World of Science Sample - My Father's WorldPlanet Earth 142 Inside the Earth 144 Restless Earth 146...

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The

World of

Science

®

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Contents

Introduction 8

Section 1 Matter and Chemicals 13

Atoms 14Inside atoms 16Elements 18Table of elements 20Molecules 22More about molecules 24Solids, liquids and gases 26Melting and boiling 28Crystals 30Water 32Dissolving 34Chemical changes 36Acids and bases 38Metals 40Composites 42

Section 2 Energy, Motion and Machines 45

About energy 46Converting energy 48Energy of motion 50

Master Books® edition: October 2011

Originally published by Parragon Publishing 2004

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Contents

Forces and motion 52Measuring force and motion 54Gravity 56Heat and cold 58Helpful machines 60Simple machines 62More simple machines 64Power for machines 66More machine power 68Friction 70Energy for the world 72Energy and matter 74

Section 3 Electricity and Magnetism 77

Electrical energy 78Static electricity 80Flowing electricity 82Electricity from chemicals 84Electrical circuits 86Using electricity 88Electricity makes magnetism 90Mysterious magnetism 92Magnetism to electricity 94Electricity to movement 96Movement to electricity 98Electronic information 100

Introduction 8

Section 1 Matter and Chemicals 13

Atoms 14Inside atoms 16Elements 18Table of elements 20Molecules 22More about molecules 24Solids, liquids and gases 26Melting and boiling 28Crystals 30Water 32Dissolving 34Chemical changes 36Acids and bases 38Metals 40Composites 42

Section 2 Energy, Motion and Machines 45

About energy 46Converting energy 48Energy of motion 50


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Communications 102Electronic machines 104Computers 106

Section 4 Light and Sound 109

About waves 110Sound waves 112High and low sounds 114Loud and soft sounds 116Making and detecting sounds 118Storing sounds 120Using sounds 122Light 124Reflected light 126Refracted light 128Detecting light 130Using light 132Laser light 134Beyond light 136Using the EMS 138

Section 5

Earth and Life 141

Planet Earth 142Inside the Earth 144Restless Earth 146

The rock cycle 148Volcanoes and earthquakes 150Atmosphere 152Weather and climate 154Mountains and valleys 156Rivers and lakes 158Coastlines 160Seas and oceans 162Life on Earth 164Earth in trouble 166

Section 6 Space and Time 169

Earth in space 170Exploring space 172Earth’s orbit 174Magnetic Earth 176Inner planets 178Solar wanderers 180Outer planets 182The Sun 184Stars 186Galaxies 188Deep space 190The Universe 192Past and future 194

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Section 7 Science Experiments 197

Plants and animalsLight for growth 198Phototropism 198Mold 199Minibeasts in the soil 200Life in water 201Seeing is believing 201Reaction times 201Optical illusion 201

ChemistryMixing and diffusion 202Making solutions 202Growing crystals 203Separating colors 204Chemical reactions 204Electrolysis 205

Air and flightWhat does fire do to air? 206The air and the weather 207Hot air balloon 208Aircraft wing 209Bernoulli’s principle 209Autogyro 210What a drag! 210Wind generator 211

WaterVanishing water 212What happens when water freezes? 212Water in the air 213Rain and rivers 213Water pressure fountain 214Simple siphon 214Floating and sinking 215Model boats 215Surface tension 216Capillary action 216Water wheel 217

Communications 102Electronic machines 104Computers 106

Section 4 Light and Sound 109

About waves 110Sound waves 112High and low sounds 114Loud and soft sounds 116Making and detecting sounds 118Storing sounds 120Using sounds 122Light 124Reflected light 126Refracted light 128Detecting light 130Using light 132Laser light 134Beyond light 136Using the EMS 138

Section 5

Earth and Life 141

Planet Earth 142Inside the Earth 144Restless Earth 146








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Section 7 Science Experiments 197

Plants and animalsLight for growth 198Phototropism 198Mold 199Minibeasts in the soil 200Life in water 201Seeing is believing 201Reaction times 201Optical illusion 201

ChemistryMixing and diffusion 202Making solutions 202Growing crystals 203Separating colors 204Chemical reactions 204Electrolysis 205

Air and flightWhat does fire do to air? 206The air and the weather 207Hot air balloon 208Aircraft wing 209Bernoulli’s principle 209Autogyro 210What a drag! 210Wind generator 211

