Classical-China-2fyl4oo.ppt

7/27/2019 Classical-China-2fyl4oo.ppt

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Writing

Progressed fromreading scratch marks on

bones to ideographic symbols

ancestor worship


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Oracle shell Oracle bone


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The Shang Dynasty- 1523-1029

B.C.EConstructed tombs and palaces

Chinese world view one of harmony

between man and nature

Life is cyclical


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Shang Dynasty

The era around 1200 B.C.E. saw the decline or

collapse of most civilizations in Western Asia, Egypt,

the eastern Mediterranean, and the Indus Valley who

were dependant on the same trade routes.

The only area that did not see significant decline was

China, where the Shang Dynasty continued to rule.

China was not as dependent on Western Asia trade.


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Classical Era

The Zhou (Chou) 1027 to 256 B.C.E.

The Era of Warring States

402-201 B.C.E.

The Qin 221 B.C.E. - 202 B.C.E.

The Han 202 B.C.E220 C.E.


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Classical China

A difference between river-valley civilizations

and classical civilizations and was that in

classical civilizations political organizationswere more elaborate

A difference between river-valley civilizations

and classical is that religious sacrifice was

suppressed in the classical civilizations


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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty

1029-256 B.C.E.This dynasty flourished until about 700

B.C.E when it was beset by decline in its

infrastructure and frequent invasions bynomadic peoples from border regions.


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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty

1029-256 B.C.E.


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The Zhou extended the territory of China

from the Hwang Ho River Valley by taking

over the Yang-tze River Valley and this

became known as Middle Kingdom.

Wheat was grown in the North; rice in the

South

This agriculture diversity promoted

population growth.


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Zhou Dynasty

Promoted linguistic unity: MandarinChinese

Increasing cultural unity helps explainwhy, when the Zhou empire did began tofail, scholars were able to use philosophicalideas to lesson the impact of growingpolitical confusion.


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Zhou Dynasty

Political concept known as the

mandate from heaven. The dynasty

members were known as Sons of

Heaven.


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The Era of Warring States 402-201 B.C.E.

Confucianism, Daoism,Legalism originated as

responses to societal problems

during the time of disruption


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Daoism

Lao-tzu

the way of nature


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Legalism

Legalist disdained Confucian virtues

in favor of authoritarian state that was

ruled by force. For legalists, humannature was evil and required restraint

and discipline- the army would control

and the people labor- in the perfectstate.


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Kung Fu-tse


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ConfuciusKung Fu-tse or Confucius, c. 551 to 478 B.C.E.,lived during the Era of Warring States Period

between the Zhou and Han Dynasties, a time of

political chaos.

Confucianism is a system of ethics and was

recorded in a book calledAnalects

Hierarchical vision for society; some had

authority, some obeyed their superiors

Harmony within relationships, particular those in

the family


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The Chinese government accepted

Daoism becauseDaoist did not have great political

ambition

Daoist came to acknowledge the Sonof Heaven

Daoism provided spiritual insights for

many in the upper class

belief in balance & harmony


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Confucianism

Established a hierarchy and insisted upon

reciprocal duties between people

In official Chinese hierarchy, merchants

ranked below students, peasants, artisans, &soldiers.

The lowest people were the mean people

Educated bureaucratic elite, peasants,artisans,soldiers, merchants, mean-pople


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Culture

Ceremony became an important part of

upper-class Chinese life because the

Chinese believed that people shouldrestrain crude impulses.


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Key Features of Chinese Family Life

Ancestor Worship for the upper class

that emphasized tight family values and

structuresGender hierarchy

Parent-child hierarchy

Discipline


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Qin Dynasty China


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Qin Dynasty.

Qin Shih Huangdi, First Emperor

Qin conferred the name China to the region

He realized that Chinas problem lay in the

regional power of the aristocrats, like many

later centralizers in world history, i.e.

Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV


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Qin Shih Huangdi

Provided a single law code for the whole empire

and established a uniform tax system

Delegated special areas and decisions to the

emperors ministers thus further promotingeffective centralized government. Some dealt with

finance, others with justice

Followed up on centralization by extending

Chinese territory to the south, reaching present-

day Hong Kong on the South China Sea and

influencing northern Vietnam.


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In the north, to guard against barbarian invasion,

Shih Huangdi built a Great Wall, extending over

3000 miles, wide enough for chariots to move alongits crest.


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Qin innovations in Chinese

politics and cultureNational census

Standardization of coins, weights and measures;even the length of the axles on cart led tostandardized road building

Agricultural innovation: irrigation projects

Promoted manufacture, especially silk cloth

Uniform written script, completing the process ofcreating a single basic language for all educatedChinese


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Demise ofQin Shih Huangdi

His construction projects and high taxes made himunpopular as did the

Banning and burning the classical text

constripting peasants and excessive labor projects

aristocrats lost land

Daoist prists opposed him

On Shih Huangdis death in 210 C.E., popular revolts by

the peasants led to one peasant leader establishing himselfand his family as the new dynasty of China


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The Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou

It was more centralized


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Han Dynasty 202 B.C.E.-220C.E

Reduced the brutal repression of the Qin.


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Han Dynasty

Instituted a system of examination to prepareprofessional civil servants

promoted scientific research

Large construction projectsInstituted a system of punishment of

criminals

Promoted Confucian beliefs

Census taking

Exerted military & legal power


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Han Dynasty

The Han emperors revived Confucianism

Confucian built the links among many levels of authority

that came to characterize Chine politics at their best.


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Han Dynasty

Trade was particularly important during the Han

period and was produced by skilled artisans in the

cities.Silk, jewelry, leather goods, and furniture. Food

was also traded. Copper coins began to circulate.

Classical China reached far higher levels of

technical expertise than Europe or western Asia inthe same period, a lead they would long maintain.


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Calligraphy


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Civil Service Examinations


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Han Dynasty

Expanded Chinese territory into Korea, Indochina,

and central Asia

Contact with India and with the Parthian empirein the Middle East through trade with the Roman

Empire around the Mediterranean

Repaired the Great Wall to keep out the Huns


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Wu Ti, 140-87 B.C.E

Enforced peace throughout most of the

continent of Asia

Supported Confucianism and establishedshrines to promote worship of the ancient

philosopher as a god.


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Key Elements of Han Bureaucracy

Training

Specialization

Confucian-based ethic


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Demise of the Han Dynasty

The Huns, a nomadic people from centralAsia overturned the Hun dynasty andoccupied China from 220 C.E. until 531

C.E.Between 220 and 589 China was in a state

of chaos. By the time stability restored the

classical and formative period of Chinesecivilization had ended.


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Demise of the Han Dynasty

With the collapse of the Han dynasty, Daoism

(which would join with Buddhist influence from

India during the chaos that followed in the years of

the Hun occupation) guaranteed that the Chinesepeople would not be united by a single religious or

philosophical system. In time Daoism became a

formal religion


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Key Elements of the Classical Era

In literature, a set of five classics, written during theearly part of the Zhou dynasty and then editedduring the Confucian period, provided importantliterary tradition. They were used, among otherthings, as a basis for civil service exams. The fiveclassics contain many things: historical treatises,speeches, and other political material, a discussionon etiquette, and ceremonies, 300 poems dealingwith love, politics, joy, family life.

From the classical period forward, the ability tolearn and recite poetry became the mark of theeducated Chinese.


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Chinese art during the classical period was largelydecorative, stressing detail and craftsmanship.Calligraphy became important art form. Chinese

artists worked in bronze, pottery, carved jade, andivory, and wove silk screen.

Classical China did not produce monumentalbuilding because of the absence of a single

religion


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In science practical work was encouraged ratherthan Imaginative theorizing

Chinese astronomers developed an accurate

calendar by 444 B.C.E based on a year of 365.5

days

Astronomers calculated the movement of the

planets Saturn and Jupiter

Astronomers observed sunspots more than 1500years before comparable knowledge developed in

Europe


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Medical research- precise anatomical

knowledge, studied hygene to promote a

longer life


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Major Technological Innovations of

Classical China

Paper

wheelbarrow

advances in metalwork


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Economic Strength of Classical China

A key element of economic strength

was the high level of technological

innovationThe government was active in the

economy.


