Sawita Kumari PatelDivision of Veterinary Public Health

&Bhoj R Singh

Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar-243122, India

Disease Etiology Host affected

Black Quarter C. chauvoeiC. septicumC. novyi type B

Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Farmed bison, Deer

Enterotoxaemia C. perfringens Type B, C & D

Sheep, Goat,cattle, Camel, Horse, Pig

Tetanus C. tetani Horse, Man, Ruminant, Pig

Necrotic enteritis C. perfringens Type A & C

Chicken, Turkey,

Haemorrhagic enteritis

C. difficile Dog, Cat, Pig, Horse, Poultry

(Quinn et al., 2002)

Black Quarter(Black leg/Quarter ill/ Symptomatic anthrax)

• Disease occur in cattle of 6 months to 2 years of age whereas and in sheep of all age group. It is soil borne infection, mostly affecting in rainy season in areas with moderate rainfall or in regions of dry crop cultivation. Disease is widespread in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra and sporadically occurs in Northern and Eastern state of India. Maximum outbreaks occurred in the year 2009-10 in west Bengal with total of 95 outbreaks, affecting 293 animals with 122 deaths. In the same year in Maharashtra 37 outbreaks, attacking 128 heads with 96 deaths. Sporadic outbreaks reported from other state including MP, J&K, and Tamil Nadu. Next to cattle disease affects Buffalo & Sheep. Trends indicated gradual decrease in disease occurrence from 2006 to 2010 (Rahman, 2011).

• The incidence of Black Quarter remained highest during summer season (33.03 percent), followed by winter season (28.34 per cent). This may be due to the exposure of animals to stress condition due to non-availability of food resources.

Trends of Black Quarter (BQ)

• Year 2009-10

• Sporadic outbreaks - MP, J&K, Tamil Nadu

• Outbreaks trends - gradual decrease from 2006-2010

(Rahman , 2011)

State Total outbreak

Attacks Death

West Bengal 95 293 122

Maharashtra 37 128 96

Seasonality of BQ in Bovine in Tamil Nadu

Disease Black quarterSummer (March-May) 14.53

(33.03%)Pre monsoon (Jun-Aug) 7.2

(16.63%)Monsoon (Sep-Nov) 9.3

(21.48%)Winter season (Dec-Feb) 12.27

(28.34%)Total 43.3

(100%)( Shivakumar et al., 2012)

(Rajasekhar, 2005)

Outbreaks of Black Quarter in AP during 1994-2004

BQ in Andhra Pradesh

(Rajasekhar , 2005)

BQ in Bidar District Karnataka

(Romarau & Rao, 1990)

inci

denc

e

Year

Outbreaks of BQ in Maharashtra (2011-13)

(Monthly report, Division of Epidemiology IVRI)

Outbreaks of BQ in Gujarat (2011-12)

(Monthly report, Division of Epidemiology IVRI)

Outbreaks of BQ in Himachal Pradesh

(Batta et al., 1995)

Total populationof animal

Affected animal

Morbidity rate

Case fatality rate

Time

150 Buffaloes-12Bullock-8

15% 90% Last week of September

Outbreaks of BQ in Haryana

• During last decade (2008-09)

( AH & D, Haryana 2008-09)

Outbreaks Death Severely affected

At risk

5 6 26 6,327

Outbreaks of BQ in Ludhiana Punjab

• Sporadic outbreaks - HF cross bred

• Age - 3 year

• Total number of animal affected- 75

(Zahid et al., 2012)

Diagnosis

• Clinical History & Clinical signs• Serological test- FAT• Biochemical test- increase in level of LDH,

SGOT, SGPT• Isolation of causal organism from heart blood,

peritoneal fluid, affected muscle in Robertson's cooked meat medium

• Biological test - guinea pig inoculation• PM finding

(Quinn et al., 2002)

Treatment & Control

• Treatment:– Penicillin -@ 10,000 IU/kg Bwt b.i.d. for 3-5 days– Esgipyrine L.A -@ 3-5 amp I/m in alternate day

• Control– Isolation of infected animal– Cleaning and disinfection of farm premises– Burning of carcass– Vaccination with formalin killed bacterin vaccine-

• at age of 4 weeks-3 month• Booster after 21 days• Every year

(Quinn et al., 2002)

Enterotoxaemia• Fifth most prevalent disease in the India.• Caused by Clostridium perfringens. • Mostly occur in Per acute form with heavy mortality

and huge economic loss.• It is a toxicoinfection associated with toxin

production in intestine after infection.• Grazing on lush pastures and good nutritional

condition are predisposing factors and • Disease is also known as Overeating disease. • .