WaterVanishing water 212What happens when water freezes? 212Water in the air 213Rain and rivers 213Water pressure fountain 214Simple siphon 214Floating and sinking 215Model boats 215Surface tension 216Capillary action 216Water wheel 217

SoundSpreading vibrations 218Waves in a tray 218Two-ear hearing 219Sound from a record 220String instrument 221Wind instrument 221

LightShadow-clock sundial 222Reflecting light 223Optical fibres 223How deep? 224Camera in a box 224Water-drop microscope 225Making a spectrum 226See double 226Color filters 227

Energy and forcesChanges of energy 228Convected heat 228Conducted heat 229Radiated heat 229The effects of forces 230Levers 230High and low pressure 231Pendulum swings 231

Electricity and magnetismConduct or insulate? 232Static electricity 233Making a battery 233Magnetic fields 234Making magnetism 234A simple compass 235Radio waves 235Make an electromagnet 236An electric motor 236

Glossary 238Scientific units 239Index 240





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Introduction“In the begInnIng god created the heavens and the earth.” From its very creation, the Earth was formed with guidelines established by our Maker. His wisdom set everything in motion, intricately woven by His word and declared “good.” Once Adam was formed and God breathed life into him, He placed him in the Garden for this first man to tend the plants and name the living creatures: “So the man gave names to all the livestock, the birds in the sky and all the wild animals” (Genesis 2:20). Here is the first record of a type of scientific classification, giving unique names to each distinct living creature.

Scientific methodScience is supposed to progress in a sensible, rational, step-by-step way known as the scientific method. We have an idea, a theory, or a hypothesis. This must be in such a form that it makes predictions. We design experiments and tests to check the predictions. During the experiments we study, observe, measure, and assess. We examine and analyze the results. If they fit the predictions, they support the original theory. In this way we gradually build up a body of knowledge and understanding that

stretches from the tiniest particles of matter, to the vastness of God’s created Universe.

Real scienceThe reality, however, is rather different. Science is not always logical and sensible, moving forwards in small, tried-and-tested stages. People have sudden insights and flashes of inspiration that can cause a scientific revolution. For example, Isaac Newton supposedly had his ideas about gravity when an apple fell nearby, perhaps even on his head. This simple event led to his theory of universal gravitation. It was so important that it formed a new foundation for the physical sciences for more than three and a half centuries. Then Albert Einstein brought yet another huge advance in the early 20th century, with his theory of special relativity, followed by his theory of general relativity.

Fields of scienceThere are many branches or fields of science. In general, they fall into three broad groups. These are physical, chemical and biological. The physical sciences deal with matter, energy, movement and the structure of the Universe. It is also concerned with machinery and technology.

Leonardo da Vinci’s idea for a flying machine (from about 1500) was never built, and in any case, it would have been far too heavy to fly. But it showed great scientific foresight and ambition.

Ancient tools show excellent crafting skills and an early knowledge of materials science.

A map showing the revolutionary ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus from the 1540s, that the Earth and other planets go around the Sun.





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98

“In the begInnIng god created the heavens and the earth.” From its very creation, the Earth was formed with guidelines established by our Maker. His wisdom set everything in motion, intricately woven by His word and declared “good.” Once Adam was formed and God breathed life into him, He placed him in the Garden for this first man to tend the plants and name the living creatures: “So the man gave names to all the livestock, the birds in the sky and all the wild animals” (Genesis 2:20). Here is the first record of a type of scientific classification, giving unique names to each distinct living creature.

Scientific methodScience is supposed to progress in a sensible, rational, step-by-step way known as the scientific method. We have an idea, a theory, or a hypothesis. This must be in such a form that it makes predictions. We design experiments and tests to check the predictions. During the experiments we study, observe, measure, and assess. We examine and analyze the results. If they fit the predictions, they support the original theory. In this way we gradually build up a body of knowledge and understanding that

stretches from the tiniest particles of matter, to the vastness of God’s created Universe.

