CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Biology RiverDell High School C. Militano Introduction (why, what, how)...
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CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMSBiology
RiverDell High SchoolC. Militano
• Introduction (why, what, how)• History of Classification• Systems and Nomenclature
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I. Introduction A. Why are organisms classified?
1. show relationships between organisms
2. organize information about organisms
3. provide information for research4. allow for universal naming system
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I. IntroductionB. What criteria are used?
1. Structure (morphology & anatomy)2. embryology3. biochemistry (DNA, RNA, proteins)4. chromosome number and structure5. geographic distribution or habitat6. life processes and behavior
a. nutrition, locomotion, reproduction
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I. IntroductionC. How are organisms named?
1. person who discovered the organism
2. habitat in which organism is found
3. biochemistry4. appearance
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II. History of classificationA. Aristotle and Theophrastus
Aristotle – classified animals by their habitat (land, water, air)
Theophrastus – classified plants by stem structure (soft stems – grasses and herbaceous, many woody stems, one woody stem) 1. classified over 500 organisms
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II. History of Classification
B. Ray ( mid 1600’s – English) 1. classified 18,000 plants & animals 2. used the term species
C. Linnaeus ( 1707-1778 – Swedish) 1. Systema Naturae (1735) a. classification based on morphology
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Caroli Linnaei Systema Natvrae
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II. History of ClassificationC. Linnaeus
2. Seven levels of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species (varieties in plants and subspecies in animals)* King Philip came over from Genoa singing
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Kingdom is the most generalSpecies is the most specific
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Classes of Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
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II. History of ClassificationC. Linnaeus
3. Binomial Nomenclature a. Genus name and species name 1) both are underlined or italicized 2) Genus is capitalized b. ex. Homo sapiens, Panthera leo*species – similar organisms that
interbreed -produce fertile offsping
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III. Classification Systems and Nomenclature
A. Systematics1.based on evolution(uses phylogenetic trees to show relationships)2. criteria used to classify organisms
a. fossil records b. homologous structures
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III. Classification Systems and Nomenclature
A. Systematics c. patterns in embryo development d. chromosomes (numbers and banding) e. macromolecules (RNA, DNA, proteins)
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Phylogenetic Tree
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Plants-Phylogenetic Tree
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Order Carnivora – Phylogenetic Tree
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Phylogenetic Tree With Common Ancestor
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III. Classification SystemB. Cladistics
1. more recent system of classification2. based on derived characters
a. common features that have evolved recently b. examples – feathers, scales, hair
3. cladogram – ancestry diagram made by cladistic analysis
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Cladogram –Evolution of Vertebrates
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Cladogram
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III. Classification Systems and Nomenclature
C. Kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protists 4. Plantae 5. Fungi 6. Animalia
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III. Classification NomenclatureD. Domains1. Carl Woese – University of Illinois2. based on R-RNA similarities3. three domains
a. Domain Archae (prokaryotes)
b. Domain Bacteria (prokaryotes)
c. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes) [Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia]
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The Three Domains
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Six Kingdoms and Three Domains
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Will The Evolution of Organisms Ever Reach A Final Destination ?