Civil War: 150 years later

7/30/2019 Civil War: 150 years later

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Te Civil War began 150 years ago and reshaped America in ways that we are still discovering.

Tis anniversary o the war coincides with the release o new census data that shows the precise state

o America today, giving statistical proo to the evolution o our country rom agrarian to industrial and

rom slave-holding to ree.

We also decided to take a new look at the census beore the Civil War and the population count just

ater the war to see how the country changed during its separation into two parts, then during the bloodi-

est war in our history, and later during reunication.

Most starkly, 4 million Americans in the slave-holding states were counted as property or the last

time in 1860. By 1870, they were citizens able to own property and vote and hold oce, although ocialdiscrimination would survive another century.

By 1870, the boundaries o every current and uture state in the continental United States had been

drawn, and the end o the rontier was just a ew decades away. Te numbers show that the uture o cities

as diverse as Memphis, enn., and Kansas City, Mo., Baltimore and Detroit was largely determined by

the end o the 1860s.

Te years rom 1862 to 1870 saw the establishment o a national banking system and currency, the

completion o the rst transcontinental railroad, the great expansion o higher education and the Home-

stead Act that moved hundreds o thousands o settlers onto new lands.

Within a ew years, national industrial production increased 75 percent, and migration to the cities

accelerated. In 1870, 15 percent o the nations 39 million people lived in urban areas; today, nearly 80

percent o our 308 million people are city dwellers.

Perhaps most importantly or the health o the country, people who had once identied narrowly as

being rom a particular state beore the Civil War increasingly came to see themselves as Americans.

oday, 150 years ater the rst shots were red in the Civil War, we have a demographic snapshot o

how lie has changed in every community served by a Scripps television station or newspaper. We have

come a long way.

Sincerely,Peter CopelandEditor & General ManagerScripps Howard News Service

NEWS SERVICE

SCRIPPS HOWARD

About the Civil War special report


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3SPRING 2011

SCRIPPS HOWARD NEWS SERVICE SPECIAL REPORT

1 5 0 Y E A R S L A T E R

Fort Sumter shots echo across U.S.

Oddtes, tdbts rom the war

Edtoral: War shaped what became U.S.

Maryland: Baltimore City

Kentucky: Henderson County

ennesseeMchgan: Wayne County

Oho: Cincinnati

Mssour: Jackson County

Florda

Western exas

OklahomaArzona

Washngton: Kitsap County

Calorna

Makng News Around Amerca

Unon turned census data nto ntellgence

Cvl War, ArcanAmercans:Hstorys nextrcable bond

CONTRIBUTORS

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A database look at how communities across the U.S. were aected

CONTACTS

Cover Design by Steve Ordonez/Scripps

Cover Photo Credit Norman Reid/iStockphoto.com

Reporter

Lee Bowman

Edtoral Wrter

Dale McFeatters

Lead EdtorDavid Nielsen

Edtors

Peter Copeland

Carol Guensburg

Lisa Homan

Bob Jones

John Lindsay

Photo Edtor

Sheila Person

Multmeda Edtor

Jason Bartz

202-408-1484or [email protected].

Our webstewww.scrippsnews.com

Scripps Howard News

Service is part o the

E.W. Scripps Co.

Solders n the trenches

n 1865 near Petersburg, Va.National Archives

ACROSS AMERICA


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Te runs o Fort Sumter, S.C., taken n 1864Library o Congress


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5SPRING 2011



ALHOUGH HE CiViL WAR started 150

years ago, echoes rom the rst shots on Fort

Sumter continue to reverberate across America.

While largely considered a ght between North

and South, the impact o the Civil War extended ar be-

yond the Mason-Dixon Line.

A Scripps Howard News Service analysis o census

data rom 1860 and 1870 illustrates just how deeply the

conict and its atermath touched virtually every cornero the nation, oten in surprising ways.

Te census gures show how the bloodiest war

in Americas 235-year history not only reed 4 million

people held as slaves and ended the Conederate insur-

rection, but in many ways dened the nation that exists

today.

In the war years (1861-1865) and ater, Congress

established national policies afecting education, nan-

cial institutions, trade and transportation as well as civilrights that shaped national development and identity.

Te government expanded the economy very ast

with the war, but the government itsel also grew and

became more activist in many areas, said Heather Cox

Richardson, a Civil War historian at the University o

Massachusetts, Andover. In many respects, there was

this release o energy across the country that had been

held back by the slavery question.

Te 1860 census statistics underscore what school-

rooms have long taught: 23 Union states with two-thirds o the population and most o the manuacturing

capacity held a distinct advantage over the 11 Coneder-

ate states that were largely rural and agricultural.

Te South in 1860 had about 18,000 manuactur-

ing establishments employing roughly 100,000 people;

the Union had 110,000 actories with more than 1.2

million workers.

Fort Sumter shots

echo across U.S.Census analysis shows wars eects rippledthrough homes, business in surprising ways

By Lee Bowman

Scripps Howard News Service


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6 SPRING 2011


Federal authorities imprisoned the mayor, police

chie and a number o other Southern sympathizers,

including the grandson o Francis Scott Key, in May

1861 ater attacks on Union troops moving through

Baltimore to Washington.