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Political Institution- became one of the

hallmarks of classical Chinese culture

Strong local units never disappeared

China relieved heavily on patriarchal families.Whether within the family or the central state,most Chinese believed in the importance ofrespect for those in power

The central government had little effect on theeveryday life of the people.

Chinese proverb: heaven is high and theemperor is far away.


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The central government had little effect on the

everyday life of the people.

Chinese proverb: heaven is high and the emperor

is far away.


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Hallmarks of Classical China

Classical China reached far higher levels of

technical expertise than Europe or western

Asia in the same period, a lead they wouldlong maintain.

Chinese classical society evolved with little

outside influence


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Post Classical China

220-589 Era of Division

581-618 Sui Dynasty

618-907 Tang Dynasty960-1279 Song Dynasty


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Era of Division

The period of political disorder and chaoticwarfare that followed the Qin-Han era is

referred to as the Era of DivisionBuddhism eclipsed Confucian teachings


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The Sui Dynasty

Wendi

Yangdi

The emergence of the Sui dynasty at the end of the6th century C. E. (580s), after nearly four

centuries of discord, signaled a return to strong

dynastic control.

The short-lived Sui dynasty reestablished a

centralized empire


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Sui Calligraphy


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Wendi secured his power base

Won support of the neighboring nomadicmilitary commanders

He reconfirmed their titles at the expense ofthe Confucian scholar-gentry class

With the support of the nomadic militarycommanders he spread his empire acrossnorthern China


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Wendi won support

Lowered taxes

Established granaries to ensure a reserve offood

Large landowners and peasants alike weretaxed a portion of their crop to keep thegranaries filled

Surplus grain was brought to market in timesof food shortage to hold down the price of thepeoples staple food


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Yangdi

Established a milder legal code

Upgraded Confucian education;

restored the examination system forregulating entry into the bureaucracy

Broad policy of promoting the scholar-gentry in the imperial administration


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The Great Wall


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Unsuccessful campaigns in Korea and

central Asia against the Turks.

Provincial governors declared

independence

Bandit gangs raided at willNomadic peoples seized sections of the

north China plain


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Tang Dynasty Map


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The Golden Age of the Tang

Li Yuan

Tang Taizong


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Tang strategy

Contain the Turkic tribes

Repair the Great Wall

Create frontier armies

Heavenly khan


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Tang strategy

The empire was also extended to parts

of Tibet in the west, the Red River

valley homeland of the Vietnamese inthe south and Manchuria in the north


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Emperor Kaozong

In 668, Chinese armies overran Korea

Silla, the Korean vassal kingdom, wasestablished at it remained loyal to the Tang

In a matter of decades the Tang built anempire far larger than the Han and onewhose boundaries extended far beyond theborders of present-day China


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Zen Buddhism

Early Tang rulers continued to patronize

Buddhism while trying to promote

education in Confucian classics.


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Tang Dynasty

Empress Wu, the only female emperor,

690-705

supported Buddhism


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Anti-Buddhist Backlash

Daoist rivals began stressing their own

magical and predictive powers

Confucian-scholar-administratorslaunched the most damaging

campaigns against Buddhism


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Emperor Wuzong, 841-847

Openly persecuted the Buddhist

Thousands of Buddhist monasteries

and shrines were destroyedHundreds of thousands of monks andnuns were forced to abandon theirmonastic orders and return to civilian

life and again subject to taxation


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Legacy of Chinese Buddhism

Buddhism left its mark on the arts, theChinese language, and Chinese thinkingabout such things as heaven, charity, and law

Buddhism ceased to be a dominate force in China

In contrast to its impact on the civilizations ofsoutheast Asia, Tibet, and parts of central

Asia.


