Climate Change and Water Resources

Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org

Center for Climate Change and Environment Advisory (CCCEA)Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP, India

16th

Aug

ust 2

012

Present carbon cycle

SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS

Very fast (less than 1 year)

Fast (1 to 10 years)

Slow (10 to 100 years)

Very slow (more than 100 years)

Storage and flux of carbon(in billions of tones)

Human activity influence

Variation of the temperature on Earth

Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

Source : IPCC/SRESA2

5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)

Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.

TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS

Visual impact of Climate Change

Impact of Climate Change on society

Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

…Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma…

Cost of extreme weather events

Less visual but with major impact

> Temperature increase> Sea level rise> More rain

Agriculture and food securityCrop yields, irrigation demands...

ForestComposition, health and productivity...

Water resourcesWater supply, water quality...

Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...

Species and natural areasBiodiversity, modification of ecosystems...

Human healthInfectious diseases, human settlements...

Consequences of climate change:

VulnerabilityVulnerability to climate change is the risk of

adverse things happening Vulnerability is a function of three factors:

Exposure

Sensitivity

Adaptive capacity

Exposure

•Exposure is what is at risk from climate change, e.g.,

– Population– Resources– Property

•It is also the climate change that an affected system will face, e.g.,

– Sea level– Temperature– Precipitation– Extreme events

Sensitivity

• Biophysical effect of climate change– Change in crop yield, runoff,

energy demand• It considers the socioeconomic

context, e.g., the agriculture system

• Grain crops typically are sensitive

• Manufacturing typically is much less sensitive

Adaptive Capacity

• Capability to adapt• Function of:

– Wealth– Technology – Education– Institutions– Information– Infrastructure– “Social capital”

• Having adaptive capacity does not mean it is used effectively

Vulnerability is a Function of …

• More exposure and sensitivity increase vulnerability

• More adaptive capacity decreases vulnerability

• An assessment of vulnerability should consider all three factors

Adaptation“adjustment in natural or human

systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities”

(Third Assessment Report, Working Group II)

Includes “actual” (realized) or “expected” (future) changes in climate

Adaptation (continued)

Two types of adaptationAutonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what people and systems do as impacts of climate change become apparent

Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to reduce potential risks of future climate change

SL framework: Determinants of adaptive capacity

Livelihood resources

Examples

Human Knowledge, Skills

Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer- CBOs

Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain storage facilities

Natural Reliable water source, productive land

Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources

Policies, institutions and power structures

Capitals

Indian poverty

• Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6% of the total Indian population falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[2]

What is being done and how effective is it?1. Communities continuously finding better options to reduce their

vulnerability 2. Few responses decrease the sensitivity of the system 3. Majority are short-term fixes - reduce vulnerability temporarily but

decreases the resilience of the system

Climate Changes in India

• Increase in surface temperature by 0.4 degree C over the past century.

• Warming trend along the west coast, in central India, the interior peninsula, and northeastern India.

Climate Changes in India

• Cooling trend in northwest India and parts of South India.

• Regional monsoon variations: increased monsoon seasonal rainfall along the west coast, northern Andhra Pradesh and North-western India, decreased monsoon seasonal rainfall over eastern Madhya Pradesh, North-eastern India, and parts of Gujrat and Kerala.

Climate Changes in India

• Observed trends of multi-decadal periods of more frequent droughts, followed by less severe droughts.

• Studies have shown a rising trend in the frequency of heavy rain events and decrease in frequency of moderate events over central India from 1951 to 2000.

26

Climate Changes in India

• Records of coastal tide gauges in the north Indian ocean for the last 40 years has revealed an estimated sea level rise between 1.06-1.75 mm per year.

• The available monitoring data on Himalayan glaciers indicates recession of some glaciers. 27

Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons)

USA Europe Japan China Russia India World average

0

5

10

15

20

25

20.01

9.4 9.87

3.6

11.71

1.02

4.25

Watershed activities focus on vulnerability reduction

Livelihood support

enforcing rights

Productivity of natural

resources

Enhancement of knowledge

Every drop counts

Methods of waterharvesting

The Barefoot College, Tilonia

Freshwater management in India

Anupma Sharma

Water Conservation

Watershed management

Water quality conservation

Inter basin water transfer

GW management

Recycle and reuse of water

Public involvement and capacity building

.ppt (36)

Condensation

Precipitation

Evaporation

Surface Water

Infiltration

Evapotranspiration

Let’s take a look atThe Water

Cycle

Consumption

Surface Runoff

Groundwater

Sea water intrusion

WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP)

Improve and sustain productivity and production potentials of the dry/semi-arid regions of India through adoption of appropriate production and conservation technologies.

Meet the needs of local rural communities for food, fuel, fodder and timber. Improve all types of lands, i.e., Government, Forest, Community and Private Lands falling within a watershed.

WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP)

WDPs, in short: A holistic approach to improve and develop the economic and natural resource base of dry/semi-arid/fragile regions. In a watershed development program the watershed is the unit for development rather than political or administrative boundaries

WDP Activities

• i)Land Development: Levelling and terracing, improving soil quality and productivity; and watershed reclamation.

• ii)Water Development: Promote in situ water harvesting and conservation, establish percolation ponds and open wells, tanks, small reservoirs, and improving water quality.

WDP Activities

• iii)Enterprises/Activities: Evolve appropriate farming systems, encourage a crop mix of high value/high yield crops, social/agro-forestry, other income-generating activities like dairying, poultry-keeping, etc.

Some Illustrations of Benefits of WDPs

• -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro-silvi, agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil erosion; arrest surface run-offs.

• -Training water to store excess water run-offs in farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve groundwater recharge.

• -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed. Benefits: help in moisture conservation.

Climate Change will put additional stress in

rural areas

In the life of a farmer climate Variability and

Extreme events are more important

than climate change

Government departments (AP)• Agriculture and Co-Operation• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries• Backward Classes Welfare• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies• Energy• Environment, Forests, Science and Technology• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance (Project Wing)• General Administration• Health, Medical and Family Welfare• Higher Education• Home• Housing• Industries and Commerce• Information Technology and Communications• Infrastructure and Investment• Irrigation

• Labour, Employment Training and Factories• Law• Minorities Welfare• Municipal Administration and Urban

Development• Panchayat Raj and Rural Development• Planning• Public Enterprises• Rain Shadow Areas Development• Revenue• School Education (SE Wing)• School Education (SSA Wing)• Social Welfare• Transport, Roads and Buildings• Women Development, Child Welfare and

Disabled Welfare• Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture

http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3

MGNREGA• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA)• Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to

every household• a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity• Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as

recipients of doles, but as productive partners in our economic process

• assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

• Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected districts, extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08.

• The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April, 2008

Agriculture• India ‘s population is 1.21 billion in 2011. 67% are rural. Majority

are in agriculture. • Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. Although it

contributes only 15% of GDP, the share of workers is about 55%.• Marginal and small farmers dominate• Major crops are rice, wheat, maize, coarse cereals, groundnut,

cotton, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables• 60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only 40% of area is under

irrigation.• Rural poverty is 41%in 2004-05. • Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other words, the policies of

provinces are also important

Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions

Precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration.

Low annual rainfall of 25 to 60 centimeters and having scrubby vegetation with short, coarse grasses; not completely arid.

Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions

Climate Variability and extremes are an expected characteristic of semi-arid lands.

The people vulnerable to droughts, which trigger frequent subsistence crises

Increasing crop failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases stratification and the social inequities.

Major challenges of Agriculture

Climate change - variability - extremes

Soil fertility Water management

Impact of hazardous pesticides and

nitrogen fertilizers

Burning of crop residue

Alkalinity of soils

Crop Water

Soil Climate

Energy Environment

Vulnerability of poor in rural areas

Two-thirds of households derive income directly from natural sources

Natural resources are threatened by stresses Biotic & Abiotic

Agriculture & natural resource based livelihoods at immediate risk

Rural poor do not have resources to cope

Nature of Works

Water based

• » Water conservation • » Water harvesting• » Micro and minor irrigation works• » Provision of irrigation facilities• » Desilting of tanks• » Renovation of traditional water bodies• » Flood control and protection works

Land based

• » Land development

Forest/ Agro--Forestry

• » Afforestation• » Horticulture

Infrastructure

• » Rural roads

Conservation technologies

Stress-tolerant, climate-resilient varieties of seeds, drip irrigation, zero-tillage, raised-bed planting, laser-levelling, Systems of Rice Intensification (SRI), can build adaptive capacities to cope with increasing water stress, providing “more crop per drop”.

AFPRO 59Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political

SCENARIO 1

Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability

Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification

Appropriate Skills Water Management

Agriculture Production Water Resources

Energy

Climate Change

Community Empowerment

Bio Diversity

“VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE

CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”

GSBC PROJECT INTEGRATED APPROACH

Major challenges of Agriculture

Climate change - variability - extremes

Soil fertility Water management

Impact of hazardous pesticides and

nitrogen fertilizers

Burning of crop residue

Alkalinity of soils

Mahabubnagar District Rainfall Pattern

y = -4.6207x + 851.14

R2 = 0.1374

0

100

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130019

5152

1952

5319

5354

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6162

1962

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8182

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8384

1984

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1990

9119

9192

1992

9319

9394

1994

9519

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9719

9798

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9919

9900

2000

0120

0102

2002

0320

0304

2004

0520

0506

2006

0720

0708

2008

0920

0910

2010

1120

1112

2012

1320

1314

FACILITATION RESEARCH

ACTIVITY

CAPACITYDEVELOPMENT

Field level interventions

CULTURAL

SPIRITUA

L

BELIEFS

RITUALS

FESTIVAL

S

ALTARS

CREMATION

SOURCES (BIOMAS

S)

