Classification of Figures of Speech

8/12/2019 Classification of Figures of Speech

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Classification of figures of speech

figures of speech /schemata lexeosfigurae dictionis

figures of thoughtschemata dianoias

figurae sententiarum

Many rhetoricians have divided rhetorical figures into those of speech and those of thought (see chart).Figures of speech pertain to verbal expression; figures of thought, to ideas. (The latter category

overlaps generally, therefore with inventionand its topics).

English Latin Greek

figures of speech

figurae dictionis

figurae verborum

figurae elocutionis

in !ree"#schemata lexeos

figures of thought

figurae sententiarum

figurae sensus

figurae mentis

in !ree"#schemata dianoias

Typically, this distinction proves difficult to maintain. The figures of thought overlap considerably withthetopics of invention, and at times differ from figures of speech only in degree. $onse%uently, someauthorities create a third category of terms consisting of those that overlap between figures of dictionand of thought, and typically call these figures of amplification(see Melanchthon&' b*r+bv; c-v+d&r.; usenbrotus..).

ee /lso

/d 0erennium list of Figures of 1iction

/d 0erennium list of Figures of Thought

copia

This concept embraces this same basic division by discussing the rhetorical amplification of

expression (copia verborum) and that of ideas (copia rerum).

The fourth boo" of RhetoricaAd Herenniumcontains a

dictionary of stylistic terms. These are outlined below, withlin"s to the Silva Rhetoricaewhere definitions and examples

can be found.

Figures of Diction

1. repetitio (epanaphora). conversio (antistrophe)

. conplexio2. traductio (ploce 3 antimetathesis 3 syncrisis 3

transplacement 3 and antanaclasis)'. contentio (antithesis)

*. exclamatio (apostrophe)

. interrogatio (erotema

-. ratiocinatio (aetiologia, 4reasoning by %uestion and

answer4)

5. sententia (maxim)

&6. contrarium (epicheireme, enthymeme, 4reasoning by

contraries4)&&. membrum orationis (colon, 4clause4)

12. articulus (commaor phrase)

13. continuatio (period, 4sentence4)

14. conpar (isocolon)

15. similiter cadens (homoioptoton)&*. similiter desinens (homoeoteleuton)

17. adnominatio (paronomasia)

18. subiectio (hypophora)

19. gradatio (climax)6. definitio (horismus, 4definition4)

&. transitio

22. correctio (epidiorthosis)

23. occultatio (paralipsis)2. disiunctum (dia7eugma,4dis8unction4)

'. coniunctio (syne7eugma, 4con8unction4)

*. adiunctio (epi7eugma, 4ad8unction4)
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/TOPICS.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/TOPICS.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20amplification.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Melanchthon-Intitutiones.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Susenbrotus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Ad%20Herennium-Book4.htm#figuresofdictionhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Ad%20Herennium-Book4.htm#figuresofthoughthttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Copia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/repetitio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/T/traductio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antanaclasis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antithesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/exclamatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/apostrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/I/interrogatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/erotema.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/ratiocinatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/aetiologia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/sententia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/maxim.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/CONTRARIUM.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enthymeme.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/colon.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/articulus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/YET/COMMA.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/period.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/I/isocolon.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/homoioptoton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/homoioteleuton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/adnominatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/paronomasia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anthypophora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/climax.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/horismus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metabasis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/correctio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/paralipsis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/D/diazeugma.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/conjunctio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/adjunctio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epizeugma.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/TOPICS.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/TOPICS.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20amplification.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Melanchthon-Intitutiones.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Susenbrotus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Ad%20Herennium-Book4.htm#figuresofdictionhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Ad%20Herennium-Book4.htm#figuresofthoughthttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Copia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/repetitio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/T/traductio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antanaclasis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antithesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/exclamatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/apostrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/I/interrogatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/erotema.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/ratiocinatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/aetiologia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/sententia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/maxim.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/CONTRARIUM.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enthymeme.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/colon.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/articulus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/YET/COMMA.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/period.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/I/isocolon.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/homoioptoton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/homoioteleuton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/adnominatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/paronomasia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anthypophora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/climax.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/horismus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metabasis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/correctio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/paralipsis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/D/diazeugma.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/conjunctio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/adjunctio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epizeugma.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htm


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27. conduplicatio (anadiplosis, 4reduplication4)

28. interpretatio (synonymia, 4interpretation4)

29. commutatio (antimetabole, 4reciprocal change4)

30. permissio (epitrope, 4surrender4)&. dubitatio (aporia, 4indecision4)

32. expeditio (4elimination4)

33. dissolutum (asyndeton)2. praecisio (aposiopesis)

'. conclusio

Tropes:

36. nominatio (onomatopoeia)

37. pronominatio (antonomasia)-. denominatio (metonymy)

39. circumitio (periphrasis)

40. transgressio (hyperbaton)

41. superlatio (hyperbole)

42. intellectio (synecdoche)

43. abusio (catachresis)22. translatio (metaphor)

45. permutatio (allegory)Figures of Thought

&. distributio (diaeresis, merismus, 4distribution4)

2. licentia (parresia,4fran"ness of speech4). deminutio (antenantiosis,meiosis, litotes,

4understatement4)

4. descriptio (diatyposis, 4vivid description4)'. divisio (prosopodosis, 4division4)

*. fre%uentatio (synathroismus, 4accumulation4)

. expolitio (chreia, 4refining4)

-. commoratio (epimone, 4dwelling on the point4)

9. contentio (antithesis)

&6. similitudo (parabole, 4comparison4)&&. exemplum (paradigma, 4exemplification4)

12. imago (simile)&. effictio (characterismus, 4portrayal4)

&2. notatio (ethopoeia, 4character delineation4)&'. sermocinatio (dialogue)

&*. conformatio (prosopopoeia, 4personification4)

&. significatio (emphasis)

&-. brevitas (brachylogia, 4conciseness4)

19. demonstratio (enargeia,4ocular demonstration4)
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/conduplicatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/synonymia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antimetabole.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epitrope.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/aporia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/expeditio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/asyndeton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/aposiopesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/conclusio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/O/onomatopoeia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antonomasia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metonymy.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/circumlocution.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/periphrasis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/hyberbaton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/hyperbole.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/synecdoche.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/catachresis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metaphor.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/permutatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/D/distributio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/PARRHESIA.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/meiosis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/D/descriptio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antisthecon.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/simile.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enargia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/conduplicatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/synonymia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antimetabole.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epitrope.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/aporia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/expeditio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/asyndeton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/aposiopesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/conclusio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/O/onomatopoeia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antonomasia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metonymy.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/circumlocution.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/periphrasis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/hyberbaton.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/H/hyperbole.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/synecdoche.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/catachresis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metaphor.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/permutatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/D/distributio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/PARRHESIA.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/meiosis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/D/descriptio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antisthecon.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/simile.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enargia.htm


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repetitiore-pe-ti'-ti-o L. repetition

1. Latin equivalent for anaphora

2. Latin equivalent for epanalepsisNote !his shoul" not #e $onfuse" %ith repetition in &eneral' %hi$h

(anifests itself in a variet) of %a)s a$ross the spe$tru( of rhetori$.

*elate" +i&ures

+i&ures of repetition.

