THE LIMB MYOLOGY OF GYILVLTUJA RAFFLESII. ByF. G. PARSONS, F.R.C.S., Hlvunteriacn Professor at the RoyalCJollege of Sitryeoons; Lecturer oal Coint)arative Anatomy atSft Thlomas's Hossital.

SOME time ago Professor Stewart, of the loyal College of Sur-geons, gave me the opportunity of dissecting the limbs ofGymnura, all animal rarely to be obtained in this country. Themyology of this animal has been already carefully described byDobson,1 but I make no apology for putting my own dissectionon record, because the creature is a rare one, and it is veryimportant that our knowledge of the anatomy of any speciesshould not rest oin the dissection of a single individual specimen.In addition to this, systematists regard the dentition of Gymnuraas being very generalised; and I believe that, as far as its musclesare concerned, it makes the best type of a mammal that I haveever met with. Owing to the work of Dobson, and men likehim, we are now able to understand much more of the storywhich muscles have to tell us than he could hope to do when hewrote his splendid monograph on the Insectivora; and I feelconvinced that the study of no animal's muscles would form abetter introduction to mammalian myology than those of Gym-nura. In working at carnivores, rodents, and insectivores, onefeels that one is close to the main track by which the primateshave been evolved from more lowly ancestors, a feeling that isnot nearly so strong when one is dealing with monotremes,marsupials, edentates, or ungulates, the muscles of which aremore specialised. Few more interesting tasks could be under-taken than to compare the muscles of Gymnlura and, say,Bradypus: in the former their arrangement may often be fore-told with great accuracy, in the latter all kinds of unexpectedcuriosities are met with.

It is, therefore, with the object of confirmingr Dobson's obser-1 4 Mlonlogr'aph of the Insectivora, by G. E. Dobson, M.A., M1.B. London:

John Van Voorst, 1882.

THE LIMB MYOLOGY OF CTY.NUJLRA F-4E11L'ESIL.

vatious on this generalised animal that this paper is written: ina few cases we differ as to the interpretation of our observations,while in a few others the observations themselves do not tally;in the latter case the animals may have varied, or one of theobservers may have been at fault.

T1rapezilts.-The occipital fibres of this muscle, as in Dobson'sspecimen, lie superficial to the cleido-mastoid, and are insertedinto the clavicle. The fibres which arise from the ligamentumnuchbe in the neck are inserted with the onmo-trachelian intothe metacromial process, which in this animal is well developed.The fibres which arise from the anterior three or four thoracicvertebrae continue the plane of the last, and are inserted into theanterior (cephalic) lip of the spine of the scapula. Then there isa wide gap in the trapezius, and the next set of fibres arise fromthe spines of the posterior two or three thoracic verlebrae andrun forwards and outwards, to be inserted into the root of thespine of the scapula as well as into the posterior (caudal) lip ofits dorsal third. I think that Dobson's short description agreeswith this, though I do not know whether he found the great gapbetween the fibres coming from the anterior and posteriorthoracic spines or not; but it is interesting to me because Ihave already found a similar gap in the myomorphine rodentsoccupied by a pad of fat.'

hRhonboidetts capdtis et colli (Rhomboideus antics, Dobson).-This muscle, in my specimen, arose from the mesial part of thecurved line of the occipital bone as well as from the whole lengthof the ligamentum nuchae; it was inserted into the dorsal part ofthe scapular spine and into the vertebral border of the scapula.

Rhomiboide us thoracis (IRhomboideus posticus, Dobson).-Thisis continuous with the last, and arises from the spines of theanterior four or five thoracic vertebrae, to be inserted into theposterior (caudal) part of the vertebral border of the scapula.

Bhomtboideas profitndits.-This muscle Dobson noticed, but is(doubtful as to its name. It arises from the transverse processof the atlas, and soon gains the same plane as the rhomboideuscapitis et colli, with which it is inserted into the dorsal part. ofthe scapular spine. This muscle is often present in mammals,but is in some cases closely united with the levator anduli

l"AIy)ogy of Myomorplhine Rodents, " Proc. Zojl. Soc.. 1896, p. 175.

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MR F. G. PARSONS.

scapulae, as in the kangaroos 1 and many rodents.2 Windle andI found it quite separate in the Mustelidae among the Carnivora,3and we regard it as a deep part of the rhomboid sheet.