GOOD STOVES• T

LUDs

• Other stoves

CROP

RESIDUE

POULTRY

LITTER

WASTE MANAGEMENT• S

ludge

PRACTICES

FOOD

PRESERVING FOOD

CLEANING

MEDICINE

MATTRESS

TOOTH POWDERAIR

QUALITY• CO2

/ CH4

WATER TREATME

NT

AQUARIUM /

TERRARIUMS

BIOCHAR BRICKS

BIOCHAR URINALS

SOAK PITS

FILTERING MEDIA

INSECT REPELLEN

T

SOIL AMENDMENT

INCREASED PRODUCTION

SOIL TEMPERATURE

REGULATED

MOISTURE RETENTION

WATER CONSERVATION

NITROGEN / PHOSPHOROUS

RETENTION

NURSERIESPESTICIDES ADBSORBTION

SOIL MICROBES DENSITY INCREASE

BIOCHAR COMPOST

EARTHWORMS INCREASE

TERMITES / ANTS REPULSION

CARBON SEQUESTRATION

ANIMAL

S

POULTRY - CH4 REDUCTION

LIVESTOCK

- URIN

E AND DUN

G

FYM /

COMPOST

BIOMASS

BIOCHAR

ENERGY

BIOCHARCULTURE

Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEOhttp://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com

SOIL

BIOCHAR

BIOCHAR COMPOST

AGRICUTURE

PADDY METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION

PESTICIDE & COMPLEX

CHEMICALS AFFECTS

MITIGATION

EMMISIONS REDUCTION FROM FARM

YARD MANURES AND

COMPOSTS

CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT

ANIMALS

APPLICATION IN ANIMAL

PLACES TO TAP URINE,

SANITATION AND

EMISSIONS REDUCTION

RUMINANT ANIMALS METHANE EMISSIONS

REDUCTION AS FEED ADDITIVE

SOAKING IN WITH ANIMALS

URINE AND EXCRETA -

VALUE ADDITION

ENERGY

SOURCE FROM EFFICIENT TLUD COOK STOVES

AS BY PRODUCT FROM GASIFIER

STOVES, BOILERS ETC

CHARCOAL PRODUCTION

FROM BIOMASS /

WASTE MANAGEMENT

HABITAT

BIOCHAR BRICKS

BIOCHAR IN AQUARIUMS

BIOCHAR IN POULTRY FARMS

BIOCHAR IN FRIDGES,

MATTRESSES, ETC.

SANITATION

BIOCHAR URINALS

BIOCHAR TOILETS

BIOCHAR IN CATTLE SHEDS

CLEANING PLATES / UTENSILS

BATHING

HEALTH

CLEANING TEETH

BIOCHAR TABLETS

BIOCHAR IN FOOD AS PART

OF FOOD PREPARATIONS

WATER

WATER PURIFICATION – COLOR, ODOR, REMOVAL OF

HARMFUL ELEMENTS,

ETC.

RITUAL / SPIRITUAL / RELIGIOUS / PRACTICES

FIRE / ALTAR / YAGNAS /

AGNIHOTRA

FIRE DURING FESTIVALS

CREMATIONS

NATURAL / ARTIFICIAL

FIRES IN FORESTS /

FIELDS, ETC.

BIOCHARCULTURE

Biocharculture

Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar, including cultivation of crops

•Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems•Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable cultivation and carbon sequestration.•Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600 degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass cook stoves.•Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than uncharred organic matter

Biocharculture Adaptation benefitsSecuring the crop from

drought and climate variabiiity

Reclaim the degraded soils, water conservation,

Lessen the impact of hazardous pesticides

and complex chemicals & to reduce plant

uptake.

reducing emissions and increasing the

sequestration of greenhouse gases

Conversion of crop residue into Biochar an

option and address carbon sequestration

Increase in crop yieldincreases in C, N, pH, and available P to the

plantsImpacts of Biochar last more than 1000 years.

Temperature regulation in the soil

Reduction in leaching of the bio / chem fertilizers applied

Increase in the soil microbes / worms at the biochar and soil

interface

CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA

Farmers focus80% ON CROP20% ON SOIL

BIOCHAR COMPOST

APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS

OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS

CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST 4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS

1.5 FEET 6 FEET

CONTROL

BIOCHAR

BIOCHAR RESULTS

GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING SEASON)

Methane Emissions from paddy fields

Biochar – livestock urine

BIOCHAR URINALS

TAPPING NITROGEN FROM URINE OF ANIMALS AND PEOPLE USING BIOCHAR

OTHER BIOCHAR APPLICATIONS

BIOCHAR BRICKS, GREEN BUILDINGS

Bone

Brick pieces

Pottaryshards

Biochar /Charcoal

Slag

Quartz

Soil

MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING STOVES

GOOD STOVES

http://goodsto

ve.com

MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING STOVES

Thank you…