Real scienceThe reality, however, is rather different. Science is not always logical and sensible, moving forwards in small, tried-and-tested stages. People have sudden insights and flashes of inspiration that can cause a scientific revolution. For example, Isaac Newton supposedly had his ideas about gravity when an apple fell nearby, perhaps even on his head. This simple event led to his theory of universal gravitation. It was so important that it formed a new foundation for the physical sciences for more than three and a half centuries. Then Albert Einstein brought yet another huge advance in the early 20th century, with his theory of special relativity, followed by his theory of general relativity.

Fields of scienceThere are many branches or fields of science. In general, they fall into three broad groups. These are physical, chemical and biological. The physical sciences deal with matter, energy, movement and the structure of the Universe. It is also concerned with machinery and technology.

Leonardo da Vinci’s idea for a flying machine (from about 1500) was never built, and in any case, it would have been far too heavy to fly. But it showed great scientific foresight and ambition.

A map showing the revolutionary ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus from the 1540s, that the Earth and other planets go around the Sun.

The Great Pyramid of Giza in Ancient Egypt was built thousands of years ago, to an original accuracy of a few inches.

The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the mid 18th century, harnessed the power of machines for mining, processing, factory production and transport. Steam-powered railway locomotives began to puff across the countryside.


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Chemical sciences include the study of substances or chemicals (the chemical elements), what they are made of, and how they differ from each other in their many properties and features. Another very important area of chemistry is how substances or chemicals change when they combine or react together. The biological sciences cover life and living things in all their forms, from microscopic germs to giant redwood trees and blue whales. It studies how they survive, move about, feed, breed and interact with their surroundings or environment.

Combined sciencesTraditionally, these three main branches of science were very separate. Today, they are usually found together. To make an artificial part or prosthesis for the body, such as a

joint, requires all three branches to come together. The joint must withstand

physical stresses and strains, chemical exposure to body salts and fluids, and

biological contact with the body’s microscopic cells. The sections in this book reflect the main branches of science, but also highlight the links and connections between them. The pages begin with the basic building-blocks of matter, atoms, and the forces that hold them together. They move to an ever-larger scale, ending with a look at the whole Universe and the nature of space and time.

Why do science?Why should science be studied? Science can help us see the intricacies of God’s creation,

allowing for enormous advancements in our

world. Various deadly diseases have been eradicated, harnessing electricity has allowed us to better regulate our environment, and we have developed devices that can enrich our lives, such as mobile phones, cars, planes, computers, and the Internet. Most people live longer, more comfortable, healthier lives than ever before. Without restraint or godly wisdom, science can become a tool of devastation. Throughout the past several hundred years, there have been those like Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, and Francis Bacon who saw God’s handiwork in the world around them. Their scientific

discoveries brought both glory to God and benefits to humanity. May an inspired new group of young scientists rise up today.

The brilliance of Albert Einstein (1879-1955) produced enormous changes in science. His ideas about gravity, time, space, particles and forces were fitted into the new framework of relativity theory.

The re-useable space shuttles have launched hundreds of satellites and carried out thousands of experiments in the “zero gravity” of space.

The world shrinks daily as information transfer becomes faster and easier, using the science of telecommunications.

Factories help produce power and products, but must also function responsibly for the safety of workers and the environment.

Biology, technology, materials science, engineering and design meet in the production of titanium-and-plastic body parts such as artificial joints.





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Chemical sciences include the study of substances or chemicals (the chemical elements), what they are made of, and how they differ from each other in their many properties and features. Another very important area of chemistry is how substances or chemicals change when they combine or react together. The biological sciences cover life and living things in all their forms, from microscopic germs to giant redwood trees and blue whales. It studies how they survive, move about, feed, breed and interact with their surroundings or environment.

Combined sciencesTraditionally, these three main branches of science were very separate. Today, they are usually found together. To make an artificial part or prosthesis for the body, such as a

joint, requires all three branches to come together. The joint must withstand

physical stresses and strains, chemical exposure to body salts and fluids, and

biological contact with the body’s microscopic cells. The sections in this book reflect the main branches of science, but also highlight the links and connections between them. The pages begin with the basic building-blocks of matter, atoms, and the forces that hold them together. They move to an ever-larger scale, ending with a look at the whole Universe and the nature of space and time.