Oddtes, tdbts rom the war

Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, a exan, com-

manded the U.S Army Department o the Pacic in

Caliornia early in 1861. Reusing to join a Southern

plot to capture the state, Johnston resigned his com-

mission as soon as he learned that exas had let the

Union. He went to Los Angeles, where he enlisted

Starspangled jalng Dont mess wth exas

Library o Congress

Burned ral cars and gutted buldngs n the center o Rchmond, Va., n Aprl 1865. At the Cvl Wars end, 90

percent o the Souths ral lnes had been destroyed, along wth most o ts mlls and warehouses. But 1870

census data show that much o the physcal damage o the war had been repared, although the expanson o

ral and ndustry n the North and West was much greater than n the ormer Conederacy.


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You know how Scarlett OHara goesnto the sawmll or lumber busness aterthe war n Gone wth the Wnd? Teresa good bt o truth n that cton.

Wllam Blar,Pennsylvania State University

Te Souths agricultural wealth was substantial, but

still less than the Norths. Southern armland was worth

more than $2 billion out o $6 billion or the whole na-

tion. Te value o people held as property was estimated

at $2 billion to $3 billion.

Ater our years o ghting mostly in the South,

two-thirds o the Conederacys ships and riverboats

were destroyed, along with 90 percent o the regions rail

lines and thousands o bridges, mills and shops.

Out o some 4 million who enlisted, at least

620,000 Union and Conederate soldiers and

sailors died more than twice as many due to

sickness than in battle. Tose numbers include

about 200,000 blacks most o them just-

reed slaves who served in the Union Army

and Navy. Approximately 40,000 o those men

died in that service. ens o thousands more

blacks worked to support Union orces in jobs ranging

rom laborers and cooks to surgeons and spies.About one in ve white men in the South died dur-

ing the war, changing social dynamics rom marriage

prospects or women to management practices on arms.

Yet the 1870 census also shows that, in some re-

spects, the devastation o the war was quickly being re-

versed. In every Southern state but Virginia, there were

more manuacturing establishments employing more

people and producing material o greater cash value than

beore the war, although the growth was ar behind that

seen in the North and West.

You know how Scarlett OHara goes into the saw-

mill or lumber business ater the war in Gone with the

Wind? Teres a good bit o truth in that ction, said

William Blair, a proessor and director o the George

and Ann Richards Civil War Era Center at Pennsylva-

nia State University. A lot o whites did try to diversiybeyond the plantation into manuacturing, mining and

timber.

Tere were thousands more arms across the South

ater the war, mainly homesteads claimed by ormer

slaves rom abandoned or government-seized planta-

tions. In the next decades, the number o arms would

as a private with the Los Angeles Mounted Ries, a

pro-Southern volunteer unit that rode across Arizona

and New Mexico to link up with Conederate orces

in exas. Johnston went on to become the second-

highest-ranking Conederate ocer, and was killed at

the Battle o Shiloh.

Wrte what you know

Union Gen. Lew Wallace, who later wrote the

novel Ben-Hur, organized thousands o volunteers

and militia into a deense o Cincinnati when a Con-

ederate army threatened the city in September 1862.


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8 SPRING 2011

decline again as white owners reclaimed land and ten-

ant arming or sharecropping became an agriculturalnorm that would last into the 20th century. Because o

the changed status o the slaves and because the prices

o the regions major cash crop o cotton were in long-

term decline, the cash value o arms in Southern states

was hal or even a quarter o what it had been in 1860.

Across the North, the 1860s saw rapid expansion

o industries, railroads and agriculture. Wartime pro-

duction drove up wages and prots or many business-es, and even a brie recession at wars end didnt slow

growth or industrializing cities o the Midwest like

Chicago, Cleveland, Indianapolis and Cincinnati. In

many cities, a ew large plants employed as many people

as all o the smaller businesses combined.

Less than hal o the national work orce was arm-

Despite Conederate troops and guerrillas lurking

close by, workers in 1863 started building the Union

Pacic railroad out o Kansas City, Mo., heading west

toward Lawrence, Kan. Tis extended the eastern

segment o a transcontinental railroad that would

connect in Utah six years later.

Oddtes, tdbts rom the warRalworkers undaunted by dangers Founder stonewalled on name

Phoenix was ounded in 1865 by a ormer Con-

ederate ocer who had started arming there ater

Southern orces were chased out in 1862. He had

tried to name the community Stonewall ater rebel

Gen. Stonewall Jackson, but was overruled by other

settlers.

Maps EC

Maps EC


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9SPRING 2011

Cherokee leader last to surrender Te Conederate cow cavalryCherokee leader Stand Watie, also commissioned

a general in the Conederate army, was the last rebel

general to surrender to Union orces, in what is now

Oklahoma. He gave up near the end o June 1865,

more than two months ater Conederate Gen. Rob-

ert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox.

Mounted Conederate militia units called the

cow cavalry rounded up and guarded wild scrub

cattle in southern Florida during the war, help-

ing to herd them to hungry Southern armies while

skirmishing with Union landing parties that were

requently put ashore rom the blockade eet.

ing in 1870. U.S. industrial production increased 75

percent within just a ew years rom the end o the war.

