005,IND14009,IND14010,IND14011),creekwater(IND14008)andpondwater(IND14020)whichhadpHabove6.

WastewatersgeneratedbycoalminingactivitiesaresubjecttoregulationinIndonesiawhichsetsmaximumpermissiblelimitsforcertainparameters,includingiron(7mg/l=7000μg/l),manganese(4mg/l=4000μg/l)andpH(between6-9)(MOE2003)1.

Wastewatersfrommanyofthelocationssampledinthisstudydidnotcomplywiththeseregulationsatthetimeofsampling,eitherduetoelevatedconcentrationsofmanganeseandiron,orduetohighacidity(pHbelow6).

For22ofthe29samples(76%),allofwhichwerewastewatersamples,thepHwasbelow6.Inthecaseofthese22samples,pHvaluesrangedfrompH4.66(IDN14007)topH2.32(IND14029),with7sampleshavingapHbelow3.

Theconcentrationsofmanganeseexceededthepermissiblelimitfor17ofthe27wastewatersamples(63%),inboththefilteredandwholesampleinallcases,withconcentrationsinthewholesamplerangingfrom5350μg/l(5.35mg/l)to40200μg/l(40.2mg/l).Thehighestconcentration,insampleIND14029,exceededthelimitby10times.Forallbutone(IND14001)ofthese17samples,thepHwasalsooutsidetheallowedrange(pH6-9),andthehighestmanganeseconcentration(40.2mg/l)wasfoundinsampleIND14029,whichhadthelowestpH(2.32).

Ofthese17samples,7alsohadconcentrationsofironthatexceededthemaximumpermissiblelevel,withsimilarlevelsinboththefilteredandwholesampleinallcases.Concentrationsoftotalironinwholesampleswereintherange9740μg/l(9.74mg/l)to280000μg/l(280mg/l),withthehighestconcentrationexceedingthelimitby40times.ThehighestironconcentrationwasalsofoundinasamplewithoneofthelowestpHvalues(IND14015,pH2.34).Thesefindingsareconsistentwiththehighacidityofmanysamplessolubilisingironandmanganesefrommineralsinthelocalenvironment.

Thecreekwater(IND14008)alsohadaconcentrationofironinthewholesamplewhichexceededthelimitforwastewaters(12200μg/l,or12.2mg/l),thoughtheconcentrationinthefilteredsamplewasfarlower(belowdetectionlimitof20μg/l),indicatingthatironinthissamplewaspredominantlypresentinformsboundtosuspendedparticleswithinthewaterratherthanindissolvedform.

Nomaximumpermissibleconcentrationsaresetforothermetalswithinsuchwastewaters.However,itisnoteworthythatanumberofothermetalswerepresentatrelativelyhighconcentrationsinmanysamples,considerablyaboveconcentrationstypicallyfoundinuncontaminatedsurfacewaters,especiallyaluminium(upto184000μg/l,or184mg/l),andalsonickel(upto1690μg/l,IND14017),zinc(upto3880μg/l,IND14015)andcopper(upto1890μg/l,IND14017).

Threesamples(IND14015,IND14017andIND14029)hadnotablyhigherconcentrationsofaluminium(94700-184000μg/l,or94.7-184mg/l),nickel(1360-1690μg/l),zinc(3210-3880μg/l)andcopper(100-1890μg/l)comparedtootherwastewaters.Twoofthesesamples(IND14015&IND14029)hadthelowestpHofallwastewatersamplesandalsocontainedthehighestconcentrationofeitheriron(IND14015)ormanganese(IND14029).Toalesserextent,concentrationsofchromium,cobalt,mercuryandvanadiumwereelevatedinsomewastewatersamples,particularlyforIND14015andIND14017.Theseadditionalmetalsmayalsobepresentinthesamplesatelevatedconcentrationsasaresultofhavingbeensolubilisedfrommineralsinthelocalenvironment.

Overall,thedataindicateastronglinkbetweenhighacidity(lowpH)inwastewaters(particularlyforthosebelowpH4)andelevatedconcentrationsofmetals(especiallyiron,manganeseandaluminium),predominantlyinsolubleforms(see Figure 1 below).Thedataalsoindicatethatthereiscommonlyalinkbetweenhighconcentrationsofironand/ormanganeseinwastewatersandhigherconcentrationsofothermetals.