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The economic challenge to the

imperial order

Monastic lands not taxed; Tang regime lost huge

revenues as a result of imperial grants to Buddhist

monasteries

The wills of ordinary Chinese people that turnedfamily property over to Buddhist monasteries

The state was denied labor because it could not tax

or conscript peasants who worked on monastic

estates.


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Tang Decline

Internal rebellion

Nomadic incursions

Yang Guifei

An Lushan


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The Song Dynasty

The last Tang was forced to resign in

907

Zhao KuangyinEmperor Taizu

The Northern Liao Dynasty, nomadic

Khitan people of Manchia.


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Song Dynasty Map


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The Song dynasty

Zhao Kuangyin was the founder of the

Song dynasty


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The Song era

The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over

its aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully

secured in the Song era.Zhu Xi was the most prominent of the Neo-

Confucians during the Song era


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Impact of Neo-Confucianism


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Neo-Confucians also became familiar with

Buddhist beliefs

Li- a concept that defined a spiritual presence

similar to the universal spirit of both Hinduism

and Buddhism

New form of Confucianism

Reconciled Confucianism and Buddhism

It influenced philosophical thought in China,

Korea, Vietnam, and Japan in all subsequent eras.


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Constructionism

Wang Anshi


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Weakness of the Song

The Song paid tribute to the Khatan

Distain for military and too much

emphasis on Confucian elite.


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The flight of the Song dynasty from their

capital in northern China

Jurchens

Economic development during the period of


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Economic development during the period of

commercial expansion during the Tang and

Song dynasties

The Silk Road connected Changan (Xian)

with Antioch, Asia Minor

U b i ti i Chi d i th


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Urbanization in China during the

Tang-Song era


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The agricultural policies of the


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The agricultural policies of the

Sui and Tang emperors

Numbers of free peasantry increased

Fortunes of the old aristocratic families

declinedLands were distributed more equitably tothe free peasant households of the empireThe gentry side of the scholar-gentry came

to dominate the bureaucracy


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Societyin Tang- Song China

Age at time of marriage was the primary

difference between marriages of the upper

and lower classesThe status of women

Footbinding


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Chinese landscape painting

Members of the ruling political elite in

China produced many of the paintings in the

SongShanshui, the art of drawing with brush and

ink


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Poetry

Li Bo


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The independence of Chinese women

Technological innovation of the Tang


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Technological innovation of the Tang-

Song Era

Coal used for fuel

Gunpowder

Complex bridges

Abacus

Moveable type


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Confucian

intellectual schools were responsible for theproduction of most literary and artisticworks during the Tang-Song era

The decline of Buddhism in the later


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The decline of Buddhism in the later

Tang and Song dynasties

Confucians attacked Buddhism as a foreigninnovation in China

Confucians convinced emperors thatmonastic control of land represented aneconomic threat

Persecution of Buddhists introduced in

840s.

Demise of the southern Song


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Demise of the southern Song

Dynasty in 1279

Mongols

Comparison & Contrast of the the empire under the Tang and


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Comparison & Contrast of the the empire under the Tang and

the Song dynasties

Similarities

continued intellectual and political dominance of

Confucian scholar- gentry

growth of bureaucracy essential to imperial administration

Differences:

smaller in size

unable to control nomadic dynasties of the north

payment of tribute to nomadic states

military decline with subjection of aristocracy to scholar-gentry

failure of Wang Anshi's reforms led to military defeat

The elements of Tang Song economic


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The elements of Tang-Song economic

prosperity

Ways the Tang Song era departed from


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Ways the Tang-Song era departed from

previous developments in Chinese civilization

Full incorporation of southern China into economy

dominance of south as food- producing region &center of population and political capital of

southern Songdecline of influence of Buddhism

increasing trend toward intellectual andtechnological isolation

extraordinary level of urbanization--up to 10percent of population

extraordinary level of technology


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Chinas Hegemony

Hegemony occurs when a civilizationextends its political, economy, social,and cultural influence over others.

600-1450 China was the richest andmost powerful of all, and extended itsreach over most of Asia.

Classical-China-2fyl4oo.ppt

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