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Classroom At I a s 13th Edition

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Author Celeste Jones Fraser

Editors Brett R. Gover Joella M. Morris

Cartographic Project Managers Rob Ferry Marzee Eckhoff Nina Lusterman

Cartography Gregory P. Babiak Justin Griffin Marc Kugel

Research Susan Hudson Elizabeth Leppman, PhD Felix Lopez Raymond Tobiaski

Photo credits t = top, b = bottom, I= !eft, c = center, r = right

Writing Elizabeth Leppman, PhD Joella M. Morris

Product Management Director Jenny Thornton

Design Michelle LeBlanc-Smith

Production Carey Seren

Educator Review Board Marianna Alho Christine Brigham Dr. Rhoda Coleman Nicole Hardesty Wendy Israel Lynn Jeffries Laurie Kotzen Miller Kany Seek Patricia Setze

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The Discoverer's Tools . .. .. ........ .. .. . . 4 Mid-Atlantic Region ....... . .. ... .... .. . . .... 68 Introduction ... ...... ........... . .......... 4 Southeast Region ..... . .... ....... .. .. ...... 74 Globes vs. Maps ..... . ....... . . .. . .... ... .. . . 5 Midwest Region ...... . ........ .. ........... 80 Thematic Maps .. ... . . . . . ... . ........ . ...... 6 North Central Region .. . ...... . . . ..... .. ..... 86 Physical Maps ........ . . . ... . . ............. . 6 South Central Region ...... .. . . .......... . . .. 92 Political Maps ... . .. .. ...... . ... . ..... . ..... 7 Southwest Region ..... . ...... ... ..... .. .... . 98 Climate Maps . . .... .. .. .......... .. ... ..... 7 Northwest Region ... . ..... . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. 104 Environments Maps .. . ....................... 8 Alaska ....... . . ... . .......... . ..... .. ... . 110 Economies Maps ..... . .. .... . ........ . ..... . 8 Hawaii ...... .. . . . . ......... ............. 114 Population Density Maps . . . . . .. . .. .. ... ... .. . . 8 Settlement of the United States ......... . ... . . . 118 Map Projections ........ ..... . .. ... .. .... .. . . 9 Types of Map Projections ...................... 9 Orienting Yourself on the Earth .. . .. ........ .. . 10 Cardinal and Intermediate Directions ........... 11 North Arrows . ...... .............. .. ....... 11

Canada ............................ 128 Physical Map . . ... . . . ...... ...... .......... 128 Political Map ....................... . ...... 130 Thematic maps .. ... . .......... . ........... 132

Latitude and Longitude ........... ....... ... . 12 Letter-Number Grids ............. . . .. ....... 13

Mexico and Middle America . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Physical Map ...................... . ....... 134

Halves of the Earth ...... .... . . . .. . . .. . .. ... 14 Political Map .. ....... ...... . .. .. .......... 136

Map Legends and Symbols . . . . . .. .... .. . . ..... 16 Thematic maps ............ .. . . . ... . ....... 138

Measuring Distance .. ... . . ....... . . .. . . ..... 16 South America ................. . ..... 140 Different Scales for Different Maps .......... ... 18 Physical Map .. ... ...... ... . . ...... . ....... 142 Index .... . . . ...... . ... . . ........ ... . ..... 19 Political Map ....... . ....... . ..... . ........ 143 Did You Know? ..... . ... . .................. 19 Thematic Maps . ..... ....... . ....... . ...... 144 What If? ...... . .. . . . ... ... ....... . ........ 19 Graphs, Charts, and Photographs ......... . .. . . . 19 Geographical Terms .... . ... . ................ 20

Europe .............................. 146 Physical Map ............. . ..... . ...... .. .. 148 Political Map . .... .... . ... . . . .............. 150

The World ..... ..... . ........... . .... . 22 Thematic Maps .. . .... ...... .... .... . .... .. 152 Looking at the World . . ..... .... . . ..... . .. ... 22 World Physical Map ....... . . . . .. . ... . . . . .... 24 World Political Map ....... . . . . .. . .. . ..... . . . 26 World Climate Map . . . . . ........ . ........... 28 World Environments Map ... ... .. ... ... .... .. 30