Omo-trachelian (Levator scapulae, Dobson; Levator clavicule,Acromio-trachelien, and many other synonyms of other authors).This muscle corresponded exactly with Dobson's description. Itarose from the transverse process and ventral part of the arch ofthe atlas, and was inserted into the tip of the metacromial pro-cess. My experience makes me regard this as the most gener-aLlised arrangement of the muscle.

Omo-hyoid.-Only the omal attachment of this muscle waspresent. It was attached to the anterior (cephalic) border of thescapula, close to the root of the coracoid process. This, as far asit goes, agrees with Dobson's description.4

Levator anguli scapula' and Serratus mcjnits.- These twomuscles, as usual, form one continuous plane. The origin in mycase was from the transverse processes of the posterior fivecervical vertebrae and from the anterior eight ribs.

Sabclavias.-This agrees with Dobson's description, coming, asit does, from the cartilage of the first rib, and being inserted intothe dorsal border of the outer quarter of the clavicle.

Pectoral muscles.-These agree with Dobson's description, withthe exception that I failed to find any clavicular origin.

Latissinmus dorsi.-Dobson's description applies perfectly tothis. It is interesting to notice that it arises from no ribs, andthat its tendon wraps round the teres major, and is insertedventral to that muscle. Dorso-olecranalis (Dorso-epitrochlearis)is as Dobson describes it; this is the typical mammalian arrange-ment of the muscle.

Deltoid.-Dobson only describes two heads; but as in almostall mammals there are three, I have little doubt that what hedescribed as the clavicular origin of the pectoral was really theclavicular head of the deltoidc This mistake has been made beforeby writers on myology; but the truth may easily be ascertainedby looking for the nerve supply: in Gymnura, as in all othermammals that I have examined, the clavicular head is supplied

1 "Petrogale xanthopus," Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 695.2 "Sciuromorphine Rodents," Proc. Zool. Soc., 1894, p. 277.3 "Terrestrial Carnivora," Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, p. 381.4 The ventral part of the neck was not available for dissection.

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THE LIMB IMYOLOGY OF (Y.VWUJA JLI}FFLESII.

by the circumflex nerve. The deltoid of (l ymnutra may beregarded as typical of mammals generally: the clavicular headarises from the outer half of the clavicle, and is inserted lowestlown (nearest the elbow) into the deltoid ridge; the acromialhead arises between the acromnial and mnetacromllial process, and isinserted deep to the last, and further away from the elbow; thespinous heat arises from the whole length of the posterior (caudal)lip of the scapular spine, and is inserte(l deep to the acromialhead, and nearer the shoulder joint.

The Sitjprat-sp'}in(thts, iufra-sp htattus, terecs )ftl jor, and siub-scapulc ris are as Dobson describes them.

The teres miilor wits not differentiated, and I could find no

branch of the circumflex passing to the infra-spinatus. Fromthe nerve 'supply of the teres minor, one would be inclinedto regard it as some of the highest fibres of the spinous part ofthe deltoid which have acquired an attachment to the subjacentinfra-spinatus fascia, and so to the axillary border of the scapula;the insertion into the back of the head of the humerus can lbeunderstood when one realises that the spinous part of the deltoidis the deepest at its insertion,-i.e., the most posterior of all.

Coraco-brachialis.-Dobson says that this muscle is absent.In my specimen it was also absent on both sides. It is a curiousfact that this muscle is entirely absent in certain animals, thoughothers closely allied to them possess it. Of course, the statementof one observer working on one specimen of an animal is notworth much; 1 )ut in three separate instances I have confirmatoryevidence. In the first case I found the muscle absent in the,viscacha (Lagostomus) onl both sides; since then I have comeacross another specimen in which it was also wanting. In theLibyan polecat (Ictontyip Libycat) I found no trace of the muscleand afterwards Windle dissecte(l a specinei of ictorqIp zo}illaquite independently, and in that it was absent too. This caseof Gymnura, in which both Dobson and I have failed to find thecoraco-brachialis, makes the third.1 The curious point about itis, that in the chinchilla, closely allied to the viscacha, in thebadger and common polecat, closely allied to Ictonyx, and in

Since writing the above, I find that Leche (Festkrift fr Lilljcborg, 1896,p. 142) has also noticed the absence of any trace of the coraco-brachialis inGymnura.

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the hedgehog, closely allied to G(ymnura a, coraco-i racbialis ispresent.