(Rajasekhar, 2005)

Type D Enterotoxaemia• (Pulpy kidney disease/

Overeating disease/ Diabetic coma)

Mostly affect- sheep Less frequently - goat Rarely - cattle• Most common in -young

lamb < 2 weeks of age• Disease is restricted to-

Single lamb or lambs reared under- Feedlot condition (Henry et al., 2014)

Enterotoxaemia caused by C perfringens type B & C

Disease Clostridium perfringens

Host

Lamb dysentery Type B Lamb<3 week

Calf enterotoxaemia Type B &C Well fed calf < 1 month

Pig enterotoxaemia Type C Piglet first few days of life

Foal enterotoxaemia Type B Foal first week of life

Struck Type C Adult sheep

Goat enterotoxaemia Type C Adult Goat (Henry et al., 2014)

Outbreaks of Enterotoxaemia in Andhra Pradesh during 1994-2004

(Rajasekhar , 2005)

Enterotoxaemia in Andhra Pradesh

(Kumar et al., 2014)

Flock No. of sample

C. perfringens isolated

Type of C.perfringens

Suspected for disease

140 /208 97 of 140 (69.2%)

Type A- 7.01% (65/97)Type B- 11.34% (11 /97) Type D -21.65% (21/ 97)

Healthy 68/208 27 of 68 (39.71%)

Type A- 92.59% (25 / 27) Type D- 7.4% (2 / 27)

Enterotoxaemia in Goat in Tamil Nadu

• First outbreak - January 1997.

• Common in- lambs between 3-10 weeks of age

• C. perfringens type D was isolated & presence

of epsilon toxin was confirmed.

( Prabhakar et al., 1999)

Enterotoxaemia in Camel in Haryana

• In1984 – 4 of the 100 adult camels died within 24-48 h after onset of clinical

signs.

• C. perfringens type A & C. novyi type A were confirmed as causal organism.

• First record of enterotoxaemia in camel in India.

(Chauhan et al., 1985)• During 2004-05 Enterotoxaemia in sheep and goat

in Haryana

Outbreak Animal at risk

Severely affected

Death

16 2,252 635 416(AH&D Haryana ,2008-09)

Sheep Mortality After Enterotoxaemia Vaccination in Rajasthan 1997

( Singh et al., 1999)

District Vaccinated animal

Death % of death

Bikaner 1441 172 12

Churu 535 57 10.6

Mortality was higher in lambs than adult.

States State Year No. of animal affected

No. of deaths

Gujarat Nov 2012 26 8

Gujarat Feb 2013 18 2

Andhra Pradesh (PP) May 2013 20 4

Maharashtra Oct 2013 2 2

AP Nov 2013 5 5

AP Dec 2013 4 4

AP Dec 2013 3 3

AP Dec 2013 52 20

AP 2014 2 2

Telangana 2014 1 1

Outbreak of Enterotoxaemia from 2012-2014 in Different states of India

(Monthly Report, Division of Epidemiology , IVRI)

Outbreak of Enterotoxaemia in Telangana 2015

(Monthly report, Division of Epidemiology, IVRI)

Enterotoxaemia in Orissa Goat

• In 1993, out of 90 Black Bengal & Ganjam breeds of

goat 7 (2 were of 6 month age & 5 were of 5-7 years

of age) died due to enterotoxaemia.

• C. perfringens D was isolated from intestinal

contents

( Parhi et al., 1993)

Control & Prevention of Enterotoxaemia

• Avoid sudden change in feed from range or pasture to feedlot .

• Deworming prior to vaccination.• Vaccination- First vaccine at 6-8 weeks of age • Booster after 3-4 week.• Lambs/ kids from not–vaccinated dams should be

vaccinated at1-3 weeks of age and booster vaccinated at 3-4 weeks of age.

(Quinn et al., 2002)

Necrotic Enteritis in Chicken• Necrotic enteritis was first described in Paris in

1961.• Caused by C.perfringens type A or C• Primarily affects -Chicken &Turkey broiler

stocks up to12 weeks of age. (Quinn et al., 2002)

• Often associated with heavy antibiotic in feed.• Aflatoxin contamination in feed.• Persistent Coccidial infection.

• Necrotic enteritis is emerged as worldwide problem & common disease found in all poultry growing area of the world.

( Shanmugasamy et al., 2012)

Incidence of Necrotic Enteritis in Jabalpur (M. P.)

• 93.75% birds affected were < 8 weeks of age• Maximum cases were among broiler of 3-4

week of age and layers of 7-8 weeks of age.

