China, China, China, China, ChinaChina

AP WorldAP World

Unit 1 and 2Unit 1 and 2

Mrs. HalsMrs. Hals

Geography of ChinaGeography of China Zhongguo – “Middle Kingdom”Zhongguo – “Middle Kingdom” Extremely isolatedExtremely isolated Believed China was center of the Earth and the sole source of civilizationBelieved China was center of the Earth and the sole source of civilization W and SW – Tien Shan and HimalayasW and SW – Tien Shan and Himalayas N – Gobi desertN – Gobi desert E – Pacific OceanE – Pacific Ocean

Nomadic InvadersNomadic Invaders

Provided contact with outside worldProvided contact with outside world ““barbarians” who “lacked skills of a barbarians” who “lacked skills of a

settled society”settled society”

Shang CivlizationShang Civlization

China’s river valley China’s river valley civilizationcivilization The valley along the Huang He (Yellow The valley along the Huang He (Yellow

River)River)– Irrigation, fertile farming, transportationIrrigation, fertile farming, transportation– ““River of Sorrows” - **Controlling the flow of River of Sorrows” - **Controlling the flow of

the river was such a large public works project the river was such a large public works project it probably helped lead to the rise of a strong it probably helped lead to the rise of a strong central government**central government**

– Loess – fine, windblown, yellow soil carried Loess – fine, windblown, yellow soil carried from Mongolia and Siberiafrom Mongolia and Siberia Loess settles and raises water levelLoess settles and raises water level Constant water control issues with dikes and leviesConstant water control issues with dikes and levies

– Flooding, bad crops, starvationFlooding, bad crops, starvation– Symbol of MisfortuneSymbol of Misfortune

Xinjiang, Mongolia, and ManchuriaXinjiang, Mongolia, and Manchuria Later Tibet (Xizang) Later Tibet (Xizang)

Shang Shang ~1650 BCE – group called the Shang gain control ~1650 BCE – group called the Shang gain control

of N. Chinaof N. China Dominate until 1027 BCEDominate until 1027 BCE Capital city at Anyang, (walled)Capital city at Anyang, (walled) Shang kings – controlled only a small areaShang kings – controlled only a small area

– Led noble warriors into battleLed noble warriors into battle Loyal princes and nobles governed most of the Loyal princes and nobles governed most of the

landland– Probably head of “clans” – the groups of families who Probably head of “clans” – the groups of families who

claim a common ancestorclaim a common ancestor Probably similar to the city-states of Sumer instead Probably similar to the city-states of Sumer instead

of the centralized gvt of the Egyptian pharaohsof the centralized gvt of the Egyptian pharaohs

Tombs of Shang rulersTombs of Shang rulers– Archaeologists found tomb of Fu Hao the Archaeologists found tomb of Fu Hao the

wife of Wu Ding, a Shang kingwife of Wu Ding, a Shang king– Artifacts show Fu owned land and lead Artifacts show Fu owned land and lead

an army against invadersan army against invaders– **suggests noblewomen had **suggests noblewomen had

considerable status during the Shang considerable status during the Shang periodperiod

Social ClassesSocial Classes Royal family and class of noble warriorsRoyal family and class of noble warriors

– Leather armor, bronze weapons, horse-drawn chariotsLeather armor, bronze weapons, horse-drawn chariots Early Chinese cities support a class of artisans Early Chinese cities support a class of artisans

and merchantsand merchants– Artisans – produced goods for noblesArtisans – produced goods for nobles

(bronze weapons, silk robes, jade jewelry)(bronze weapons, silk robes, jade jewelry)– Merchants – exchanged food and crafts made by local Merchants – exchanged food and crafts made by local

artisansartisans Salt, cowrie shells, and other goods not in NE ChinaSalt, cowrie shells, and other goods not in NE China

Peasants – majority of Shang ChinaPeasants – majority of Shang China– Farming villages, grueling lives, stone tools, maintaining Farming villages, grueling lives, stone tools, maintaining

dikesdikes– Men pledged allegiance to their noble lordsMen pledged allegiance to their noble lords

Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs

Complex religious beliefsComplex religious beliefs Many gods and spirits of natureMany gods and spirits of nature Shang Di (top god) + mother goddess who Shang Di (top god) + mother goddess who

brought plants and animals to Earth brought plants and animals to Earth – King is link between people and Shang DiKing is link between people and Shang Di– Shang Di wouldn’t respond to mortal pleas, only spirits Shang Di wouldn’t respond to mortal pleas, only spirits

of the greatest mortals would relay pleas to Shang Di of the greatest mortals would relay pleas to Shang Di (like ancestors’ spirits)(like ancestors’ spirits) Prayers for victory in war, good harvests, etc.Prayers for victory in war, good harvests, etc. Offer sacrifices of food to the ancestorsOffer sacrifices of food to the ancestors

Yin and Yang – Yin and Yang – – Yin = Earth, darkness, and female forcesYin = Earth, darkness, and female forces– Yang = Heaven, light, and male forcesYang = Heaven, light, and male forces– Delicate balance must be maintainedDelicate balance must be maintained

WritingWriting

Oracle BonesOracle Bones– Heating of animal bones or turtle shells to Heating of animal bones or turtle shells to

interpret cracks, answers a question posed to interpret cracks, answers a question posed to an ancestoran ancestor

Chinese charactersChinese characters– Characters represent different word or ideaCharacters represent different word or idea– 10,000 characters – yikes!!10,000 characters – yikes!!– CalligraphyCalligraphy– Spoken languages vary, but written language Spoken languages vary, but written language

is the sameis the same

Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty 1029 BCE people of Zhou overthrow the Shang1029 BCE people of Zhou overthrow the Shang 1029 BCE – 258 BCE – Zhou Dynasty 1029 BCE – 258 BCE – Zhou Dynasty

– Peaked ~700 BCEPeaked ~700 BCE Mandate of Heaven – idea that divine right to rule Mandate of Heaven – idea that divine right to rule

is decided by the godsis decided by the gods– Zhou promote this idea, claiming the last Shang king Zhou promote this idea, claiming the last Shang king

had been so cruel that he enraged the gods, so the gods had been so cruel that he enraged the gods, so the gods sent ruin to him and passed the Mandate of Heave to sent ruin to him and passed the Mandate of Heave to the Zhouthe Zhou

– Mandate of Heaven will later be used to explain dynastic Mandate of Heaven will later be used to explain dynastic cyclecycle

– Floods, famine, and natural catastrophe are signs that a Floods, famine, and natural catastrophe are signs that a dynasty has lost favordynasty has lost favor

FeudalismFeudalism

Zhou reward supporters by giving Zhou reward supporters by giving them control of specific regionsthem control of specific regions

Local lords govern their own lands in Local lords govern their own lands in return for military service and return for military service and support to the rulersupport to the ruler– Peasants that live on a lord’s land owe Peasants that live on a lord’s land owe

him military sercehim military serce

Zhou EconomicsZhou Economics China’s economy grewChina’s economy grew Ironworking arrived ~500 BCEIronworking arrived ~500 BCE Iron axes and plows replace stone, wood, and Iron axes and plows replace stone, wood, and

bronzebronze– Increases food productionIncreases food production

New crops - soybeansNew crops - soybeans Feudal lords organize large-scale irrigation worksFeudal lords organize large-scale irrigation works

– Increases food productionIncreases food production Commerce expandedCommerce expanded

– Begin using money – copper coins (with holes so they Begin using money – copper coins (with holes so they could be strung) – make trade easiercould be strung) – make trade easier

– New roads and canals increase tradeNew roads and canals increase trade

Increasing population and Increasing population and prosperityprosperity

Economic expansion = increase in Economic expansion = increase in populationpopulation

Huang He people overflow into Huang He people overflow into central China – head to the Yangzi central China – head to the Yangzi basinbasin

Feudal nobles expand territories Feudal nobles expand territories – Encourage peasants to settle the Encourage peasants to settle the

conquered landsconquered lands

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Develop a 365.25 day Develop a 365.25 day

calendarcalendar Silkmaking Silkmaking

– Silk thread is made from the Silk thread is made from the cocoons of silk wormscocoons of silk worms

– Women did the laborious Women did the laborious workwork

– Wove threads into a smooth Wove threads into a smooth clothcloth

– Dyed cloth with bright colorsDyed cloth with bright colors– Became China’s most Became China’s most

valuable exportvaluable export– Silk Road link China and Silk Road link China and

Middle EastMiddle East First BooksFirst Books

– Book of SongsBook of Songs – poems – poems about the lives of farming about the lives of farming and harvests, praises of and harvests, praises of kings, descriptions of court kings, descriptions of court ceremonies, tender and sad ceremonies, tender and sad love songs, etc. love songs, etc.