Why do science?Why should science be studied? Science can help us see the intricacies of God’s creation,

allowing for enormous advancements in our

world. Various deadly diseases have been eradicated, harnessing electricity has allowed us to better regulate our environment, and we have developed devices that can enrich our lives, such as mobile phones, cars, planes, computers, and the Internet. Most people live longer, more comfortable, healthier lives than ever before. Without restraint or godly wisdom, science can become a tool of devastation. Throughout the past several hundred years, there have been those like Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, and Francis Bacon who saw God’s handiwork in the world around them. Their scientific

discoveries brought both glory to God and benefits to humanity. May an inspired new group of young scientists rise up today.

The re-useable space shuttles have launched hundreds of satellites and carried out thousands of experiments in the “zero gravity” of space.

The world shrinks daily as information transfer becomes faster and easier, using the science of telecommunications.

Wealth and comfort in the industrialized world relies on land and resources.

In 1986 the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl, in the Ukraine, exploded and spread harmful radioactivity over millions of square kilometres.

Factories help produce power and products, but must also function responsibly for the safety of workers and the environment.

Biology, technology, materials science, engineering and design meet in the production of titanium-and-plastic body parts such as artificial joints.


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All substances, matter and chemicals—from a pin-head to a

star—are made of atoms. The atoms join or bond together to form

molecules. Atoms and molecules can separate and then join together in new combinations. This is chemical change. Matter exists in three main

states: solids, liquids and gases.

1Matter and Chemicals

S E C T I O N

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Atoms 1514 Matter and chemicals

AtomsBig things are made of smaller things. For example, a log cabin is made of dozens of logs. A log is made of millions of tiny fibers of wood. A fiber of wood is made of even tinier fibers of a substance called lignin. And lignin is made from groups of very tiny things indeed—atoms. Take apart any object, from a skyscraper to a pinhead, and you eventually find that it is made of these tiny particles, called atoms, which are far too small for us to see. All objects, items, materials, substances, chemicals and other forms of matter consist of atoms.

Different kinds of atomsAtoms are not all the same. There are about 112 different kinds. These different kinds of atoms are known as the chemical elements, and they are shown on the following pages. The names of some chemical elements are familiar, such as aluminum, iron and calcium. The names of other chemical elements are less well known,

such as xenon, yttrium and zirconium. The atoms of the different chemical elements are all different from each other. So aluminum atoms are different from iron atoms, both kinds are different from calcium atoms, and so on. But all the atoms of one chemical element are exactly the same as each other. A lump of pure iron contains billions of iron atoms. Every one is identical to all the others. And they are all identical to every other iron atom, anywhere in the Universe.

Even elephants are atomsEvery piece and scrap of substance or matter is made of atoms. That includes the ground beneath your feet, trees, cars, houses, computers, compact discs, water and the invisible air all around us. All living things are atoms too, including birds, flowers, microscopic germs, huge trees, tigers, elephants—and your own body.

Atoms joined together

Sometimes atoms are on their

own. At other times they join together with other atoms, to form groups of linked atoms called molecules. These are often shown as “ball-and-stick” diagrams or models.

Atoms across the UniverseEverything in our world, including planet Earth itself, is made of atoms. And everything outside the world is made of atoms too. Space is not perfectly empty. It has bits and pieces of gases and dust floating about in it, and these are made of atoms. Objects in space, such as planets, stars and comets, are made of atoms. So are our own satellites, rockets and spacecraft. Most of the matter or substance in the Universe is inside stars, like our Sun. The main chemical element in stars is called hydrogen.So hydrogen is the commonest substance in the whole Universe. For every 100 atoms in the Universe, 93 are hydrogen atoms and only seven are of other elements.

Science discoverySince ancient times, some scientific thinkers suspected that everything consisted of tiny particles. Democritus (about 470-400 BC) of Ancient Greece suggested the world and everything in it were made of particles, which were so small that they were invisible to our eyes. He believed that these particles were unimaginably hard, lasted for ever, and were always moving about. Parts of the modern theory of atoms are similar to the ideas of Democritus.

One kind of atom

Another kind of atom

Join or bond between atoms

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HOw bIg arE aTOmS?

Science discoveryJohn Dalton (1766-1844) was a science

teacher who also kept detailed records of the weather. He suggested that every chemical element consisted of tiny

particles, atoms, which were identical to each other but different from the atoms of other chemical elements. He also gave names and

symbols to about 30 chemical elements. However he thought that atoms were solid spheres, like metal balls, which could never be destroyed. Also, some substances which Dalton believed were elements are now known to be combinations of elements, or compounds.