,ee -lso

eneral *hetori$al ,trate&) -(plifi$ation

Sources: Ad Herennium4.13.19/uintilian 9.3.29

anaphoraan-aph'-o-ra +ro( . anaa&ain an"pheroto #rin& or

$arr)

epanaphora, epembasis, epibole

adjectio, relatio,repetitio,repeticio

repeticion, the figure of report

*epetition of the sa(e %or" or &roup of %or"s at the

#e&innin& of su$$essive $lauses' senten$es' or lines.

a(ples

Thisro)al throne of in&s' thiss$eptre" isle'

Thisearth of (aest)' thisseat of ars'

This other "en' "e(ipara"ise'This fortress #uilt #) Nature for herself

-&ainst infe$tion an" the han" of %ar'

Thishapp) #ree" of (en' thislittle %orl"'

Thispre$ious stone set in the silver sea'

hi$h serves it in the offi$e of a %all'

r as a: (oat "efensive to a house'

-&ainst the env) of less happier lan"s/

This#lesse" plot' thisearth' thisreal(' thisn&lan"'

Thisnurse' thistee(in& %o(# of ro)al in&s . . .:

Thislan" of su$h "ear souls' this"ear "ear lan"'

;ear for her reputation throu&h the %orl"'

Lie to a tene(ent or peltin& far(.
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epanalepsis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Repetition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/General%20Rhetorical%20Strategies/Amplification.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/repetitio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/repetitio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/repetitio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epanalepsis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Repetition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/General%20Rhetorical%20Strategies/Amplification.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/R/repetitio.htm


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>?ohn of aunt in ,haespeare=sRichard [email protected]/ 5760A

*elate" +i&ures

epistrophe

n"in& a series of lines' phrases' $lauses' or senten$es %ith

the sa(e %or" or %or"s. !he opposite of anaphora.

s)(plo$e

!he $o(#ination of anaphora an" epistrophe.

+i&ures of repetition

Sources: Ad Herennium4.12.19 @BrepetitioBA/ uintilian 7.4.8 @BrelatioBA/


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s)(plo$esim'-plo-see orsim'-plo-kee

fro( .sym' Bto&etherB an"plekeinBto %eaveB

-lso sp. symploche, symploke

adjunct, circulo rhetorica, conplexio

the figure of reply

!he $o(#ination of anaphoraan" epistrophe #e&innin& a

series of lines' $lauses' or senten$es %ith the sa(e %or" orphrase %hile si(ultaneousl) repeatin& a "ifferent %or" or

phrase at the en" of ea$h ele(ent in this series.

a(plesBAgainst)ourself )ou are $allin& hi('

againstthe la%s )ou are $allin& hi('

againstthe "e(o$rati$ $onstitution )ou are $allin& hi(B >-es$hines

*elate" +i&ures $oenotes

,)(plo$e' #ut of phrases.

+i&ures of repetition.

Sources: Ad Herennium4.14.20@B$onpleioBA/ ,herr) @1550A

47 @Bs)(plo$e'B B$onpleioBA/

,uareE @B$o(pleioB

Bs)(plo$heBA 59r/ Cea$ha(

@1577A Csal( 13613
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/complexio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/coenotes.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/FIGURES%20OF%20REPETITION.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/FIGURES%20OF%20REPETITION.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/complexio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/coenotes.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/FIGURES%20OF%20REPETITION.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htm


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*elate" +i&ures s)(plo$e

anaphora

epistrophe

,ee -lso

+i&ures of repetition

Sources:

Hullin&er

345

@B$oenotes'B

B$o(#ine"

repetitionBA

$o(pleiocom-plex'-i-o L. B$olle$tion/ en$ir$lin&' enfol"in&B

-lso sp. conplexio

interlacement

1. Latin ter( for ana$ephalaeosis.2. Latin ter( for s)(plo$e.

3. Latin ter( for $oenotes.

Sources: Ad Herennium2.18.28/ 4.14.20

ana$ephalaeosisan'-a-sef-a-li-o'-sis fro( . ana' B#a$B an" cephale' Bhea"B

enumeratio' complexio

- re$apitulation of the fa$ts. - in" of su((ar) e(plo)e"in theperoratio.

*elate" +i&ures

+i&ures of ,u((ar) a$$u(ulatio

$o(pleio

enu(eratio

epano"os

epiphone(a

s)nathroes(us

,ee -lso

-rran&e(entperoratio

Sources: uintilian 6.1.13 @Bana$ephalaeosis'B Benu(eratioBA/ ,herr) @1550A 63@Benu(era$io'B Benu(era$ionBA/ Cea$ha( @1577A 4v @Benu(eratioBA
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/FIGURES%20OF%20REPETITION.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anacephalaeosis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/coenotes.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enumeratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/complexio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Peroratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Summary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/accumulatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/complexio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enumeratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epanodos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epiphonema.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/synathroesmus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Peroratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Peroratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anaphora.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epistrophe.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/FIGURES%20OF%20REPETITION.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anacephalaeosis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/symploce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/coenotes.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enumeratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/complexio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Peroratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Summary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/accumulatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/C/complexio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enumeratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epanodos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epiphonema.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/synathroesmus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Peroratio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htm


7/73

peroratio the $on$lusion-rran&e(entof 1.eor"iu( I 2.narratio I 3.partitio

Glassi$al ration 4. $onfir(atio I 5.refutatio I 6. peroratio

+ollo%in& the refutatioan" $on$lu"in& the $lassi$al oration' the

peroratio$onventionall) e(plo)e" appeals throu&h pathos' an" often

in$lu"e" a su((in& up @see the fi&ures of su((ar)' #elo%A.

Related Figures

+i&ures of ,u((ar)

o a$$u(ulatio

o ana$ephalaeosis

o $o(pleio

o epano"os

o epiphone(ao s)(peras(a

o s)nathroes(us

See Also

pathos

+i&ures of Cathos

Sources:Gi$. ;e


8/73

fi&ures of spee$hturns of phrase, schemes, tropes, ornaments, colors, flowers

overview I &roupin&s in"e I s$he(es an" tropes
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Schemes%20and%20Tropes.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Schemes%20and%20Tropes.htm


9/73

Overview

Lie %il"flo%er see"s tosse" on fertile &roun"' the fi&ures of spee$h'

so(eti(es $alle" the Bflo%ers of rhetori$B @flores rhetoricaeA' have

(ultiplie" into a &ar"en of enor(ous variet) over ti(e. -s the ri&ht

fra(e of this %e# resour$e illustrates' the nu(#er of fi&ures of spee$h

$an see( quite i(posin&. -n" in"ee"' the nu(#er' na(es' an"

&roupin&s of fi&ures have #een the (ost varia#le aspe$t of rhetori$

over its histor).

Naming the Figures

!he fi&ures first a$quire" their na(es fro( the rees an" *o(ans

%ho $atalo&ue" the(. -lthou&h atte(pts have #een (a"e to

an&li$iEe or up"ate the fi&ures= na(es' this so(eti(es proves to

$onfuse thin&s' even thou&h the ree an" Latin ter(s are o"" to

(o"ern ears. Cronun$iation &ui"es an" et)(olo&ies have #een

provi"e" to $larif) the ree ter(s' in parti$ular. -n" #e$ause there

are so (an) s)non)(s or $lose s)non)(s a(on& the fi&ures' ea$h

entr) $ontains equivalent an" $o(parative ter(s fro( ree' Latin'

an" n&lish. !o vie% the ter(s fro( ust one of these lan&ua&es' see

vie%in& options.