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Territory expanded (when Huang He people Territory expanded (when Huang He people

overflowed and moved outward)overflowed and moved outward)– Huanghe to Yangtze – “Middle Kingdom”Huanghe to Yangtze – “Middle Kingdom”

Rich agriculture with two different cropsRich agriculture with two different crops– Wheat (N)Wheat (N)– Rice (S)Rice (S)

Greater cultural unityGreater cultural unity– Promoted linguistic unityPromoted linguistic unity

Mandarin Chinese **largest group of people speaking the Mandarin Chinese **largest group of people speaking the same language in the world at this timesame language in the world at this time

– Tried to limit primitive religious practices (human Tried to limit primitive religious practices (human sacrifice)sacrifice)

– Encourage more limited ceremonies to worship gods Encourage more limited ceremonies to worship gods (less human sacrifice)(less human sacrifice)

Decline of the ZhouDecline of the Zhou

Ruler was too weak to control feudal lordsRuler was too weak to control feudal lords– System relied on loyalties and allegiance System relied on loyalties and allegiance

between the king and feudal lordsbetween the king and feudal lords– Regional disloyalties allows conflict to erupt, Regional disloyalties allows conflict to erupt,

Zhou’s power is weakenedZhou’s power is weakened– Regional groups unify to work against ZhouRegional groups unify to work against Zhou

Frequently invaded by nomadic peoplesFrequently invaded by nomadic peoples A new leader will emergeA new leader will emerge

Era of the Warring StatesEra of the Warring States

402 BCE – 201 BCE 402 BCE – 201 BCE – Zhou’s system falls apartZhou’s system falls apart– Regional ruler deposes the last Zhou Regional ruler deposes the last Zhou

emperor and makes himself the soul emperor and makes himself the soul leader of Chinaleader of China

– Qin Shi HuangdiQin Shi Huangdi

ConfuciusConfucius

Born 551 BCE to a Born 551 BCE to a poor familypoor family

Buddha and SocratesBuddha and Socrates The AnalectsThe Analects Philosophy focused on Philosophy focused on

worldly goals, how to worldly goals, how to emphasize social order emphasize social order and good governmentand good government

Studied ancient text, Studied ancient text, explored the court, explored the court, and taughtand taught

Confucian Principles:Confucian Principles: Five Relationships – observing the Five Relationships – observing the

five brings order and stabilityfive brings order and stability– Father to sonFather to son– Elder brother to younger brotherElder brother to younger brother– Husband to wifeHusband to wife– Ruler to subjectRuler to subject– Friend to friendFriend to friend

Except for friendship, none of the Except for friendship, none of the relationships are equalrelationships are equal

Inferiors owe loyalty and obedience Inferiors owe loyalty and obedience to their superiorsto their superiors

Filial PietyFilial Piety– Respect for parents above all other Respect for parents above all other

dutiesduties Honesty, hard work, and concern Honesty, hard work, and concern

for othersfor others– ““Do not do to others, what you do Do not do to others, what you do

not wish yourself”not wish yourself” GovernmentGovernment

– Ruler has responsibility to provide Ruler has responsibility to provide good governmentgood government

– Ruler should be virtuous and lead Ruler should be virtuous and lead by good exampleby good example

– People owe respect and loyaltyPeople owe respect and loyalty

Confucius’ view of women:Confucius’ view of women:– Men were superior to womenMen were superior to women– Woman’s duty to ensure stability of the Woman’s duty to ensure stability of the

family and promote harmony in the family and promote harmony in the homehome

– Correct behavior brings order and Correct behavior brings order and stabilitystability

Long lasting effectsLong lasting effects

During the centuries after Confucius’ death, During the centuries after Confucius’ death, his ideas influenced every area of Chinese lifehis ideas influenced every area of Chinese life

Rulers rely on Confucian ideas and select Rulers rely on Confucian ideas and select Confucian scholars as officialsConfucian scholars as officials

Emphasis on filial piety bolstered traditional Emphasis on filial piety bolstered traditional customs (like reverence for ancestors)customs (like reverence for ancestors)

Chinese civilization spread outChinese civilization spread out– Hundreds of millions of Koreans, Japanese, and Hundreds of millions of Koreans, Japanese, and

Vietnamese adopt some of the Confucian Vietnamese adopt some of the Confucian philosophiesphilosophies

