Classification Go to Section:. Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification 2....
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Transcript of Classification Go to Section:. Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification 2....
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Classification
Go to Section:
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Important Vocabulary
1. Taxonomy: science of classification
2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system
3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus
4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus
5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food
6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes
Slide # 2
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Why organisms are given scientific names--
a. Common names are misleading
b. To study the diversity of life
Slide # 3 Finding Order in Diversity
Go to Section:
jellyfish silverfish star fish
None of these animals are fish!
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Some organisms have several common names
Slide # 4
Go to Section:
This cat is commonly known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
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Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify
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Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related.
Grouped organisms together that were not related.
System remained unchanged for almost 2,000 years.
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Slide # 6
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature
a. Two name naming system Genus and species Genus: noun species: adjective Genus capitalized species not capitalized Both names are italicized or
underlined EX: Gray wolf: Canis lupus
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Slide # 7
Family
Species
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Go to Section:
Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical
Most Inclusive
Least Inclusive
1. Which of the following contains all of the others?
a. Family c. Class
b. Species d. Order
2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:
a. Family c. Order
b. Genus d. Species
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Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Slide # 8
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
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As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive!
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Cladograms verses Phylogenetic Trees
Cladogram: shows where novel characteristics originate that separate one
group from the rest. •“Y” shaped diagram
Phylogenetic tree: shows the paths taken by populations of organisms through many generations and over long periods of time. -- branching
jawless•
••Jawed fish & cartilage
Bony fish; paired fins
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Phylogenetic Trees
1. Practice reading a phylogenetic tree
3. The striped skunk most closely related to: ______________________ European otter
4. Cats and wolves are classified in the same ______________ Order
5. Wolves and dogs are classified in the same ________________ Genus
Slide # 9
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Using Molecular Data to Classify
1. How closely related one species is to another can be measured by comparing their genes and gene products. (proteins)
2. The more closely related two species are, the more similar their DNA base sequences for a gene (protein).
3. Can compare nucleotide sequence (for a gene) or the amino acid sequence (for a protein)
Slide # 10
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Example of Using Molecular Data
The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are —
A Q and T C Q and R
B R and S D Q and S Answer: Q & R
Comparing Q & T: 10% difference
Comparing Q & S: 6% difference
Comparing Q & R: 3% difference
Comparing R & S: 9% difference
Comparing R & T: 13% difference
Comparing S & T: 4% difference
Slide #11
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Using a Taxonomic Key
1. Also called a dichotomous key
2. Consists of a series of paired descriptions
3. Begin with the first pair of descriptions; decide which is most appropriate
4. Continue until all the pairs have been exhausted, or until you identify the specimen
Slide # 12
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Example of a Taxonomic Key
Worm 1 belongs to which category?A. Acanthocephala C. LumbricusB. Ascaris D. Nais
Answer:
Lumbricus
Slide # 13