Building blocksA skyscraper is made of many smaller building units fixed together, such as steel girders, beams and panels. A house is made of smaller building units, such as bricks. Atoms are similar, but far smaller. They are “building blocks of matter”.






Hydrogen

mangesia Zinc

Copper

Lead

Silver

gold

Platinabarytes

Strontian

Potash

Soda

Lime

Dalton’s element symbols

azote

Carbon

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Sulphur Iron mercury

One kind of atom


Very, very small! An average atom is 0.000,000,001 meter (one millionth of 1 millimeter) across.Blow up a balloon. It seems to contain nothing and weigh almost nothing. But it contains about 100 billion billion (100,000,000,000,000,000,000) atoms of the gases which make up air.A tiny grain of sand contains so many atoms, that if each one were the size of a pinhead, the grain would be about 2 kilometres across.


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AtomsBig things are made of smaller things. For example, a log cabin is made of dozens of logs. A log is made of millions of tiny fibers of wood. A fiber of wood is made of even tinier fibers of a substance called lignin. And lignin is made from groups of very tiny things indeed—atoms. Take apart any object, from a skyscraper to a pinhead, and you eventually find that it is made of these tiny particles, called atoms, which are far too small for us to see. All objects, items, materials, substances, chemicals and other forms of matter consist of atoms.

Different kinds of atomsAtoms are not all the same. There are about 112 different kinds. These different kinds of atoms are known as the chemical elements, and they are shown on the following pages. The names of some chemical elements are familiar, such as aluminum, iron and calcium. The names of other chemical elements are less well known,

such as xenon, yttrium and zirconium. The atoms of the different chemical elements are all different from each other. So aluminum atoms are different from iron atoms, both kinds are different from calcium atoms, and so on. But all the atoms of one chemical element are exactly the same as each other. A lump of pure iron contains billions of iron atoms. Every one is identical to all the others. And they are all identical to every other iron atom, anywhere in the Universe.





Atoms across the UniverseEverything in our world, including planet Earth itself, is made of atoms.And everything outside the world is made of atoms too. Space is notperfectly empty. It has bits and pieces of gases and dust floating about init, and these are made of atoms. Objects in space, such as planets, starsand comets, are made of atoms. So areour own satellites, rockets andspacecraft. Most of the matteror substance in the Universeis inside stars, like ourSun. The main chemicalelement in stars is calledhydrogen.So hydrogen isthe commonest substancein the whole Universe. Forevery 100 atoms in theUniverse, 93 are hydrogenatoms and only seven are ofother elements.

Science discoverySince ancient times, some scientific thinkers suspected that everything consisted of tiny particles. Democritus (about 470-400 BC) of Ancient Greece suggested the world and everything in it were made of particles, which were so small that they were invisible to our eyes. He believed that these particles were unimaginably hard, lasted for ever, and were always moving about. Parts of the modern theory of atoms are similar to the ideas of Democritus.

One kind of atom

Another kind of atom


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HOw bIg arE aTOmS?

Science discoveryJohn Dalton (1766-1844) was a science

teacher who also kept detailed records of the weather. He suggested that every chemical element consisted of tiny

particles, atoms, which were identical to each other but different from the atoms of other chemical elements. He also gave names and

symbols to about 30 chemical elements. However he thought that atoms were solid spheres, like metal balls, which could never be destroyed. Also, some substances which Dalton believed were elements are now known to be combinations of elements, or compounds.


Building blocksA skyscraper is made of many smaller building units fixed together, such as steel girders, beams and panels. A house is made of smaller building units, such as bricks. Atoms are similar, but far smaller. They are “building blocks of matter”.






Hydrogen

mangesia Zinc

Copper

Lead

Silver

gold

Platinabarytes

Strontian

Potash

Soda

Lime

Dalton’s element symbols

azote

Carbon

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Sulphur Iron mercury

One kind of atom


Very, very small! An average atom is 0.000,000,001 meter (one millionth of 1 millimeter) across.Blow up a balloon. It seems to contain nothing and weigh almost nothing. But it contains about 100 billion billion (100,000,000,000,000,000,000) atoms of the gases which make up air.A tiny grain of sand contains so many atoms, that if each one were the size of a pinhead, the grain would be about 2 kilometres across.


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