Legalism - HanfeiziLegalism - Hanfeizi Hanfeizi – died 233 BCEHanfeizi – died 233 BCE ““nature of man is evil. His nature of man is evil. His

goodness is acquired”goodness is acquired” Greed motivates most Greed motivates most

actionsactions Strict laws and harsh Strict laws and harsh

punishments punishments – Only way to achieve orderOnly way to achieve order

Strength, not goodness, is a Strength, not goodness, is a leader’s greatest virtueleader’s greatest virtue– ““the ruler alone possesses the ruler alone possesses

power, wielding it like lightning power, wielding it like lightning or thunder”or thunder”

Many feudal rulers become Many feudal rulers become legalist rulerslegalist rulers

DaoismDaoism Founded by Laozi “Old Master”Founded by Laozi “Old Master” Credited for writing Credited for writing The Way of VirtueThe Way of Virtue

– This book greatly influenced Chinese lifeThis book greatly influenced Chinese life Daoism sought to live in harmony with natureDaoism sought to live in harmony with nature

– Instead of trying to bring order to human affairsInstead of trying to bring order to human affairs How does one find the Dao?How does one find the Dao?

– Dao = “the way” of the universeDao = “the way” of the universe– ““Those who know the Dao do not speak of it, Those who speak Those who know the Dao do not speak of it, Those who speak

of it do not know it”of it do not know it” Rejected conflict and strifeRejected conflict and strife

– End conflict between human desires and the simple ways of End conflict between human desires and the simple ways of naturenature

Be like waterBe like water– Yielding, yet an unstoppable forceYielding, yet an unstoppable force

GovernmentGovernment– Unnatural and the cause of many problemsUnnatural and the cause of many problems– ““If people are difficult to govern, it is because those in If people are difficult to govern, it is because those in

authority are too fond of action”authority are too fond of action”– Best government governs the leastBest government governs the least

Daoism and the PeopleDaoism and the People

Evolves into a popular religion with Evolves into a popular religion with gods, goddesses, and magical gods, goddesses, and magical practicespractices

Peasants turn to Daoist priests for Peasants turn to Daoist priests for charms to protect them from unseen charms to protect them from unseen forcesforces

Confucian and Daoist teachings blendConfucian and Daoist teachings blend– Confucianism shows how to behaveConfucianism shows how to behave– Daoism influences view of natural worldDaoism influences view of natural world

Buddhism in ChinaBuddhism in China By 100 CE Mahayana Buddhism had spread from By 100 CE Mahayana Buddhism had spread from

India into ChinaIndia into China Chinese struggle with some aspects of Chinese struggle with some aspects of

Buddhism, but it steadily gains popularityBuddhism, but it steadily gains popularity– Chinese valued family loyalty, but Buddhism Chinese valued family loyalty, but Buddhism

honored monks and nuns who gave up family life honored monks and nuns who gave up family life for solitary meditationfor solitary meditation

Buddhism offered escape from suffering, hope of Buddhism offered escape from suffering, hope of eternal happiness,eternal happiness,

Buddha’s image as a compassionate, merciful Buddha’s image as a compassionate, merciful godgod

Ability for anyone to pray, commit good works, Ability for anyone to pray, commit good works, and devotion and you could hope to gain and devotion and you could hope to gain salvationsalvation

By 400 CE Buddhism spear throughout China By 400 CE Buddhism spear throughout China and absorbed many Confucian and Daoist and absorbed many Confucian and Daoist traditionstraditions

Chinese Buddhist monks stressed filial piety and Chinese Buddhist monks stressed filial piety and honored Confuciushonored Confucius

Shi HuangdiShi Huangdi ~221 BCE the Zhou’s were ~221 BCE the Zhou’s were

overthrown by Zheng who overthrown by Zheng who named himself “Shi Huangdi” named himself “Shi Huangdi” or “First Emperor”or “First Emperor”

Spent 20 years conquering Spent 20 years conquering most of the warring statesmost of the warring states

Centralized power with the Centralized power with the help of his Legalist advisershelp of his Legalist advisers– Rewarded merit, punished failureRewarded merit, punished failure

Built a strong, authoritarian Built a strong, authoritarian government for the Qin government for the Qin dynasty dynasty

To unify China…To unify China… Shi Huangdi abolished feudalismShi Huangdi abolished feudalism Replaced feudal states with 36 military Replaced feudal states with 36 military

districts and appointed loyal officials to districts and appointed loyal officials to administer themadminister them