Biccpqs.-Only the long, head is present, as in D)obson's case.This is undoubtedly the most plrimitive form of the muscle.As far as 1 know, the coracoid head is never present when there is110 coraco-l)rachialis. The insertion is into the ulna. Macalister,1in the kangaroo, describes two parts of the biceps,-coraco-radial and gleno-ulnar. Of these the latter is the more constant,and is the one present in Gyninura.

Bratchlialis anticaus.-Only the external part of this muscle ispresent. It arises from the back of the surgical neck of thehumerus, deep to the origin of the external heca(l of the triceps,and winds round the outer side of the deltoid impression to beinserted with the biceps into the nina. In I)obson's case, how-ever, it went to the radius. AIany mammals possess an internalhead to this muscle, arising from the front of tihe humerus: butthe one here present is the more constant anid primitive.

Tiiceps.-There are only three heads to this muscle, whichanswer well to Dobson's description. In many- mammals, espe-cially the carnivore, these three heads are subdivided into fiveor six.

An;tconcus.-This muscle has the usual mammalian attachments,that is, the same as in man, except that it is a relatively largermuscle, and is attached to more of--the humerus and ulna.

Epl it rochleo-oleceaitaalis (epitrochleo-aiiconeus, Gruber). As isusual in mammals, this muscle is well marked, and lies super-ficial to tile ulnar nerve; its attachments are illdicated by itsname. It is not described by Dobson.

The Supinator longuis is abseilt, as in Dobson's specimen.Tile Sapinator brevis is small amId unilaininar, as in all

ulamnials below the Primates.The Extensores (aq) i radiales long jor et brevior are with diffi-

lculty separated ill their muscular part; the tendon of the brevioris much larger than that of the lonogior.

Exteitsor comnunits digitora ,n.-This illuscle divides illto twotendons in the middle of the forearm. Lower (lown, each ofthese divides into three slips: the timree slips of the outer(radial) tendon go to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digrts, while those

Ann. and Jlag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 1. 154 (1870).

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THE LIMB MYOLOGY OF Ga.IIXURA RAIFLESII.

of the inner (ulnar) tendon go to the 2nd, 4th, and 5th; theslip to the second digit passing deep to those from the radialtendon.

The Extensor niniri diyiti sends tendons to the 4th and 5thdigits, the one to the 4th passing deep to the ulnar slip of thecommunis to the 5th digit. All these extensor tendons of thefingers unite in a common expansion on the dorsal surface ofthe proximal phalanx, and are not inserted separately as Dobsondescribes them.

The Extensor carpi nlnaris is inserted into the base of thefifth metacarpal bone, and in every way corresponds to the samemuscle in man.

The Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis arises from the back of theulna as high up as the olecranon process. It is joined by a slipfrom the supinator brevis.

The Extensor secandi internodii pollicis arises from the middleof the back of the ulna. No tendon passes to the index, as inDobson's specimens. There is, of course, no extensor primiinternodii.

The Pronator radii teres is large, and passes to the thirdquarter of the radius. As in all the lower mammals, there isno deep head to it.

The Flexor carpi radialis is inserted as usual into the palmarsurface of the base of the 2nd metacarpal bone; it is closelybound down to the lower third of the radius. Dobson states thatit is inserted into the inferior third of the radius, but it is quitepossible that he may have mistaken the fibrous sheath whichconnects it to that bone for an insertion. This I think themore probable, as the flexor carpi radialis is a singularly con-stant muscle in mammals.

The Palmaris longs is present and large; it ends in thepalmar fascia, as in Dobson's specimen. In the description ofthe muscles of Erinaceus,l Dobson gives an interesting accountof the variations met with in this muscle. Sometimes it isclosely connected with the flexor sublimnis, sometimes with theflexor caipi ulnaris. In one case, two palmares longi were metwith, a condition often found among the carnivore.The Flexor subblimis digitorunm arises as usual from the internal

1 Insectivora, p. 50.

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MR F. G. PARSONS.

condyle; it sends slips to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4tli digits, which areperforated in the usual manner. As is usual in the lowermammals, a strap-like loop passes deep to the flexor profundustendon before the sublimis divides, to allow it to pass through.It is interesting to notice that this strap and the perforated partof the flexor sublimis tendon were found in the theca of the 5thdigit, though the rest of the tendon to that digit was suppressed.This arrangement I have met with both in rodents andcarnivores.The Flexor earpi ulnaris, as in Dobson's case, arises from the

condyle and the inner side of the olecranon; the two headsrapidly unite, and the tendon is inserted into the pisiform.