TherelevantregulationsetparametersonlyforpH,twometals(ironandmanganese),andtotaldissolvedsolids.Theremaybeotherlocationsequivalenttothoseinvestigatedinthisstudyforwhichdataareavailableforwastewatersfromcoalminingfromotherstudieswhicharelimitedtothesefourparameters.ThedatafromthisstudyindicatethatitislikelythatwastewatersatotherequivalentlocationswithlowpHmayalsohavehighconcentrationsofmetals,particularlyironandmanganese,andalsothathighconcentrationsofironandmanganeseinwastewatersmayalsoindicatehighconcentrationsofothermetals.

1 MOE(2003)IndonesiaMinistryofEnvironment(MOE)DecreeNo.113onWastewaterQualityLimitforCoalMiningActivities(BakuMutuAirLimbahBagiUsahadanatauKegiatanPertambanganBatuBara).http://jdih.menlh.go.id/



Appendix 1.a: Details of methodologies

Preparation

Toobtaintotalmetalconcentrations,arepresentativeportionofeachwholewatersamplewasacidifiedbytheadditionofconcentratednitricacidtogiveafinalconcentrationof10%v/v.Separately,aportionofeachwholesamplewasfilteredthrougha0.45micronfilterandthenacidifiedinthesamewaytoenabledeterminationofdissolvedmetalconcentrations.50mlofeachacidifiedsamplewasdigestedfirstlyovernightatroomtemperature,thenusingmicrowave-assisteddigestionwithaCEMMARSXpresssystem,withatemperaturerampto180ºCover15minutesfollowedbyholdingat180ºCforafurther15minutes.Cooleddigestswerefilteredandmadeupto50mlwithdeionisedwater.

Analysis

PreparedsampledigestswereanalysedbyInductivelyCoupledPlasmaAtomicEmissionSpectrometry(ICP-AES)usingaVarianMPXSimultaneousSpectrometer.Multi-elementstandardsatconcentrationsof0.5,1.0,2.5and5.0mg/lrespectively,andmatrixmatchedtothesamples,wereusedforinstrumentcalibration.Anysampleexceedingthecalibrationrangewasdilutedaccordingly,induplicate,andre-analysed.Analysisofthearsenic,mercuryandseleniumcontentinthesampleswascarriedoutseparatelyusingcoldvapourgenerationICP-AESthroughreactionofthesamplewithsodiumborohydride(0.6%w/v),sodiumhydroxide(0.5%w/v)andhydrochloricacid(10molar)withtheresultingvapourcarriedinastreamofargonintothespectrometer.Twocalibrationstandardswereprepared,at10μg/land100μg/l(mercury)andat100μg/land500μg/l(arsenic&selenium),matrixmatchedtothesamples.

Quality Control

ThreesampleswerepreparedforICPanalysisinduplicateandanalysedtoverifymethodreproducibility,alongwithablanksample(10%v/vnitricacidindeionisedwater),andtwomixedmetalqualitycontrolsolutions(4mg/land0.4mg/lforeachmetalrespectively,otherthanmercuryat0.8mg/land0.2mg/l).Allcontrolsampleswerepreparedinanidenticalmanortothesamples.

CalibrationoftheICP-AESwasvalidatedbytheuseofqualitycontrolstandardsat4mg/land0.4mg/lpreparedinanidenticalmannerbutfromdifferentreagentstockstotheinstrumentcalibrationstandards.Forcoldvapourgenerationarsenic,mercuryandseleniumanalysis,thecalibrationwasvalidatedusingqualitycontrolstandardat80μg/l(mercury)and400μg/l(arsenicandselenium),preparedinternallyfromdifferentreagentstock.

pH Measurement

ThepHofeachwatersamplewasdeterminedinthefieldatthetimeofsamplecollection.Inaddition,thepHofeachwastewaterwasmeasureduponreceiptofthesamplesatthelaboratory.InbothcasesthemeasurementwasrecordedusingaHannaInstrumentsHI98129pHmetercalibratedusingpH4.01andpH7.01Hannabuffersolutions,rinsingwellwithdeionisedwaterbetweensamples.

FIGURE 1: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PH AND THE DISSOLVED CONCENTRATIONS OF THREE METALS IN SAMPLES OF WATER

AND WASTEWATER COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF COAL MINING OPERATIONS IN INDONESIA

300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Iron (Fe)

pH

Concentration(ug/l)

200000

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Aluminium (Al)

pH

Concentration(ug/l)

45000

40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Manganese (Mn)

pH

Concentration(ug/l)



Cover Photo:

©greenpeace/YudhiMahatma

Acidpondleftbycoalminingactivities,Asam-Asam,

South Kalimantan

Acknowledgment:

AbdulAziz,ArifFiyanto,HildaMeutia,HindunMulaika,

RiezkyRamadani,SaptaAnandaProklamasi.

Image:

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Coal Mines Polluting South Kalimantan's Water

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