Sent inspectors to spy on local officials and Sent inspectors to spy on local officials and report back to himreport back to him

Forced noble families to live at Xianyang, the Forced noble families to live at Xianyang, the capital, so he could monitor themcapital, so he could monitor them

Distributed the lands (of the nobles he just Distributed the lands (of the nobles he just forced to move to the capital) to the peasantsforced to move to the capital) to the peasants

Peasants had to pay high taxes to support the Peasants had to pay high taxes to support the armies and building projectsarmies and building projects

Promoting unityPromoting unity Standardized weights Standardized weights

and measuresand measures Unified coins with Qin Unified coins with Qin

coinscoins Scholars created Scholars created

uniformity in Chinese uniformity in Chinese writingwriting

Workers repaired and Workers repaired and extended roads and extended roads and canals (strengthened canals (strengthened transportation sys.)transportation sys.)

Law required cart axles Law required cart axles to be the same width to be the same width to help with rut issuesto help with rut issues

Don’t disagree!Don’t disagree!

Jailed, tortured, and killed Jailed, tortured, and killed those opposing his rulethose opposing his rule

Feudal nobles and Feudal nobles and Confucian scholars sufferConfucian scholars suffer

Book burning campaign Book burning campaign destroyed literature and destroyed literature and philosophy piecesphilosophy pieces– Only medicine and Only medicine and

agriculture accounts were agriculture accounts were sparedspared

The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China

Most remarkable and costly achievementMost remarkable and costly achievement All the walls built by individual feudal states were ordered to All the walls built by individual feudal states were ordered to

be joinedbe joined Hundreds of thousands of laborers worked years, creating an Hundreds of thousands of laborers worked years, creating an

almost 25 foot high wall, with a road on top wide enough to almost 25 foot high wall, with a road on top wide enough to serve as a roadserve as a road

Wall extended and rebuilt over centuries, now snakes for Wall extended and rebuilt over centuries, now snakes for thousands of miles across northern Chinathousands of miles across northern China

Didn’t keep out all invaders, but did show the emperor’s Didn’t keep out all invaders, but did show the emperor’s ability to mobilize the vast resources of Chinaability to mobilize the vast resources of China

Great Wall became a symbol of protection and division from Great Wall became a symbol of protection and division from the nomadic barbariansthe nomadic barbarians

A new eraA new era

When Shi Huangdi died ~210 BCE When Shi Huangdi died ~210 BCE revolts eruptrevolts erupt

Anger over heavy taxes, forced Anger over heavy taxes, forced labor, and cruel policieslabor, and cruel policies

Liu Bang emerges, claims Mandate of Liu Bang emerges, claims Mandate of Heaven, take the title of Gao ZuHeaven, take the title of Gao Zu– An illiterate peasant leaderAn illiterate peasant leader– Works to restore order and justiceWorks to restore order and justice

Built mainly underground, carved out of low mountain top (according to Built mainly underground, carved out of low mountain top (according to legend), the construction itself took 700,000 prisoners of war and slaves over legend), the construction itself took 700,000 prisoners of war and slaves over 36 years to construct and covers approximately four square miles. The as-yet-36 years to construct and covers approximately four square miles. The as-yet-

unearthed palace is reputedly of legendary grandeur.unearthed palace is reputedly of legendary grandeur.

Liu BangLiu Bang Continues efforts to Continues efforts to

unify Chinaunify China Lowered taxesLowered taxes Eased harsh policiesEased harsh policies Appointed Confucian Appointed Confucian

scholars as advisorsscholars as advisors Creates a strong Creates a strong

foundation for the foundation for the Han dynasty ~206 Han dynasty ~206 BCE – 220 CEBCE – 220 CE

WudiWudi Strengthened the government Strengthened the government

and economy by choosing and economy by choosing Confucian advisorsConfucian advisors

Improved canals and roads Improved canals and roads (helped economic growth)(helped economic growth)

Built granaries to stabilize Built granaries to stabilize supply of grainsupply of grain– Gvt would buy grain when it Gvt would buy grain when it

was abundant and store it to was abundant and store it to sell at stable prices when it sell at stable prices when it was scarcewas scarce