The Flexor profandus digitorum gives a good example of thetypical arrangement of this muscle described by Windle.1 Thecondylo-radial, condylo-ulnar, condylo-central, radial, and ulnarheads are all present. As is usual, the condylo-central is smallerthan the others. The tendon divides into five slips, of which theone to the pollex is joined by a tendinous band, connected at itsother end to the palmar ligaments of the carpus. The fiveheads were found by Dobson.

There are four lumbricales, as in Dobson's specimen. IiiErinaceus the lumbricales are usually absent or rudimentary.

The muscles of the hand are in a very rudimentary condition.There is a double-headed flexor brevis to each digit, includingthe pollex; there are no adductors superficial to these, and nointerossei dorsal to them.No thenar muscles are specialized, but there is a distinct and

well-marked abductor mininmi dioiti from the pisiform.Dobson's description agrees with this, except that he found a

partly differentiated abductor pollicis.

MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR EXTVZEMITY.

Glateus maximrns (Ectogluteus) and Tensor fascia femoris.-These muscles form one sheet, and are inseparable. The originis from the crest of the ilium, sacral and anterior caudal spines,and the fascia covering the tail muscles; the anterior fibres passto be inserted into the fascia on the outer side of the thigh, asfar as the middle; the posterior run to an ill-developed third

1 Journal of Anrat. and Phys., xxiv. p. 7X2.

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THE LIMB MY'OLOGY OF GA1YN'URA RAFFLESL3.

trochanter, just below the great trochanter. Two nerves supplythis sheet;-the anterior part by a nerve which emerges roundthe anterior (cephalic) border of the gluteus medius, the -posteriorby one winding round the posterior (caudal) edge of the samemuscle. The former probably corresponds to the human superiorgluteal nerve, tbe latter to the inferior gluteal.

Clttens medius (Mesogluteus) has a horseshoe-like origin fromthe fascia over the tail muscles, from the crest of the ilium, andfrom the ventral border of the same bone. It is inserted intothe diagonal line on the outer side of the great trochanter.

Glitteus minimuts (Entogluteus) arises from the external surfaceof the ilium within the horseshoe-shaped origin of the medius,and is inserted into the anterior surface of the great trochanter.No other gluteal muscles were present, though they were care-fully looked for.

Pyrifor-mis.-Dobson says that there is no trace of thismuscle. This statement I can quite indorse: absolutely nofibres emerge from the great sciatic notch dorsal to the sciatic-nerve, and there is no separate tendon of insertion into thetrochanter. The pyrifornlis is evidently incorporated with theinesogluteus, or not yet differentiated from it.

The Bicepsfemoris (Flexor cruris lateralis) is very large: -itarises from the tuber ischii, and is inserted into the lower half ofthe femur as well as into the fascia of the upper three-quartersof the leg; the lower fibres form a narrow tendon, which joinsthe tendo Achillis. The muscle is joined by a slip from thesernitendinosus, which has a tendinous intersection in it.

The Tlenuissimus arises by a narrow tendon from the deepsurface of the biceps; this soon broadens out into a ribbon-likemuscle, and is inserted into the fascia of the lower part of theleg.

The Semitendinosas arises by two heads, superficial and deep,the superficial head cones from the caudal vertebrae; part of 'itjoins the biceps as already stated, part unites with the deep head-from the tuber ischii. Where these two heads unite in themiddle of the thigh, there is, as is so often the case among.mammals, a tendinous intersection. The insertion of the semi-tendinosus is into the cnemial crest of the tibia, at the junctionof upper and middle thirds of the leg.

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3IR F. G. PARSONS.

The Sermimnembranosuts arises from the fascia over the tailVauscles and from the tuber ischii; it follows the typical mam-malian arrangement, by dividing into two nearly equal parts, themore superficial of which is inserted into the tibia deep to theinternal lateral ligament of the knee, while the deep part orpre-semimembranosus is attached to the femur just above theinternal condyle; this part is represented in man by the portionof the adductor magnus supplied by the great sciatic nerve.

The Quadrattsfemoris has a very large origin from the outerside of the tuber ischii: it is inserted between the trochanters onlthe back of the femur.

Obturator interns and Gemnelli.-These muscles have theusual mammalian origins and insertions, but the gemelli arevery small. In Dobson's specimen, the obturator internus wasabsent.

