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Sudarshana Elapatha

BIOLOGY

Biology is the study of

life and living organisms.

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• Aristotal is considered as the father of biology .

• Biology can be divided into two major branches.

• BOTANY- study of plants

• ZOOLOGY- study of animals

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ORGANISMS

• The features and functions common to all living things are,• Respiration

• Feeding

• Excretion

• Sensitivity

• Growth

• Reproduction

Sudarshana Elapatha

CLASSIFICATION• Classification of living organism is the sorting out

of living things into groups on the basics of features they have in common,

• Levels of classification • Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

King

Phillip

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Sudarshana Elapatha

Sudarshana Elapatha

KINDS OF ORGANISMS

• Their are 5 kingdoms

• Monera

• Protista

• Mycota (Fungi)

• Animalia (Animals)

• Plantae (Plants)

• But we classify the first 3 groups under Micro-organisms

Micro-organisms

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MICRO-ORGANISMS

Micro-organisms

Viruses

Bacteria

Protozoa

Fungi

Algae

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VIRUSES

They do not feed, respire ,excreat or grow.

So…..Virus particles are not concidered as cells.But ……. They can be classified as living

organisms ..why…?They do reproduce.

Sudarshana Elapatha

Sudarshana Elapatha

• Unlike cellular organisms virus has no nucleus , cytoplasm, cell organelles or cell membrane.

• Therefore virus particles are not considered as cells.

• But virus do reproduce .

• they do this only inside the cells of living organisms, using materials provided by t he hoist cells.

• So , viruses are parasites.

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VIRAL DISEASES

• influenza• rabies• rubella• yellow fever• measles• mumps • chicken pox

Sudarshana Elapatha

BACTERIA

.. . Bacteria, single-celled organisms visible

only through a microscope.Bacteria live all around us and within us.

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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

• Unicellular & microscopic • The nucleus is not covered with a membrane.

• ( Prokaryote) have not organized

nucleus

• There is a cell wall around the cell made up of mucopolysaccharide.

Some bacteria have a slime capsule outside their wall.

Sudarshana Elapatha

STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

Sudarshana Elapatha

SHAPES OF BACTERIA

• Individual bacteria may be

Spiral •Spirillum

Coma shaped•Vibrio

spherical,•Coccus

Rod•Bacillus

Sudarshana Elapatha

NUTRITION

• Autotrophic –

produce their own food • Photosynthetic• Blue –green bacteria

• Chemosynthetic • Nitrobactor, Nytrosomonas

Sudarshana Elapatha

NUTRITION

• Saprophytic-

Digest the food out side of the cell absorb back to the cell.•Most of the bacteria

Sudarshana Elapatha

NUTRITION

• Symbiotic -

An interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, especially to the advantage of both. • Rhysobium

Sudarshana Elapatha

NUTRITION

• Parasite – Live on tissues of organisms and may lead to diseases.•Vibrio cholera

Sudarshana Elapatha

IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA

• Uses • In fermentation – wine, beer ,

vinegar• Producing enzymes• Decomposition of materials• Producing antibiotics

Sudarshana Elapatha

HARMFUL EFFECT S OF BACTERIA

•Cause to diseases •Spoil our food

Sudarshana Elapatha

BACTERIAL DISEASES

• Tetanus• Tuberculosis• Pneumonia

• Diphtheria• Gonorrhea • Syphilis

Sudarshana Elapatha

PROTOZOA

Protozoa, name for animal-like,

single-celled organisms

Sudarshana Elapatha

FEATURES

• Unicellular • The nucleus is covered with a

membrane• Most of them are aquatic• Had flagella , cilia or pseudopodia for

locomotion • Nutrition can be Autotrophic , Saprophytic or

Parasite .

Sudarshana Elapatha

Euglena Paramecium

Amoeba Plasmodium

Sudarshana Elapatha

Sudarshana Elapatha

ALGAE

simple, plantlike organisms

Sudarshana Elapatha

FEATURES

• All are aquatic.• Contain chlorophyll or other

photosynthetic pigment .• Body is a thallus . • Some posses flagella.

Sudarshana Elapatha

KINDS OF ALGAE

• Green algae• Brown algae • Red algae• Diatoms

Sudarshana Elapatha

GREEN ALGAE

(CHLOROPHYTA)

• Habitats close to water – fresh water, sea water and moist soil

• Some green algae are microscopic& some are fairly big.

• There are uni-cellular as well as multi- cellular form.

• Cell wall is made up of cellulose.

Sudarshana Elapatha

• Next to brown algae largest body structure is seen among this red algae.

• Gellidium

• Gracillaria

• The largest body structure is seen among this brown algae.

• Laminaria

BROWN ALGAE (PHAEOPHYTA)

Red algae (Rhodophyta)

Sudarshana Elapatha

Sudarshana Elapatha

DIATOMS

• Unicellular & microscopic .• Autotrophic • Found in fresh water, sea water& moist

soil.• Float feely on water.• Most diatoms are plantktonic.

Sudarshana Elapatha

FUNGI

Thousands of different types of

fungi grow on and absorb food from substances such as soil,

wood, decaying organic matter.

Sudarshana Elapatha

FEATURES

• Do not have chloroplasts .• Cell wall made up of chitin. • Fungi have filamentous body shape .• These filaments get together to form a

mycelium .• Store food as glycogen.• All of them are heterotrophic.

Sudarshana Elapatha

THE MAIN GROUPS OF FUNGI

• Sacharomices

• Yeast

• Zygomycetes

• Mucor

• Ascomycetes

• Penicillin

• Basidiomycetes

• Agaricus

Sudarshana Elapatha

Sudarshana Elapatha

NEXT WEEK …..

Plant & animals Good bye !