Imposed monopoly on salt and Imposed monopoly on salt and ironiron– The sale of these products The sale of these products

gave gvt an income gave gvt an income supplemental to taxessupplemental to taxes

Expansionism – increased territoryExpansionism – increased territory Fought battles to expand China’s bordersFought battles to expand China’s borders Drove nomadic peoples back beyond the Drove nomadic peoples back beyond the

Great WallGreat Wall Created Chinese outposts in Manchuria, Created Chinese outposts in Manchuria,

Korea, N. Vietnam, Tibet, and Central Korea, N. Vietnam, Tibet, and Central AsiaAsia– Soldiers would slowly spread Chinese Soldiers would slowly spread Chinese

influence thereinfluence there

Silk RoadSilk Road Wudi opened up a trade route between China and the westWudi opened up a trade route between China and the west Grapes, figs, cucumbers, and walnuts were new foods introduced Grapes, figs, cucumbers, and walnuts were new foods introduced

to Chinato China Furs from Central Asia, muslin from India, glass from RomeFurs from Central Asia, muslin from India, glass from Rome 4,000 miles long, China to the Fertile Crescent 4,000 miles long, China to the Fertile Crescent Relayed trade in stagesRelayed trade in stages Persians monitored trade at the western endPersians monitored trade at the western end

Han emperors made Confucianism the official Han emperors made Confucianism the official belief system of the statebelief system of the state

Well educated scholars ran the bureaucratic Well educated scholars ran the bureaucratic government, scholars were sent to a university at government, scholars were sent to a university at Xian to prepareXian to prepare

Scholar-officials were like gentlemen, Scholar-officials were like gentlemen, – courteous, dignified, history, music, poetry, and courteous, dignified, history, music, poetry, and

Confucian teachingsConfucian teachings Civil Service ExaminationCivil Service Examination

– Positions to be given based on merit and qualificationsPositions to be given based on merit and qualifications– Given on local, provincial, and national levelsGiven on local, provincial, and national levels– Confucian classics, histories, poems, and handbooks on Confucian classics, histories, poems, and handbooks on

customscustoms– Open to anyone, but really only to those who had time Open to anyone, but really only to those who had time

to studyto study Sometimes rich families would pay for brilliant peasant Sometimes rich families would pay for brilliant peasant

boys to studyboys to study Women’s place in the “5 relationships” kept them from Women’s place in the “5 relationships” kept them from

being allowed to take the examsbeing allowed to take the exams– Confucian influence continued for over 2,000 yearsConfucian influence continued for over 2,000 years

Collapse of the Han EmpireCollapse of the Han Empire Ability to control powerful warlords and local Ability to control powerful warlords and local

military leaders diminishedmilitary leaders diminished Canals and roads fell into disrepair with weak Canals and roads fell into disrepair with weak

emperorsemperors Heavy taxes and crushing debt = revoltsHeavy taxes and crushing debt = revolts ““Red Eyebrows” and “Green Woodsmen”Red Eyebrows” and “Green Woodsmen”

– Thousands of peasants became members of secret Thousands of peasants became members of secret rebellion groups who fled their villages and hid in the rebellion groups who fled their villages and hid in the mountainsmountains

220 CE warlords overthrew the last Han emperor 220 CE warlords overthrew the last Han emperor – China broke up into several kingdoms– China broke up into several kingdoms

Invaders poured over the Great Wall and set up Invaders poured over the Great Wall and set up their own statestheir own states

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Golden Age AchievementsGolden Age Achievements

– ScienceScience Invented a seismographInvented a seismograph Wrote texts on chemistry, zoology, botany, astronomyWrote texts on chemistry, zoology, botany, astronomy

– MedicineMedicine Herbal remedies and anestheticsHerbal remedies and anesthetics acupunctureacupuncture

– TechnologyTechnology Made durable paper out of wood pulp (still used today)Made durable paper out of wood pulp (still used today) Advanced methods of shipmaking w/ rudder for Advanced methods of shipmaking w/ rudder for

steeringsteering Wheel barrowsWheel barrows Suspension bridges Suspension bridges

The ArtsThe Arts

Beautiful wooden templesBeautiful wooden temples Jade and ivory carvingsJade and ivory carvings Ceramic figuresCeramic figures Bronzeworkers and silkmakersBronzeworkers and silkmakers

Han rulers created an empire about the size of the Han rulers created an empire about the size of the United StatesUnited States

During the Han dynasty Chinese officials established During the Han dynasty Chinese officials established the pattern of government that would survive until 1912the pattern of government that would survive until 1912