Categorizing the Figures

ver ti(e these fi&ures have #een or&aniEe" in a variet) of "ifferent

%a)s in or"er to (ae sense of the( an" to learn their various

qualities >(u$h as a s$ientist (i&ht $lassif) the flora of a forest'

&roupin& lie spe$ies into fa(ilies. Jarious in"s of &roupin&s for

the fi&ures $an #e foun" here@$ross referen$es at the #otto( of ea$hfi&ure=s pa&e $an also lea" one to relate" fi&uresA. !he si(plest @an"

ol"estA arran&e(ent for the fi&ures "ivi"es the( into t%o #roa"

$ate&ories'Bs$he(esB an" BtropesB>useful startin& points.

Situating the Figures within Rhetoric

-s ri$h an" interestin& as the fi&ures are' the) "o not $onstitute the

%hole of rhetori$' as so(e have (istaenl) sur(ise". ,u$h a vie% is

a vast re"u$tion of the "is$ipline of rhetori$' %hi$h has ust as (u$h

to "o %ith the "is$over) of thin&s to sa) @


10/73


overvie% I groupings I s$he(esan" tropes
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Overview.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Schemes%20and%20Tropes.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/metaphor.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/simile.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Overview.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Schemes%20and%20Tropes.htm


11/73

Groupings of Figures

-(on& the least $onsistent #ut (ost i(portant aspe$ts of the

rhetori$al tra"ition is the s)ste(ati$ arran&e(ent of fi&ures. !he

si(plest arran&e(ents have #een #roa" "i$hoto(ies

1. fi&ures of spee$h

2. fi&ures of thou&ht@,ee +i&ures of ,pee$h an" !hou&htA

r

1. s$he(es

2. tropes

@,ee ,$he(es an" !ropesA

ithin Silva Rhetoricae !he +orest of *hetori$' the fi&ures are

asso$iate" %ith lar&er rhetori$al $ate&ories to %hi$h the) are relate"

@+or ea(ple' fi&ures of "ivision are liste" %ith the !opi$ of


12/73

roupin&s (a"e #) %ellno%n authorities @authors an"

tetsA

+i&ures of ra((ar

Original suggestions for other kinds of groupings are invited.

lease contact !ideon "urton
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htm#authorities%23authoritieshttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htm#authorities%23authoritieshttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Grammar.htmmailto:%[email protected]://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htm#authorities%23authoritieshttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htm#authorities%23authoritieshttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Grammar.htmmailto:%[email protected]


13/73

Figures of Speech: Groupings by rhetoricalcategory

Audience:

+i&ures in %hi$h an au"ien$e is a""resse"

o asteis(us

"ersuasive Appeals:

+i&ures of *easonin& @logosA

+i&ures of Cathos

+i&ures of thos

Figures of Speech: Groupings made by well-known authorities (authors and texts

1. +ro( -ntiquit)o or&ias

o -" Derenniu( @$a. 100 H.G.A

o uintilian @$a. 100 -.;.A

2. +ro( the i""le -&es

o eoffre) of Jinsauf @1210A

3. +ro( the *enaissan$e

o Leonar" Go @152630KA

o ?oannes ,usen#rotus @1540A

o !ho(as ilson @1560A

o *i$har" *ainol"e @1563Ao ;u"le) +enner @1584A

o -#raha( +raun$e' The Arcadian Rhetoricke @1588A

o Gharles Hutler @1598A

o ?ohn Dosins @15991600KA

o *i$har" ,herr) @1550A

o Denr) Cea$ha(' The !arden of #lo$uence' @1577A

o eor&e Cuttenha( @1589A

o -n&el ;a)' The #nglish Secretary @1599A

4. +ro( the 17th an" 18th Genturies

5. +ro( the 19th Gentur)

o .. Hullin&er'%igures of Speech in the "i&le@1898A6. +ro( the 20th Gentur)

o Lee -. ,onnino @1968A

o arren !a)lor @1972A

o -rthur uinn @1982A

o Hernar" ;uprieE @1984A

o *i$har" Lanha( @1991A


overvie% I &roupin&s I schemes and tropes
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/asteismus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Reasoning.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Reasoning.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Reasoning.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Pathos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Ethos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/Gorgianic%20Figures.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Ad%20Herennium.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Susenbrotus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Fraunce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Fraunce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Fraunce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Peacham.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Peacham.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Peacham.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Puttenham.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Day.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Day.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Day.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Bullinger.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Bullinger.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Sonnino.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Taylor.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Overview.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/asteismus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Reasoning.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Pathos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Ethos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/Gorgianic%20Figures.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Ad%20Herennium.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Susenbrotus.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Fraunce.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Peacham.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Puttenham.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Primary%20Texts/Day.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Bullinger.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Sonnino.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/by%20Author/Taylor.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Overview.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Groupings.htm


14/73

Schemes and !ropes

,$he(es an" tropes #oth have to "o %ith usin& lan&ua&e in

an unusual or Bfi&ure"B %a)

!rope -n artful "eviation fro( the or"inar) or prin$ipal

si&nifi$ation of a %or".

,$he(e -n artful "eviation fro( the or"inar) arran&e(ent

of %or"s.

a(ples

B< %or lie a slaveB trope si(ile:

B< "on=t no% if


15/73


16/73

-rran&e(ent @dispositioor ta'isA $on$erns ho% one or"ers spee$h or

%ritin&.


17/73

ho% to (e(oriEe an alrea") $o(pose" spee$h for representation.

!heAd Herenniumauthor $alls (e(or) the Btreasur) of thin&s

invente"'B thus linin& e(or) %ith the first $anon of rhetori$'


18/73

relate" ter(s

*elate" +i&ures ana(nesis

,ee -lso -rran&e(entpartitio

Sources:Gi$. ;e


19/73

P 19962004' i"eon . Hurton'Hri&ha( Qoun& Mniversit)

Clease $ite B,ilva *hetori$aeB @rhetori$.#)u.e"uA

st)le elocutio!he five $anons invention I arran&e(ent I style I (e(or) I "eliver)

Style: Jirtues I Levels I ualities I +i&ures of ,pee$h
mailto:%[email protected]:%[email protected]://rhetoric.byu.edu/http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Canons.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Memory.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Delivery.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style/Style-Virtues.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style/Style-Levels.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style/Style-Qualities.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Overview.htmmailto:%[email protected]://rhetoric.byu.edu/http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Canons.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Memory.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Delivery.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style/Style-Virtues.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style/Style-Levels.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Style/Style-Qualities.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Figures-Overview.htm


20/73

,t)le $on$erns the artful epression of i"eas.


21/73

"eliver)actio (

pronuntiatio

!he five $anons invention I arran&e(ent I st)le I (e(or) I delivery

;eliver)' the last of the five $anons of rhetori$' $on$erns itself @as

"oes st)leA %ith howso(ethin& is sai"' rather than whatis sai" @the

provin$e of


22/73

tasis

,ustainin& the pronun$iation of a %or" or phrase #e$ause of

its pleasant soun"

epenthesis

!he a""ition of a s)lla#le or letter to the (i""le of a %or". -

in" of (etaplas( that is so(eti(es e(plo)e" in or"er to

fa$ilitate easier arti$ulation.