The Sartorius (Ilio-tibialis) arises from what should be theanterior cephalicc) end of the symphysis pubis, though, owing tothe ill-developed condition of the pubis in Gymnura, it is difficultto homologise the parts of it with those of other mammals. Theinsertion is into the upper part of the cnemial crest of the tibia.I regard this muscle as ilio-tibialis, because it is supplied by theanterior crural nerve.

The Pectineus arises from thesame place as the ilio-tibialis, butjust deep to it: it is inserted into the upper half of the posteriorsurface of the femur.

There are two Graciles, as is the case in many other mammals.The anterior of these arises from the unjoined pubic symphysis,posterior (caudad) to the origin of the ilio-tibialis: it is insertedinto the cnemial crest below, and slightly under cover of theinsertion of the ilio-tibialis. The posterior gracilis arises from thesubpubic arch, and is inserted with the last, but deep to it. Inmyological literature it is very common to find one of thesegraciles described as a second sartorius: this is done by Dobsonin Erinaceus, where the anterior of the two graciles is called'sartorius alter.' My reason for calling both these muscles'gracilis' is, that they are both supplied by the obturator nerve.In some mammals the sartorius is double, but it is always sup-plied by the anterior crural or superior gluteal nerve.The Addvctor mass cannot be satisfactorily separated into

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THE LIMB M1YOLOGY O1 (A'YSUBRA RAF1'LESI. 3

layers: it arises from the symphysis and subpubic arch, and isinserted into the whole length of the back of the femnur.

The Qiadr2iceps Vltensor erv rts presents nothingg worthy ofspecial remark. The rectius femoris lhas two heads, as is usualin mamnmnals, while-a condition which is also usual the vastuslateralis is greater than the vastus medialis.

The [Tibialis antics, as Dobson states, is very large: it arisesfrom the upper half of the tibia, as well as from the fibula.The tendon does not divide, as it does in many inammals: it isinserted into the entocunieiforin and first metatam sal bones.

Extetsor )1poprilas hall ucis. -This, muscle agrees with Dobsoim'sdescription. It arises from the middle third of the tibia, and itstendon passes through the same sheaths in the annular ligarmenltals the tibialis anticus. Close to the insertion of the lattermuscle it is boumId down by a loop of fibrous tissue, beyond whichit runs along the (lorsum of the hlluxfl.

The Edlatesor lof(l/ptS dU(1itorloi arises, als is usual ill mammals,from the front of the external conldyle of the femiur by a riband-like tendon. Its temmdomm ol insertioii passes through a stromigfibrous pulley, which binds it to the calcaneumn and prevents itfrom shifting, inwardls. It is insertedl into the middle and distalphalanges of the four outer toes iii the usual manner.

The Edtenso' brccis di'yitoriutit wats as on the left side ofDobson's specimen. It arose from the calcaneu-m and sent slipsto the four inner toes, that to the first toe heing, inserted intothe proximal phalatnx, while the other three joined the tendonsof the extensor longyuss to their respective toes.

(4ymnnura is all extremely good animal ill which to study thepersonal muscles in their niost g(reneralised arrangement.

The Peroncos loen/lys arises froni the heatd of the fibula and, to aconsi(lerable extent, fromt the imiterinuscldar septa and fasciacovering it. It is also ill close connection with the externallateral ligament of the knee joint. Its tendomI passes downv anid,at the external inalleolus, lies in. a gYroove which is quite distincttfrom that for the other peroneal tendons, and is situated on timeouter side of the malleolus. It thene passes across the sole to thebase of the 1st metatarsal bone.The Peronevs brevis arises from the upper half of the shaft of

the fibula, and passes down in a groove behind the external mal-

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leolus, where it lies l)etween the tendons of the peroneus quartiand quinti digiti. As it passes round the inalleolus to reach thebase of the fifth metatarsal bone, a sesamoid cartilage is de-veloped. in the tendon.

The Peroneus qaeinti digiti arises from the upper part of theback of the shaft of the fibula, just below the origin of theperoneus longus. Its tendon passes through the same grooveas that of the peroneus brevis, lying to the outer side of thattendon. After it has passed round the malleolus it runs alongthe dorsum of the fifth toe to join the extensor longus tendon.

The Peroiteas q'arti dligiti arises, as is usual, from the fibulabelow the last. Its tendon passes in the same groove as theperoneoiis brevis, but onl the inner si(le of it. It is inserted intothe extensor lonaus tendon onl the dorsunm of the fourth toe.From my experience of the peroneal muscles of other mam-

mals, I believe that, whemi all four muscles are properly developed,the peroneus longuits always arises highest, and passes through a

separate groove onl the outer side of the malleolus. The peroneusquinti digiti always arises above the peroneus quarti, and thesetwo pass one oIn each side of the peroneus brevis in the samegroove behind the final leolus.