(Shukla et al., 2007)

Birds No. of deaths Intensity of disease

Broiler 51 53.13%

Layer 30 46.87%

Outbreak of Necrotic Enteritis in Chhattisgarh (2013)

(Sannat et al., 2014)

state breed No. of death

Chhattisgarh Van raja 35/400

Mortality was 8.75%.

•This was first record of necrotic enteritis in Chhattisgarh.

Outbreak of Necrotic enteritis in Guwahati (Assam)

• Feb 1993 - March 1995

• Isogenic strains C. perfringens type A were isolated from 44 birds.

(Das et al., 2001)

% of C.perfringens type A Age of birds (weeks)

22.73% 4 15.19% 513.64% 3

Birds No. of birds Incidence of disease

Broiler 190 77.27% Layer 80 22.73%

Incidence of necrotic enteritis in Duck in Assam

• During Dec 2007 to June 2009 only one out of

134 cases of duck mortality was attributed to

necrotic enteritis. It was a two months old duck.

(Pathak et al., 2011)

Six broiler died out of flock of 268 (2.2%) at age of 2-3 weeks.

Outbreak of Necrotic Enteritis in Meghalaya -2006

Outbreak of Necrotic enteritis in Tamil Nadu

• In 2012, C. perfringens isolated from intestinal content of 20 of the 35 birds.

(Shanmugasamy, 2012)

Birds Age No of birds from which C. perfringens was isolated

Broiler 2-6 week 14 /20

Layer 9-15 week 6/20

Mixed infection of Coccidia & Necrotic Enteritis in Tamil Nadu

• Outbreak of bloody diarrhea in 2014.

(Jayachitra, 2014)

Breed of birds

Age of birds

No. of birds

Mortality rate

Morbidity rate

Giriraja 8 week 972 53%. 13%

Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry in West Bengal

• October 1983 – January 1984.

• Treatment with chlortetracycline helped in controlling the outbreak.

(Chakraborty.,1984)

Age of birds Morbidity rate Mortality rate

3- 6 months 16-80%. 30-90%

Diagnosis of Enterotoxaemia & Necrotic enteritis

• History of illness• Clinical signs• Isolation of organism using Robertson cooked meat

media: Meat pieces turns pink.• Stormy fermentation & acid clot in litmus milk.• Haemolytic colonies on Blood agar.• Detection of lecithinase activity of alpha toxin on

Egg Yolk Medium (Nagler’s Reaction).• Arrow head haemolysis between C. perfringens &

Group B Streptococcus is characteristic.

Control& Prevention of Necrotic Enteritis• Avoid induction of changes in the intestinal micro flora by sudden/ drastic

change of feed or by adding antibiotics in the feed – Virginiamycin (20 g/ton feed), Bacitracin (50 g/ton feed) Lincomycin (2 g/ton feed) Ionophore-class anticoccidial • Minimize the level of fishmeal, wheat, barley, or rye in the diet.

• Probiotics or competitive exclusion cultures.

• Treatment to be administered in drinking water-

Bacitracin (200–400 mg/gal. for 5–7 days)

Penicillin (1,500,000 u/gal. for 5 days)

Lincomycin (64 mg/gal. for 7 days)

• Moribund birds should be removed. ( Hargis, 2014)

Clostridium difficile

• Faecal sample of 48 / 93 dogs (53%) were positive for Clostridium difficile.

• Affects non human mammals (neonates).• Outbreak reported in piglets, calves, foals• Infection in piglets at 1-7 days of age.• Morbidity rate: 10-90%• Case fatality rate: 10%

(Weese et al)

(Viswanathan, 2010)

Tetanus

• Also called Lock jaw

• Horse & Man- Highly susceptible

• Ruminant & Pig- Moderately susceptible

• Carnivores- Comparatively resistant

• Poultry- Not susceptible to tetanus

(Quinn et al., 2002)

Tetanus Outbreak in Sheep in Karnataka

Tetanus outbreaks in 5 districts due to ear tagging.

• Disease affected: 5-8% of tagged animal.

• Deaths > 70 animals after 7-10 days of tagging.

• High case fatality rate: >90%.

• Treatment resulted in recovery in a few cases: penicillin, analgesic, antihistaminic drugs, recovery in ~25% animal. ( Chandranaik et al., 2008)

Incidence of Postoperative Tetanus in Canine in Calcutta

• Oct-Dec 1994 a total of 47 adult stray bitches were spayed.

• On 3rd to 16th post operative days – 6 cases of tetanus were observed.

• On 5th, 6th, 8th postoperative day 3 of the cases died.

• Treatment administered was- Tetanus antitoxin5000 IU I/V for first 2 days and then I/M for 3-4 days

(Das et al., 1997)