,ee -lso

Cathos

*hetori$al Ce"a&o&)

Cro&)(nas(ata

Sources:-ristotle *het. 3.1.39/ Gi$. ;e


23/73

an" rhetori$al te$hniques.

*hetori$al pe"a&o&) relie" upon a ver) $lose relationship #et%een

rea"in& an" %ritin&' o#servin& an" $o(posin&. ne rhetori$ian' Ceter

*a(us' a$$or"in&l) "ivi"e" rhetori$al pe"a&o&) into t%o

overar$hin& a$tivities anal)sis an" &enesis. !he o#servation of

su$$essful speain& or %ritin& @Banal)sisBA pre$e"es an" i(proves

one=s o%n speain& or %ritin& @B&enesisBA.

,tu"ents %ere tau&ht to listen an" to rea" not (erel) for i"eas' #ut for

fin"in& useful strate&ies an" te$hniques @,ee "etails un"er *hetori$al

-nal)sisA. ,u$h te$hniques $oul" #e a"opte" an" a"apte" into their

o%n speain& an" %ritin& throu&h various in"s of i(itation @,ee


24/73

$orrespon"en$e of a$$i"en$e' et$.A. ,i(ilarl)' a passa&e %oul" #e

anal)Ee" lo&i$all) for its ar&u(ents or topi$s of invention@the

purvie% of #oth rhetori$ an" of lo&i$' "epen"in& on the perio"A.

+inall)' so(e anal)ses %oul" #e of a purel) rhetori$al $hara$ter'

in$lu"in& the i"entifi$ation of tropes an" fi&ures' as %ell as other

rhetori$al "i(ensions su$h as the arran&e(ent of the entire"is$ourse'

or (atters of rh)th( an" st)le.

-s a pra$ti$al ai" to rhetori$al anal)sis' stu"ents %ere tau&ht to (ar

their tets' na(in& the i"entifie" fi&ure or strate&)' an" also to use

$op)#oos spe$iall) "ivi"e" into Bfor(B an" B$ontentB or into su#e$t

hea"in&s for &eneral topi$s or $o((onpla$es. H) thus re$or"in&

passa&es that ee(plifie" note%orth) $ontent or for(' the) $oul"

then quote or i(itate these passa&es %ithin their o%n spee$hes or

$o(positions.

!hese anal)ti$al a$tivities prepare" stu"ents "ire$tl) for the ensuin&

rhetori$al an" i(itative eer$ises @see rhetori$al eer$isesan"

i(itationA.

Sources:,ee the (an) pri(ar) sour$es for these eer$ises as "es$ri#e" in Hurton'1994.

rhetori$al eer$ises e'ercitatio*hetori$al Ce"a&o&) *hetori$al -nal)sis Rhetorical &,ercises


25/73

Lie i(itation' a(plifi$ation $an #e $onsi"ere" #oth a prin$iple an" a

set of pra$ti$es %ithin rhetori$al pe"a&o&)' an" %as $losel)

asso$iate" %ith it. hile a(plifi$ation so(eti(es $arrie" the

restri$te" (eanin& of in$reasin& the patheti$ appeal of a &iven

spee$h' it (ore &enerall) (eant the a$tivit) of $o(posin& variousl)

upon a the(e provi"e" fro( a (o"el passa&e or author. ras(us of

*otter"a(=s)e copia%as si&nifi$ant in this re&ar"' provi"in& a

rationale an" a host of spe$ifi$ (etho"s for a(plif)in& an" var)in&lan&ua&e. ,i(ilarl)' B$opiaB has so(eti(es na(e" a fulso(e qualit)

of st)le' #ut %ithin rhetori$al pe"a&o&) this la#ele" a fa(ous

*enaissan$e tet#oo an" a set of (etho"s #) %hi$h one learne" to

var) an" a(plif) #oth thou&ht @resA an" epression @ver&aA @see

GopiaA.

&,ercises in !mitation- Amplification- and +ariation

*hetori$al eer$ises in i(itation' a(plifi$ation an" variation are

foun" #roa"l) %ithin rhetori$al pe"a&o&)' #oth at the (ost

ru"i(entar) an" a"van$e" levels.


26/73

!mitationCro&)(nas(ata

;e$la(ation


27/73

su$$essful.

*elate" +i&ures

(i(esis

!his ree ter( for i(itation (ore t)pi$all) la#els not the

rhetori$al pe"a&o&) of i(itation' #ut a spe$ifi$ rhetori$al

fi&ure.

,ee -lso


28/73

eer&asia

epolitio

+i&ures of -(plifi$ation

,ee -lso *hetori$al Ce"a&o&)

o *hetori$al er$ises

eneral *hetori$al ,trate&) -(plifi$ation

-rran&e(ento Go(pare the pro&)(nas(a BnarrativeB %ith narratio

o Go(pare the pro&)(nas(a BrefutationB %ith refutatio

o Go(pare the pro&)(nas(a B$onfir(ationB %ith

confirmatio


29/73

@or ethosA in persuasion. f spe$ial e(phasis in the suasoria%as

attention to the "ivisionof the ethi$al ar&u(ent.

a(ple !he(es

,houl" Gato &et (arrie"K

,houl"-lean"er tae to the seaK

,houl" the ,partans %ith"ra% fro( !her(op)laeK,houl" -&a(e(non sa$rifi$e his "au&hter


30/73

flo%ers' %hi$h ille" the poor (an=s #ees. !he ri$h (an is $har&e"

%ith unla%ful "a(a&e to propert).


31/73

The "rogymnasmata -ll

,tu"ents %ere &iven a fa#le' t)pi$all) one of -esop=s' %hi$h the)

%oul" a(plif) an" a##reviate. r' the) %oul" %rite a ne% fa#le in

$lose i(itation of -esop.


32/73

!ellin& narratives %as one of the first eer$ises in a rhetori$al

e"u$ation a$$or"in& to uinitlian' an" in$lu"e" stu"ents retellin& a

stor) fro( the en" to the #e&innin&' or fro( the (i""le #a$%ar"s or

for%ar"s. +ro( provi"in& stu"ents an initial eperien$e in

epression' narrative eer$ises #e$a(e the #uil"in& #lo$s for the

pro&)(nas(ata eer$ises that follo%e" it @%hi$h require"

su((aries' "i&ressions' or narrations of various sortsA an" prin$ipall)

for the narratioportion of a $o(plete pra$ti$e spee$h.

;ire$tions for Go(position

,u"ents %ere to tae a fa$tual or fi$tional stor) fro( the poets or

historians an" retell it in their o%n %or"s' atte(ptin& to #e $lear as to

the fa$ts

ho "i" it

hat %as "one

hen it %as "one

here it %as "one

Do% it %as "one h) it %as "one

,ee -lso Carts of an ration narratio

Sources:-" Derenniu( 1.8.1213/ uintilian 2.4.2' 2.4.15
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Chreia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Fable.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/sermocinatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/ethopoeia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/prosopopoeia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/enargia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Impersonation.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Description.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Narration.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Progymnasmata.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Narratio.htm


33/73

$hreia' or ane$"ote chreiaThe "rogymnasmata -ll

BGhreiaB @fro( the ree chreiodes,BusefulBA is Ba #rief

re(inis$en$e referrin& to so(e person in a pith) for( for the purpose

of e"ifi$ation.B


34/73

Crover#s21 9

One could amplify it using the steps mentioned a&ove as follows

,olo(on' that para&on of %is"o(' "i" in"ee" sho% his a$u(en %hen

he state" in Crover#s that it %oul" #e #etter to live in a tin) an"

insi&nifi$ant "%ellin& than to have a (ansion #ut share it %ith a

$antanerous %ife. - (an of so (an) %ives (ust have no%n this

fro( eperien$e' )et he &ave this prover# as a $aution #oth to %ives

an" their hus#an"s an" for their (utual #enefit.


