ClassificationClassification

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In the following few slides, you will findIn the following few slides, you will find14 different organisms, each of them labeled 14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a letter. with a letter.

In your groups, write down two main In your groups, write down two main classification (example red/green).classification (example red/green).

Then place the corresponding letters underThen place the corresponding letters underthe correct classification.the correct classification.

The Classification Game!!The Classification Game!!

Divide into groups of 3 Divide into groups of 3 or 4or 4

I

B

H

L M

A D

F

C

N

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One Possible SolutionOne Possible Solution

PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

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Did You Have Problems??Did You Have Problems??

There were actually several different ways There were actually several different ways to goto goabout classifying these 14 organisms. You about classifying these 14 organisms. You might might have done color, shape, size, number of have done color, shape, size, number of legs… the possibilities are endless. You legs… the possibilities are endless. You might have encountered one or two that might have encountered one or two that really did not fit into either of your two really did not fit into either of your two classifications, what should you do when classifications, what should you do when this happens? Make a new classification of this happens? Make a new classification of course! And this is what scientist have course! And this is what scientist have done as well through the years.done as well through the years.

The Challenge

• Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far.

• They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified.

• 1. Why Classify?– To study the diversity of life– To organize and name organisms

• Ex: supermarket

• 2. Why give scientific names?– Common names are misleading

Finding Order in Diversity

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jellyfish silverfish star fish

None of these animals are fish!

Some organisms have several common names

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This cat is commonly known as:

•Florida panther

•Mountain lion

•Puma

•Cougar

Scientific name: Felis concolor

Scientific name means “coat of one color”

Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

Origin of Scientific Names

• By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing.

• Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species.

• They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.

Slide # 6

Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus

1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclaturea. Two name naming system

b. Gave organisms 2 names

Genus (noun) and species (adjective)

Rules for naming organisms

1. Written is Latin (unchanging)

2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase

3. Both names are italicized or underlined

EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

SpeciesGo to Section:

Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy

Least specific

Most specific

1. Which of the following contains all of the others?

a. Family c. Class

b. Species d. Order

2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:

a. Family c. Order

b. Genus d. Species

Binomial Nomenclature Example• For example, the polar bear is named

Ursus maritimus.

• The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species.

• In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.

Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.

Kingdom Country

Phylum State

Class County

Order Town

Family Neighborhood

Genus Street

Species House Number

SPECIES

Modern Classification

• Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visible similarities.

• Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Modern Classification

• Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent.

• Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus.

Genus: Felis Genus: Canis

Similarities in DNA and RNA

• Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships.

• They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.

Kingdoms and Domains

• In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae.

• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.

The Five Kingdom SystemMonera

bacteria

Protista

Amoeba, slime mold

Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, molds

Plantae flowering plants, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants

Animalia mammals, birds, insects, fishes, worms, sponges

The Six Kingdom System

• In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups.

• As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-kingdom system of classification.

The Three-Domain System

• Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently.

• This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.

The Three Domains

• The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following:

• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals

• Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.

• Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.

Classification of Living Things

The three-domain system

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

EubacteriaArchae-bacteria

Protista Plantae Animalia

The six-kingdom system

Fungi

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Hierarchical Ordering of Classification

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As we move from the kingdom level

to the species level, more and more members are

removed.

Each level is more specific.

Cladogram• An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be

related

• Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.

Derived Characters• Derived characters are traits that are shared by some

species but not by others• The more closely related species are, the more

derived characters they will share• Derived characters are shown as hash marks

Nodes• Each place where a branch splits is called a node.• Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor

shared by a clade.

What do the house cat and the turtle have in common?

What does the leopard have in common with the wolf?

What organisms are most closely related?

1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2

b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3

2. a. Body is round shape……

b. Body is elongated……

Lady bug

Grasshopper

3. a. Wings point toward the back………

b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4

Housefly

4. a. Wings are large and broad…….

b. Wings are long and thin…...

Butterfly

Dragonfly

A tool used to determine the identity of an organism

EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY

MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY

1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5

2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3

3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4

4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter

 1. a. Needle leaves go to 2 b. Non-needle leaves go to 3

2. a. Needles are clustered Pine b. Needles are in singlets Spruce

3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf) go to 4 b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”) go to 7 4. a. Smooth edged go to 5 b. Jagged edge go to 6 5. a. Leaf edge is smooth Magnolia b. Leaf edge is lobed White Oak 6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like Elm b. Leaf edge is large and thorny Holly

7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

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Cell Type Prokaryote

Number of Cells Unicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs

Examples Methanogens

Thermophiles

Kingdom Eubacteria

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E. coli

Streptococcus

Cell Type Prokaryote

Number of Cells Unicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Examples Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Kingdom Protista

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Paramecium

Green algae

Amoeba

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,

The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom

Kingdom Fungi

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Mildew on Leaf

Mushroom

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar

Nutrition Heterotroph

Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold

Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS

Kingdom Plantae

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Ferns : seedless vascular

Sunflowers: seeds in flowers

Douglas fir: seeds in cones

Mosses growing on trees

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Multicellular

Nutrition Autotroph

Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Kingdom Animalia

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Sage grouse

Poison dart frog

Bumble bee

Sponge

Jellyfish

Hydra

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Multicellular

Nutrition Heterotroph

Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals