Classification

Core concepts

Modern Taxonomy or Systematics is the field of biology that deals with organizing living things such as plants and animals into a hierarchy or category that shows artificial or natural relationships

Core concepts

Taxonomy or systematics involves three procedures namely classification, identification and nomenclature

Classification is a process of assigning arbitrary categories to an organism, or group/s of an organism based on its biological relatedness

Core concepts

Identification is a method to recognize organisms, or group/s or an organism based on its morphology, anatomy, biochemical property, molecular organization, etc. The use of traits is often subjective, but a consencus is generally made on which traits to use in identifying organisms.

Core concepts

Nomenclature is simply the practice of naming organisms based on rules of certain codes for every taxa of organism. The ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature) has rules for naming and publishing plant specimens that are new to science. The counterpart of ICBN is the ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature), while in microorganisms it is the International Code for Naming Bacteria.

Keywords

Taxonomy systematics classificationIdentification nomenclature hierarchyCategory artificial naturalTaxon species binomial systemLinnean classification domain kingdomDivision/phylum class order family

genusSpecific epithetarchaea bacteria eukarya

protista mycetae/fungi plantae animalia

Classification

Evolutionary systematicsPhenetic systematicsCladistic systematics

Evolutionary systematics

Use of phylogenetic relationship and over all similarity of organisms

Taxa > single species Groups of species give rise to new groups

Evolutionary systematics

Pre-Darwinian Linnean taxonomy- orderly lists

Evolutionary systematics- phylogenetic trees Allows for paraphylectic trees Use of dinosaurs to links extinct and extant species

MonophylecticParaphylecticpolyphylectic

mammalia

synapsida

amniota

reptilia

dinosauria

crocodilia

aves

Phenetic systematics

Also known as taximetricsMethod of clasification that uses morphology

or other observable traits regardless of any phylogentic or evolutionary relationship

Cladistic systematics

Method of classifying organisms based on groups or clades

Clades- ancestor and all descendantsSingle branch on the tree of life,

monophylecticPlesiomorphies- derived characteristics from

ancestorsApomorphies- evolved traitsSynapomorphies- shared traits

Evolutionary taxonomist- birds evolved from dinosaurs

Cladist- birds are dinosaurs

Linnean species vs Darwinian species

Immutable speciesMutable species

Good taxonomic system should be…..

Universally acceptedClassification of organisms should have real

biological meaning

Scheming scientists….

2 kingdom scheme4 kingdom scheme5 kingdom scheme6 kingdom scheme3 domain scheme

2 + 2 Lapu lapu

Linnaeus Regnum Animale Regnum Vegetabile Regnum Lapideum

Divided into classes

3 + 3 Christmas tree

Ernst Haeckel due to LeeuwenhoekUnicellular or multicellular

Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae

4 + 4 bagong bapor

Herbert Copeland due to electron microscopeAbility to discern organelles

Monera Protista Plantae Animalia

Presence of superkingdom- empire prokaryota, empire eukaryota

5 + 5 Voltes Five

Robert WhittakerBased on nutrition- auto, hetero, saprotroph

Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

6 + 6 (bonus ang makakaalam)

Carl Woese (use of genetic makeup) Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Ultimate purpose of taxonomy

Ano nga ba?

Group Assignment

Short history of taxonomy Hunter gatherer period Sedentary lifestyle Agricultural period Greeks to Karolus Linnaeus Modern taxonomy and systematics

How do species arise?Biological species concept (BSC)- advantages

and disadvantages over other species concept