35/73

refutation anaskeueThe "rogymnasmata -ll

!he eer$ises in refutation is an atta$ on an opposite vie%' t)pi$all)

atta$in& the $re"i#ilit) of a ()th or le&en".


36/73

-r&ue for the $re"i#ilit) of a ()th or le&en" e(plo)in& the

follo%in& steps

1. Craise the tellerof the stor)

2. ive asu((ar) of the stor)

3. Gonfir( the stor) as #ein&

o (anifest

o pro#a#le

o possi#le

o lo&i$alo fittin&' an"

o profita#le.

a(ple -pthonius &ives the ea(ple of the stor) of ;aphne an"$lai(s it is pro#a#le.

,ee -lso lo&os

Cro&)(nas(ata *efutation

Carts of an oration Gonfir(ation

+i&ures of ,u((ar) @see step t%o a#oveA

$o((onpla$e koinos toposThe "rogymnasmata -ll

Go((onpla$e is Ba $o(position %hi$h a(plifies inherent evilsB

@ori&inall) "es$ri#e" as an a(plifi$ation of either a virtue or vi$e' #ut

in pra$ti$e (ore the latterA. - preparation for the follo%in& t%o

eer$ises' en$o(iu(an" vituperation' the $o((onpla$e "iffere"

fro( these #) tain& up a &eneral virtue or vi$e' rather than the

spe$ifi$ qualities of a sin&le person. ,u#e$ts in$lu"e" &a(#lin&'theft' a"ulter)' et$. ,o(eti(es it too up the virtuesvi$es of spe$ifi$

in"s of persons/ e.&.' t)rants. ,ee also topi$s of invention

@so(eti(es na(e" the B$o((onpla$esB an"prover#s' (ai(s' an"

sententia @all of %hi$h are so(eti(es referre" to as B$o((onpla$esBA


-r&ue for or a&ainst a &eneral @$o((onA fault or virtue of hu(an

nature @or a t)pe of personA' usin& these steps

1. He&in %ith the $ontrar) or a $ontra"i$tion

2.


37/73

o epe"ien$)

o pra$ti$a#ilit)

o "e$en$)

o $onsequen$es

,ee -lso Cro&)(nas(ata en$o(iu(

Cro&)(nas(ata vituperation

en$o(iu( enkomionThe "rogymnasmata -ll

n$o(iu( isBa $o(position epositor) of atten"ant e$ellen$ies.B

,u#e$ts in$lu"e persons' thin&s @su$h as a#stra$t i"easA' ti(es @as the

seasonsA' pla$es' ani(als' an" &ro%in& thin&s' either &eneral or

spe$ifi$.


Craise a person or thin& for #ein& virtuous. -fter $o(posin& aneor"iu( @intro"u$tionA' follo% these steps

1. ;es$ri#e the sto$ a person $o(es fro(

o %hat people

o %hat $ountr)

o %hat an$estors

o %hat parents

2. ;es$ri#e the person=s up#rin&in&

o e"u$ation

o instru$tion in art

o trainin& in la%s

3. ;es$ri#e the person=s "ee"s' %hi$h shoul" #e "es$ri#e" as the

results of

o hisher e$ellen$ies of (in" @su$h as fortitu"e or

pru"en$eA

o hisher e$ellen$ies of #o") @su$h as #eaut)' spee"' or

vi&orA

o hisher e$ellen$ies of fortune @as hi&h position'

po%er' %ealth' frien"sA

4. ae a favora#le $o(parison to so(eone else to es$alate

)our praise5. Gon$lu"e %ith an epilo&ue in$lu"in& either an ehortation to

)our hearers to e(ulate this person' or a pra)er.

*elate" +i&ures en$o(iu(

,ee -lso epi"ei$ti$

Cro&)(nas(ata vituperation

Sources:uintilian 2.4.20
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Persuasive%20Appeals/Logos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Refutation.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Confirmatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Encomium.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Encomium.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Vituperation.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/sentence.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Encomium.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Confirmation.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Persuasive%20Appeals/Logos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Refutation.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Arrangement/Confirmatio.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/Groupings/of%20Summary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Progymnasmata.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Encomium.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Vituperation.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/TOPICS.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/P/proverb.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/M/maxim.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/S/sentence.htm


38/73

vituperation psogosThe "rogymnasmata -ll

Jituperation or inve$tiveis Ba $o(position epositor) of atten"ant

evilsB an" is a $o(panion to the previous eer$ise' en$o(iu(.


39/73

Go(parison is Ba $o(parative $o(position' settin& so(ethin&&reater

or equal si"e #) si"e %ith the su#e$t.B Huil"in& on the previous t%o

eer$ises' this is either a "ou#le en$o(iu( or an en$o(iu( paire"

%ith a vituperation. ,tu"ents %ere instru$te" to (ae a for$eful

effe$t. ,u#e$t (atter is the sa(e as in the prior t%o eer$ises' #ut

often in$lu"e" histori$al' le&en"ar)' or fi$titious $hara$ters.


Craise t%o people @or thin&sA in $lose $o(parison' or praise one an"

vituperate a&ainst the other. He $ertain not to treat the( separatel)'

#ut to&ether' in parallel fashion. -fter $o(posin& an eor"iu(

@intro"u$tionA' follo% these steps

1. ;es$ri#e the sto$ ea$h person $o(es fro(

o %hat people

o %hat $ountr)

o %hat an$estors

o %hat parents2. ;es$ri#e ea$h person=s up#rin&in&

o e"u$ation

o instru$tion in art

o trainin& in la%s

3. ;es$ri#e ea$h person=s "ee"s' %hi$h shoul" #e "es$ri#e" as

the results of

o hisher e$ellen$ies or evils of (in" @su$h as

fortitu"e%eaness or pru"en$ein"is$retionA

o hisher e$ellen$ies or evils of #o") @su$h as

#eaut)plainness' spee"lethar&)' or vi&orla$ ofvi&orA

o hisher e$ellen$ies or evils of fortune @&oo"ill use of

hi&h position' po%er' %ealth' or frien"sA

4. Gon$lu"e %ith an epilo&ue in$lu"in& either an ehortation to

)our hearers tonot to e(ulate either person' or a pra)er.

a(ple- $o(parison of -$hilles an" De$tor is su&&este". !he(ost fa(ous ea(ples fro( antiquit) of $o(parison orsinkrisisare

fro( Clutar$h=s parallel lives' su$h as that $o(parin& ;e(osthenes

an" Gi$ero.

*elate" +i&ures parallelis(

i$on

*elate" !opi$s of


40/73

$oul" #e an histori$al' le&en"ar)' or fi$titious $hara$ter. Mnlie an)

eer$ise so far' as an Bi(itationB the i(personation %as "ra(ati$ in

for(' e(plo)in& "ialo&ue.

;ire$tions for Go(positionGo(pose lines for a person' real or i(a&inar)' "ea" or livin&' to

spea un"er &iven $ir$u(stan$es. ;ra(atiEe throu&h "ire$t spee$h'

usin& "es$ription an" e(otional lan&ua&e %here appropriate' fittin&

the spee$h to the $hara$ter of the speaer an" the $ir$u(stan$es.

1. ne shoul" $o(pose the i(personation in the st)le in %hi$h

the $hara$ter %oul" spea' $onsi"erin&

o $larit)

o $on$iseness

o flori"it)

o la$ of finish

o a#sen$e of fi&ures

2. Gonsi"er also aspe$ts of

o past

o present

o future

a(ple-pthonius &ives the ea(ple of $o(posin& a spee$h forDer$ules in repl) to ur)stheus %hen the latter i(poses the la#ors on

hi(.

*elate" +i&ures

prosopopoeia

*elate" !opi$s of


41/73

-lean"ria

*elate" +i&ures

+i&ures of ;es$ription

effi$tio

enar&ia h)pot)posis

*elate" !opi$s of


42/73

la%The "rogymnasmata -ll

;efen"or atta$ a la% is (oreof a "e$la(ation than a

pro&)(nas(a' (ore of an hypothesisthan a thesis' #ut #orro%s fro(

the thesisthe atte(pt to ar&ue t%o si"es of an issue' %hile appl)in&

this to a spe$ifi$ la%' real or fi$tional.

;ire$tions for Go(position;is$uss the pros an" $ons of real' histori$al' or even fi$titious la%s.

Mse the follo%in& hea"in&s

le&alit)

usti$e

epe"ien$)

pra$ti$a#ilit)

"e$en$)

$onsequen$es

a(ple-pthonius provi"es the ea(ple of opposin& a la% that requires an

a"ulterer' taen in the a$t' to #e ille".

*elate" !opi$s of


43/73

Cersuasive -ppeals thos

-ppealin& to authorities is a prin$ipal (etho" for

esta#lishin& ethos.

Cro&)(nas(ata Ghreia

!his rhetori$al eer$ise a(plifies an ane$"ote #ase" on the

%or"s or "ee"s of an authoritative fi&ure.

Cro&)(nas(ata Crover#

;ire$tions for this rhetori$al eer$ise in$lu"e supportin&the sa)in& #) referrin& to authoritative testi(on).

itnessesGallin& upon a person or person=s %ho have personall) seen or

eperien$e" so(ethin& to len" $re"i#ilit) to one=s ar&u(ent.

a(plese (i&ht as Gatherine ?ensen a#out the nee" for ne% safet)

(easures at N-,-. ,he is not an en&ineer' nor a ro$et s$ientist.

,he %as si(pl) one of the (an) spe$tators in that ele(entar)s$hool $lassroo( %ho sa% #oth the spa$e shuttle eplo"e an" the

e(pt) loo on the $hil"ren=s fa$es as the) realiEe" their tea$her

%as ille"

*elate" +i&ures "eesis

ai(s or Crover#s!he useof a fa(ous sa)in&' pre$ept' or pith) &eneraliEation either to

open or len" $re"i#ilit) to one=s ar&u(ent.

a(ples

!hat the ta refun" %ill #e ill spent is as sure as the fa$t that a fool

an" his (one) are soon parte".

*elate" +i&ures ,)non)(s for short' pith) sa)in&s @a"a&e apothe&( &no(e

(ai(paroe(iaprover#sententiaA

epiphone(a

,ee -lso

$o((onpla$e

Cro&)(nas(ata Ghreia

!his rhetori$al eer$ise a(plifies an ane$"ote #ase" on the

%or"s @or "ee"sA of an authoritative fi&ure.

Cro&)(nas(ata Crover#

!his rhetori$al eer$ise in$lu"es "ire$tions for ho% to

a(plif) a prover#.

*u(orsf &reater si&nifi$an$e histori$all)than to"a)' referen$e to ru(ors is

still a via#le te$hnique for su&&estin& %hat one $annot or $hooses not
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Testimony.htm#LAWhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anamnesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antirrhesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Chreia.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Circumstances.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Thesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Progymnasmata.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Testimony.htm#LAWhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Branches%20of%20Oratory/Deliberative.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Sources/Sources-Primary.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/TOPICS.HTMhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/anamnesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/A/antirrhesis.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Persuasive%20Appeals/Ethos.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Pedagogy/Progymnasmata/Chreia.htm


44/73


45/73

;eli#erative rator)

Cro&)(nas(ata ;efen" -tta$ a La%

-rran&e(ent *efutation

+i&ures of *efutation

?u"i$ial rator)

Cre$e"entither (ain& referen$e to a past u"i$ial "e$ision or @(ore&enerall)A referrin& to the past to su#stantiate a $lai( or

interpretation in the present.

a(ples

r. ,i(pson a"(its to havin& #eat his %ife in the past.


46/73

Sources:-" Derenniu( 1.8.111.9.16/ Gi$. ;e


47/73

anti$ate&oria

- retort in %hi$h one turns the ver) a$$usation (a"e #) one=s

a"versar) #a$ a&ainst hi(.

antirrhesis

*ee$tin& reprehensivel) the opinion or authorit) of so(eone.

apo"iois @ree$tioA

*ee$tin& of so(eone or so(ethin& @su$h as the a"versar)=s

ar&u(entA as #ein& i(pertinent' nee"less' a#sur"' false' or

%i$e". apophasis epe"itio

!he ree$tion of several reasons %h) a thin& shoul" or shoul"

not #e "one an" affir(in& a sin&le one' $onsi"ere" (ost vali".

"ias)r(us

*ee$tin& an ar&u(ent throu&h ri"i$ulous $o(parison.

"i$aeolo&ia

-"(ittin& %hat=s $har&e" a&ainst one' #ut e$usin& it #)

ne$essit).

elen$hus

- lo&i$al refutation.

erote(a!o affir( or "en) a point stron&l) #) asin& it as a question.

e$itatio

!o e$ite an au"ien$e' espe$iall) out of a stupor or #ore"o('

usin& @a(on& other propose" strate&iesA a "i&ression that

"enies or prohi#its so(ethin&.

litotes

;eli#erate un"erstate(ent' often a$hieve" #) %a) of "en)in&

the opposite of so(ethin&.

(etastasis

;en)in& an" turnin& #a$ on )our a"versaries ar&u(ents use"

a&ainst )ou.

pro$atalepsis

*efutin& anti$ipate" o#e$tions.

*elate" !opi$s of


48/73

(etastasis

$ontrariu(

*elate" !opi$s of


49/73

#) referrin& to his o%n epertise in orator)' for %hi$h he %as fa(ous

in *o(e. hile la$in& (o"est)' this ta$ti$ still esta#lishe" his ethos

#e$ause the au"ien$e %as for$e" to a$no%le"&e that Gi$ero=s pu#li$

servi$e &ave hi( a $ertain ri&ht to spea' an" his su$$ess in orator)

&ave hi( spe$ial authorit) to spea a#out another author.