I)obson says that all the peroneal muscles arise together inG'ymnura from the head of the fibula, and he describes theperoneus quinti digiti as dividing into two slips for the fourthand fifth toes. I am confident that further dissection would haveshown him that all four were really distinct.

The Gastrocnenuilas is large ancid has the usual two heads, in theouter of which a bony, fabella is developedd. If the tendo Achillisbe examined it will be noticed that, as is usually the case inmiaammnals, the tendinous fibres derived froni the inner hea(l pisssuperficiaIlly to those fr oln the outer head, to reacelh the outer sideof the tendon.The Soleils arises from the back of the head of the fibula, and

unites with the external head of the (rastrocneinius at the com-eiencement of the tenldo Achillis.The Pla ataris arises in cominmon with the outer head of the

gastrocnemius, ancl passes round the tuberosity of the calcaneumto the sole, where it divides into two layers, the more superficialbeing the plantar fascia, the original insertion of the muscle, the

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THE LIMB MYOLOGY OF G1VMN.URA RAFI LESII.

deeper being the flexor brevis digitorum, which has acquired asecondary connection with the plantaris, and which goes to thesecond, third, and fourth toes.

The Popliteus arises from the front of a very deep groove onthe outer side of the external condyle of the femur: it is insertedinto the upper half of the inner border of the tibia. There is nointerosseous muscle deep to it.

The libiabis posticus arises from the back of the head of thefibula and runs down in the most internal groove behind theinternal malleolus, to be inserted into the navicular bone. Thisis evidently the same muscle as Dobson's tibialis posticusexternus.

The Flexvor tibialis arises from the back of the inner tuberosityof the tibia, as well as from the inner border of the upperpart of the shaft of that bone: its tendon passes through thesame groove as that of the tibialis posticus, and in the solejoins the tendon of the flexor fibularis. There can be nodoubt that this is the same muscle which Dobson has describedunder the name of the tibialis posticus interns: the only differ-ence is the method in which the tendon was inserted; in hiscase it spread out in the sole, superficial to the plantar fascia,and ended in the central callosity of the foot: this seems tome a most unusual insertion for any of the deep muscles ofthe back of the leg; it is work which the plantaris might beexpected to do. Again, it will be noticed that Dobson describesno flexor longus hallucis (flexor fibularis), but says that it iscompletely fused with the flexor longus digitorum,-a conditioneof affairs which would make Gymnura one of the most anoma-lous of animals in its leg myology. There can, I think, belittle doubt that D)obson either chanced on an abnormal animal,or mistook the insertion of the flexor tibialis. That my specimenof Gymnura is normal in the arrangement of these muscles isrendered the more likely, because it reproduces the generalisedmammalian arrangement.

The Flexor ftbularlis, which corresponds to Dobson's flexordigitorurn longus, arises from the back of the upper two-thirdsof the tibia and fibula, as well as from an intermuscular septumon the outer side of the leg, between it and the peronei. Itstendon passes through a groove external to that for the tibialis

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posticus and flexor tibialis, and, in the sole, sends off slips forthe four outer toes.

There were four Lumbrivales, but I failed to notice whethertheir arrangement was the same as in Dobson's specimen.

The Flexor accessories was in my case evidently abnormal: itrose as a perfectly distinct muscle from the anterior part of theexternal surface of the caleaneum, by flesh; soon after this itnarrowed and became tendinous, crossed superficially the longflexor tendons, receiving a small reinforcing tendon from thelong flexor mass, and was inserted into the terminal phalanxof the hallux, to which, it will be remembered, no slip was givenfrom the flexor fibularis.Among the other sole muscles the Flexor brevis digitorurn

has already been described as forming the flexor perforatus ofthe 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits.

The Abductor hallucis does not arise from the caleaneum, butfrom the base of the metatarsal bones.

The Abductor metatarsi quinti arises from the calcaneum, andends in the base of the 5th metatarsal bone. This was alsonoticed by Dobson, who calls it Abductor ossis metatarsi minimidigiti.

The Adductor indices was present as in Dobson's specimen.Double Flexores brevis were present in all the five toes, and

there were no dorsal interossei at all.