Africa ............................. . 156 Physical Map .... . . . ...... . ...... .. .. ...... 158 Political Map . ................. ..... . ...... 159 Thematic Map ......... .. ................. 160

World Population Density Map .......... . ..... 32 Asia .......................... ...... 164 World Patterns of Economic Activity ............ 34 Physical Map ...... . .... .. ....... . ......... 166

World Mineral Fuel Deposits ...... . . . ... . ..... 36 Political Map ... . ................ . ......... 168 World Energy Consumption ............ . . . . . . 37 Middle East/Israel Political Maps .... . ......... 170

Plate Tectonics ...... . .......... . . . ... . . .... 38 Northern Eurasia Political Map ... .. ......... .. 172

World Time Zones ... . ...... .... . . . . ... .. ... 40 China, Mongolia, Japan and Korea Political Map . . 174

North America ..... . .... ............. . 42 Thematic Maps ......... . ..... . ............ 17 6

Introduction ............ . .... . ..... .. . ... . 42 Australia and Oceania .. .............. . 180 Physical Map . . . ...... ... . .. . . . ... . .. ... ... 44 Physical Map ... . ....... .. .... .. ....... . ... 182

Political Map . . . . . . .... . ..... . . ..... . ...... 45 Political Map ..... .. . ... ................... 183

Thematic Maps ... .. ... . .. . .. .......... . ... 46 Thematic Maps . . .. . . .. ...... .. ..... .. ..... 184

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Oceania Political Map .. ..... . ............... 186

Looking at the United States ............... . ... 50 Antarctica . ....................... .. . 188 Physical Map ... . .. . ..... . .. . ............... 52 Physical Map .. . .. . .......... . ..... .. ...... 190

Alaska and Hawaii Physical Map ............. ... 54 Thematic Content Index .............. . 191 Location of Alaska and Hawaii ...... . . .. . . . .... 55 Indian Reservations Thematic Map ....... . . . .... 5 5 United States Tables .................. 192

Political Map .. . . . ........ . .. .... . .. .. . . .... 56 Index ............................... 194 Thematic Maps ...... . . .. .. . ... . . ... ........ 58 United States Regions .... .... .... . . ... ....... 60 Northeast Region . . .... .. . .. ................ 62

World Facts and Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside covers

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22 The World

Looking at the World The Earth is an amazing planet. It has towering mountains, deep canyons, and pancake-Rat plains. It has oceans and seas that spread across vast expanses, and rivers that stretch thousands of miles. It has deserts where rain almost never falls, and rain forests that get drenched by rain every day.

The map to the right shows some of the Earth's variety-places

(Hawaii)

Largest Freshwater Lake Lake Superior (North America)

and physical features that rank above all others in their categories.

Average yearly rainfall: 460 inches

But even with all this variety, the earth has distinct patterns. The maps in this section will reveal the patterns in the Earth's physical and human-made features.

Largest Ocean Pacific Ocean

Surface area: 63,800,000 square miles

Driest Place Arica, Chile

(South America)

Average yearly precipitation: 0.03 inches

Hottest Place Al Aziziyah, Libya

(Africa)

Largest Rain Forest Amazon Basin (South America)

Area: 2,300,000 square miles

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Sample

Lowest Point Dead Sea

(Asia)

Lowest elevation: 1,339 feet below sea level

30'

Largest Lake Caspian Sea (Asia-Europe)

Surface area: 143,240 square miles

Longest River Nile

(Africa)

Deepest Lake Lake Baikal

(Asia)

Coldest Place Vostok Station

(Antarctica)

Lowest recorded temperature: -129°F

The World 23

Highest Mountain Mount Everest

(Asia)

Greatest Ocean Depth Mariana Trench

Longest Reef System Great Barrier Reef

(Australia)

Length: 1,250 miles

Great Barrier Reef

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Sample

24 . The World

World Physical Map This map shows the world's land elevations and ocean depths.

F

ape erde .. . la ds •

Cap Vert

0 CEA N

Faroe I ~

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OCEAN l Marquesas Is.