50/73

,a(ple *hetori$al -nal)sisA3)!&NC&artin Luther=s passionate response to ras(us on the issue of free

%ill ha" less to "o %ith his "esire to $orre$t ras(us than it "i" %ith

his %ish to influen$e the pu#li$ %ho %oul" rea" the e$han&es (a"e

#et%een the t%o &reat *enaissan$e thiners. Luther=s intent %as to

$reate an ethos of $onfi"en$e in the fa$e of ras(us=s intelle$tual

a(#ivalen$e' in$itin& the pu#li$ to follo% his stron& lea". !hus'

ras(us %as onl) the no(inal au"ien$e. ne (ust interpret Luther=s

ar&u(ents an" rhetori$ in li&ht of the #roa"er popula$e %ho( he %asreall) a""ressin&.

#ran$hes of orator) genera causarumu"i$ial "eli#erative epi"ei$ti$


51/73

those spe$ial topi$s of invention -ristotle i"entifie" as appropriate for

forensi$ orator)' Busti$e an" inusti$e.B


52/73

&enerall)' a $o(position of opposites @antithetonA.

Lie other +i&ures of pposition' $ontrariu( $an at ti(es see(

to e(phasiEe a lei$al pattern an" so(eti(es the se(anti$ or

ar&u(entative $ontent. !heAd Herenniumauthor refers to

$ontrariu( as a fi&ure of "i$tion @perhaps #e$ause of the

opposition an" frequent parallelis( of su$h state(ents %hen

epresse" $on$isel)A. Do%ever' as uintilian notes ' $ontrariu(

is (ore properl) un"erstoo" as a (etho" of ar&u(entation @

!opi$ of


53/73

a$$o(plish(ent.

*elate" +i&ures

(eiosis

iron)

h)per#ole

sar$as(us

+i&ures of ethos

+i&ures of *efutation

*elate" !opi$s of ont) C)thon an" the Dol) rail

*elate" +i&ures iron)

eiosis' as a in" of un"erstate(ent' na(es one of the t%o

prin$iple (eans of $o((uni$atin& throu&h iron) @the other

#ein& overstate(ent > see h)per#ole' #elo%A.

litotes

Lie (eiosis' litotes is also a in" of "eli#erate

un"erstate(ent. Do%ever' this ter( (ore often na(es

un"erstate(ent "one #) "en)in& so(ethin& $ontrar) to %hat

one (eans.

tapinosis

Lie (eiosis' tapinosis involves $allin& so(ethin& #) a na(e

that "i(inishes its i(portan$e' or &ives an un"erstate(ent of

its qualities.

auesis !he ea$t opposite of (eiosis @overstates rather than

un"erstates for ironi$ effe$tA.

h)per#ole !he &eneral ter( for ea&&eration' in$lu"in&

auesis. Not li(ite" to ironi$ uses.

$harientis(us !his fi&ure shares %ith (eiosis a si(ilar

strate&) > to (ollif) or li&hten @thou&h not ironi$all)A.

Gharientis(us usuall) involves re"u$in& the effe$t of a threatthrou&h teasin& or (o$er).

*elate" !opi$s of


54/73

;e&ree

eiosis "oes not %or as a fi&ure unless one senses the

"e&ree of "ifferen$e #et%een the la#el an" the thin& it la#els.


55/73

1415 @Bironia'B BillusioBA/ ,herr) @1550A

45 @Bironia'B B"issi(ulatioBA/ Cea$ha(

@1577A ;3r/ +raun$e @1588A 1.6/ Cutt.

@1589A 199 @Bironia'B Bthe "r) (o$BA/

;a) 1599 80 @BironiaBA

tapinosista-pi-no'-sis . Ba "e(eanin& or hu(#lin&B

-lso tapeinosis, antenantiosis

humiliatio

abbaser, a demeaning

ivin& a na(e to so(ethin& %hi$h "i(inishes it ini(portan$e. - in" of (eiosis.

!his ter( is equivalent to (eiosis.

a(ples

Said of the 0ississippi RiverBa strea(B

*elate" +i&ures +i&ures of ;efinition

(eiosis

fi&ures of "efinition

figures of speech overvie% I&roupin&s

in"e

;efinin& is a #asi$ (o"e of "is$ourse. -s su$h' ;efinition is one of

the !opi$s of


56/73

s)non)(ia

(plo)in& (ultiple ter(s for the sa(e i"ea is a in" of

eplanation or "efinition.

eer&asia @epolitioA

*epetition of the sa(e i"ea in "ifferent %or"s' %hi$h $an

serve the purpose of eplainin& or "efinin& that i"ea.

,ee -lso

!opi$s of


57/73

a(plesLie other $ri(es a&ainst so$iet)' litterin& shoul" #e

stron&l) punishe".

*elate" +i&ures s)ne$h"o$he

,ee -lso

T,ee -lsoU

;ivision

Topics of !nvention -ll

hole Carts- (etho" of a(plif)in& or of $larif)in& #) "es$ri#in& a %hole an" its

$onstituent parts' or the parts that (ae up a %hole.

Note !his topi$ is ver) $losel) relate" to the topi$ of ;efinition' #ut "iffers in that

it is not atte(ptin& to $lassif) so(ethin& #) pla$in& it as a spe$ies %ithin a &enus.

a(pleshatsoever is a livin& $reature' the sa(e is a thin&' that either hath

reason' or els si$: that la$eth reason.... ither it is "a)' or els it is

ni&ht.>!ho(as ilson

*elate" +i&ures +i&ures of ;ivision

+i&ures of -(plifi$ation s)ne$"o$he

tais

(eris(us

"iaeresis

"ial)sis

eutrepis(us

prosapo"osis

h)poEeuis

"istri#utio,ee -lso -rran&e(ent Cartitio

Go(parison

Topics of !nvention -ll

,i(ilarit) ;ifferen$e!hat topi$ of invention %hi$h invites us to $onsi"er ho% so(ethin&

$o(pares an" $ontrasts %ith others. ne use of this topi$ is ar&uin&

#) analo&)' usin& the lo&i$ that if t%o thin&s are si(ilar in one or t%o

%a)s' the) are liel) si(ilar in another $hara$teristi$. -nother use of
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this topi$ is "ra%in& a $on$lusion #ase" on an ea(ple of one

instan$e of si(ilarit).

a(plesartin Luther Oin&' Letter fro( Hir(in&ha( ?ail

The following use of the topic of similarity(difference is an

argument &y analogy

-"(inistrative %or is lie u&&lin& a $hain sa% on$e in a %hile

)ou pull it off an" reall) %o% people...

*elate" +i&ures (etaphor

si(ile

s)n$risis


,ee -lso

Cro&)(nas(ata Go(parison

Sources: Gi$. !op. 3.1516' 10.4111.46 / ,uareE 13rv

;e&ree- topi$ ofinvention that invites one to loo at issues of B(oreB an"

Bless.B

a(ples-ristotle propose" $onsi"erin& these $riteria to &enerate i"eas

usin& the topi$ of "e&ree. a$h of these $an #e inverte"

1. - &reater nu(#er of thin&s is often $onsi"ere" #etter than a

s(all nu(#er of the sa(e thin&s

a(ple e nee" less %ar an" (ore pea$e.