0

s

World Physical Map

O National capital

Major city

International boundary

Land elevation

3,000 meters

2,000 meters -

1,000 meters -

500 meters -

9,840 feet

- 6,560 feet

- 3,280 feet

- 1,640 feet

200 meters - - 656 feet

0 Sea level - - 0 Sea level

Water depth 0 Sea level - - O Sea level

200 meters -

2,000 meters -

1000

- 656 feet

- 6,560 feet

2000 Miles

e sao Roque

St. Helena'

Some of the highest mountains in the world

0 1000 2000 3000 Kilometers

Alaska Range Denali Pico de Orizaba

Mexico Alaska 20,320 ft. 6,194 m. 18,406 ft.

5,610 m.

Sierra Nevada Mt. Whitney California 14,494 ft. 4,418m. Rocky Mountains

Mt. Elbert Colorado

Cascade Range Mt. Rainier Washington 14,411 ft. 4,392 m.

14,433 ft . 4,399 m.

North America

Cerro Chirrip6 Costa Rica 12,530 ft. 3,819 m.

2 1so· 3 135' 4 120· 5 105• 6 go• 1 15• s 60" 9 45· 10 30• 11 1s· 12

Andes Chimborazo Ecuador 20,702 ft . 6,310 m.

Andes Nevada lllampu Bolivia 21,066 ft. 6,421 m.

South America Africa

Kilimanjaro Tanzania 19,340 ft. 5,895 m.

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Sample

A lush rain forest grows in Olympic National Park, Washington, on the western side of the Olympic Mountains.

Diagram of the Rain Shadow Effect

Direction of prevailing winds

United States 109

This arid landscape in eastern Oregon shows the effect of the rain shadow.

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Sample

110 United States

Jagged mountains rise above a glacier and a valley filled with wildflowers in southeastern Alaska. Much of Alaska is pristine wilderness.

Alaska Political Map

@ State capital

[!I City 250,000-1,000,000

• City under 250,000 - Country boundary

0 200 400 600 Miles

I I I I

I I

I I I

I I I

I 0 200 400 600 800 Kilometers

1 175° 2 1so· 3

E

so·

F

2 1so· 3 175° 4 170° 5 165°

Alaska Alaska lies hundreds of miles northwest of the lower 48 states. It is by far the largest of the 50 states. From its easternmost point to its westernmost point, in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska stretches about 2,400 miles. That is about the same as the distance between New York City and San Francisco.

Look at Alaska's location on the map. You can see that it is closer to Russia than it is to the rest of the United States. Flying from its capital city, Juneau, to Seattle, Washington, the nearest city in the lower 48 states, would take about four hours!

Because of its cold climate, it has a smaller population than all but three other states. Most Alaskans live in the southern part of the state. Alaska's landforms include broad plains, vast plateaus, and long mountain ranges.

4 11o· s 6 160° 1 s 1so• 9 10 140• 11 12 130• 13 14 120· 1s

Gulf of Alaska

6 160° 7 155° 8 150° 9

B

65°

C

60°

D

55°

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Sample

Anchorage is Alaska's most populous city with more than one-third of Alaska's people.

Climate Three different climates are found in Alaska. The northern third of the state has a polar climate, with cold temperatures and little precipitation. Most of the rest of the state has a continental climate and is not as cold or dry. Southern Alaska is warmer because of its latitude and the warming effect of the ocean. The "panhandle," where Juneau is located, has a moderate climate but much greater rainfall than the rest of the state.

Alaska

.. , ...

570,641

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Barrow, Alaska: Polar Climate

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-••·-1- -40 0 J F MAM J J AS ON D Months of the Year

710,231

The Alaskan Malamute is a popular sledding dog in Alaska .

Juneau

United States 111

The People of Alaska With about 700,000 people, Alaska is the fourth smallest state in population. Comparing its population and area, Alaska has a population density of less than two people per square mile! Most Alaskans live near Anchorage, the largest city, located in the southern part of the state. Study the climate graphs below to find out why. As you can see, Anchorage has much milder temperatures than Barrow and is far less rainy than Juneau.

Climate Map

D Moderate - warm summer and mild rainy winter

D Polar - cold and dry

D Continental - mild summer and snowy winter

\ .

Anchorage, Alaska: Continental Climate

Juneau, Alaska: Moderate Climate

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JFMAMJJASOND Months of the Year

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Sample