2. !hat %hi$h is an en" is a &reater &oo" than that %hi$h is

onl) a (eans

a(ple er$ise is all &oo" an" %ell' #ut shoul" #eavoi"e" if it a$tuall) threatens one=s health.

3. hat is s$ar$e is &reater than %hat is a#un"ant.
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a(ple !his %as no $o((on pe##le to #e foun" on an)

roa" or #)%a)/ it %as a #lue "ia(on"' (ore rare than an)

other of its in".

4. hat learne" people %oul" $hoose is #etter than %hat the

i&norant %oul" $hoose.

a(ple -ll of )our frien"s (a) #e han"lin& their

uraniu( $olle$tion %ithout lea" &loves' #ut )our un$le the

nu$lear ph)si$ist has tol" )ou the #est $ourse.

5. hat the (aorit) of people %oul" $hoose is #etter than%hat the (inorit) %oul" $hoose.

a(ple Qou=re %at$hin& the net%or %at$he" #) (ore

-(er$ans than an) other...

6. hat people %oul" reall) lie to possess is a &reater &oo"

than %hat the) %oul" (erel) lie to &ive the i(pression of

possessin&.

a(ple Dealth is a &reater &oo" than usti$e' #e$ause

%hile people $an #e $ontent %ith the (ere reputation for

#ein& ust' the) prefer #ein& health) to onl) see(in&

health).

7.


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+i&ures of *easonin&

Hran$hes of rator) ;eli#erative

Gause an" ffe$t is a topi$ $o((onl) e(plo)e" in

"eli#erative or le&islative orator) in %hi$h the effe$ts of

propose" plans or la%s are %ei&he".

Hran$hes of rator) ?u"i$ial

Gause an" ffe$t is a topi$ $o((onl) e(plo)e" in u"i$ial

or forensi$ orator) as the $auses of present effe$ts @su$h asa $ri(eA are investi&ate".

Sources: Gi$. !op. 3.2223' 15.5818.67

-nte$e"ent an" Gonsequen$eJer) si(ilar to $ause an" effe$t' this topi$ of invention invites one to

$onsi"er events or $onsequen$es that follo% &iven a$tions or

$on"itions. !he "ifferen$e is that %hat follo%s (a) not #e $ause" #)%hat pre$e"e" it' #ut %ill naturall) flo% fro( those earlier

$on"itions. iven a $ertain situation @the ante$e"entA' %hat is liel)

to follo% @the $onsequen$eAK !his often taes the for( of an

Bif...thenB $o(poun" senten$e' an" is $losel) asso$iate" %ith the

for( of reasonin& t)pi$al in rhetori$' the enthymeme.

a(ples

,in$e Louisa +ranlin %as not Caul +ranlin=s le&al %ife %hen he

"ie"' she isn=t entitle" to an) of his Hlue )ster Gult re$or"

$olle$tion.


61/73

thin&s that are of the sa(e in"@if the) are of "ifferent in"s' the

topi$ of si(ilarit) "ifferen$eis (ore appropriateA. He$ause

$ontraries o$$ur in pairs an" e$lu"e one another' the) are useful in

ar&u(ents #e$ause one $an esta#lish one=s $ase in"ire$tl)' provin&

one=s o%n assertion #) "is$re"itin& the $ontrar). !his is so(eti(es

no%n as the fi&ure of thou&ht' antitheton.

a(ples

,elf$ontrol is #enefi$ial #e$ause li$entiousness is har(ful.


62/73

antiphrasis

antilo&)

,ee -lso

Cro&)(nas(ata Go((onpla$e


63/73

a(ples-s ever) $reature %ho has live" on this earth throu&h its (an)

a&es has en"e" this life in "eath' %e $an #e quite assure" that

this %ill #e the $o((on lotfor the rest of us' sooner or later.

*elate" +i&ures

ana(nesis

$hrono&raphia

,ee -lso

Hran$hes of rator) ?u"i$ial rator)

enerall)' in u"i$ial orator) one (aes ar&u(ents

a#out past events.

Hran$hes of rator) ;eli#erative rator)

enerall)' in "eli#erative orator) one (aesar&u(ents oriente" to future events.

Cro&)(nas(ata


64/73

para"o

o)(oron

+i&ures of Halan$e

or&iani$ +i&ures

*elate" !opi$s of


65/73

-proof or $o(position $onstru$te" of $ontraries.

-ntitheton is $losel) relate" to an" so(eti(es $onfuse" %ith

the fi&ure of spee$h that utaposes opposin& ter(s'

antithesis. Do%ever' it is (ore properl) $onsi"ere" a fi&ure

of thou&ht @!opi$ of


66/73

wise-folly

Cla$in& t%o or"inaril) opposin& ter(sa"a$ent to one

another. - $o(presse" para"o.

a(ples...Qet fro( those fla(es

No li&ht' #ut rather "arness visi#le

,erve" onl) to "is$over si&hts of %oe.

>ilton'aradise 2ost1.6264

!he ,oun"s of ,ilen$e

%estina lente@(ae haste slo%l)A.

*elate" +i&ures

para"o iron)

s)noe$iosis

auesisok-see'-sis . Bin$rease' a(plifi$ationB

incrementum

the avancer

1. -rran&in& %or"s or $lauses in a sequen$e of

in$reasin& for$e.


67/73

!he opposite of auesis @2A>referrin& to so(ethin&

%ith a na(e "isproportionatel) lesser than its nature.


h)per#olehy-per'-bo-lee fro( hyper' BoverB an" &ollein' Bto thro%B

T-lt ,pellin&U

superlatio- e,cessus

over reacher or the loud lyer

*hetori$al ea&&eration. D)per#ole is often a$$o(plishe"

via $o(parisons' si(iles' an" (etaphors.

a(ples


68/73

auri$e ,$eve

Life is a #ea$h.

ho $aptains the ship of stateK

*elate" +i&ures

si(ileLie a (etaphor' a si(ile involves (ain& a $o(parison

@e$ept it "oes so epli$itl)A.

$ata$hresis

alle&or)

-n alle&or) is an eten"e" (etaphor that &oes throu&h a

%hole narrative.

*elate" !opi$s of


69/73

-n epli$it $o(parison' often @#ut not ne$essaril)A

e(plo)in& BlieB or Bas.B

a(ples

) love is lie a re"' re" rose >*o#ert Hurns

Der hair %as lie &rav)' runnin& #ro%n off her hea" an" $lu(pin&

up on her shoul"ers.

!he "a) %e passe" to&ether for a %hile

,ee(e" a #ri&ht fire on a %inter=s ni&ht >auri$e ,$eve

Qou are lie a hurri$ane there=s $al( in )our e)e' #ut Neil Qoun&

!he airlifte" rhino$eros hit the &roun" lie a &ar#a&e #a& fille"%ith split pea soup.

*elate" +i&ures (etaphor

*elate" !opi$s of


70/73

is made to the historic landing of a craft on the moon, &ut no

direct connection is made to the more mundane application of this

allusion

ell' the a&le has lan"e". < thou&ht )ou=" never (ae partner in

the fir(.

*elate" +i&ures

(etaphor

si(ile $on$eit

$ata$hresis

para#ola

+i&ures of o#s$urin&

*elate" !opi$s of


71/73

(etaphor

si(ile

alle&or)

*elate" !opi$s of


72/73
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Classification of Figures of Speech

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