More than 35,000 miles o new railroad track was laid,

including the rst transcontinental line, completed in

Utah in 1869.

Many scholars say economic expansion was pro-

pelled by Northern Republicans taking control o the

ederal government. Tey adopted pro-growth policies

long thwarted by Southerners in Congress.

It was one o those rare times in our history where

one party could control the agenda, and they made the

most o it, said yler Anbinder, a proessor o 19th-cen-

Amercas borders

take shape

By 1870, the boundaries o every

current and uture state in the

continental U.S. were drawn.

Maps EC


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10 SPRING 2011

Oddtes, tdbts rom the warConederate orces kept a small Union eet rom

capturing Corpus Christi, exas, in 1862 by setting

up cannons in earthworks built or the U.S. Army at

the beginning o the Mexican War in 1845.

Mexcan War holdover Stoveppe sneakery

Conederate raider Adam Johnson got the troops

guarding the ederal arsenal at Newburgh, Ind., to

surrender in July 1862 by threatening them with

artillery re. But his cannon was only a length o

black stovepipe laid across a wagon carriage.

tury American history at George Washington Univer-

sity in Washington.

Along with ull emancipation, extending citizenship

to all persons natural born and other civil-rights mea-

sures, Congress by 1870 established a national banking

system and currency. Every dollar slid into a vending

machine or cash drawer has a lineage reaching to the

greenbacks rst printed during the war, and Congress

also set up a land-grant-college program that continues

to educate tens o thousands o Americans today.

Federal lawmakers also passed the 1862 Homestead

Act awarding 160-acre arms to anyone who would live

Library o Congress

Te U.S. Captols dome was stll under constructon durng the 1861 nauguraton o Abraham Lncoln. Te

poltcal clmate created by Southern secesson and the Cvl War put Republcans n unchallenged control.

Te laws Congress enacted mpacted how the naton developed and grew durng the next 150 years.


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A battle ought only on the waterTe Battle o Memphis, enn., in June 1862 was en-

tirely a naval battle ought on the Mississippi River, which

residents watched rom the shoreline. Te Union eet o

gunboats sank or captured all but one o eight Coned-

erate riverboats, leaving the ortied city o Vicksburg,

Miss., the only rebel strongpoint let on the river.Engraving by W.H. Morse ater drawing by Rear Admiral Walke, Library o Congress

on and improve a plot or ve years, and they gave away

millions o acres to oster railroad construction and

mining.

People say elections really dont settle anything.

But the election in 1860 settled something, and it

brought tremendous changes to the country that can

still be seen, said Gavin Wright, an economic historian

at Stanord University.

Te country emerged with a new sense o identityand destiny. Beore the war, the national map showed

roughly drawn territories and big gaps let to accom-

modate Indian tribes between the Mississippi River and

the Pacic states. Early in the war, the Conederates had

sent small expeditions to stake claims to the southern

halves o modern-day Arizona, New Mexico and Okla-

homa, which urther encouraged the ederal govern-

ment to legitimize control.

By 1870, the boundaries o every current or uture

state in the continental U.S. were drawn. Te censusrecorded more than a hal-million people living in the

territories, mainly concentrated near mines or rail lines.

Te end o the rontier lie was approaching and mod-

ern metropolises like Denver, Seattle and Kansas City,

Mo., were expanding under the encouraging develop-

ment policies.

While 15 percent o the nations 39 million people

lived in urban counties in 1870, nearly 80 percent o

308 million residents do so today. Tere were 163 mil-

lion improved acres o armland in 1870, divided intomore than 2.6 million arms. oday, there are 920 mil-

lion acres o armland, but 2.2 million arms.

Te Civil War did not result in ull equality or

blacks and other minorities and women. Tat took

nearly another 100 years, while some say it still hasnt

been ully achieved. But Columbia Universitys Eric

Foner, a leading historian o the Reconstruction era,

says, Te remarkable thing is not that civil rights ailed

then, but that it was attempted at all given the attitudes

that prevailed.Te University o Massachusetts Richardson added

that, during the war and Reconstruction, Americans

began to grapple with the question o who is an Ameri-

can citizen and what is the relationship between the

government and its citizens. Were still trying to work

out those questions even today.


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CENSUS-AKiNG iN 1860 AND 1870

was remarkably complex in the variety o in-

ormation gathered, yet decidedly low-tech and

labor-intensive compared to the machine-read orms

and computerized tallies o today.

Te census had already emerged as the govern-

ments main statistical tool, collecting basic data on age,

race and gender, plus occupation, income, literacy andeducation. It provided economic details on arms and

actories, ranging rom the number o hogs to the out-

put o iron mills and lumberyards.

But until the Civil War, the volumes o statistics

were mostly national inventories seldom used as instru-

ments o national policy beyond the apportionment

o seats in the House o Representatives. Tat quickly

changed as Southern states started leaving the Union.

Ocials o the Lincoln administration and Con-

gress made extensive use o the data throughout the war

to plot political, economic and military strategy. Days

ater the all o Fort Sumter in South Carolina on April

13, 1861, Census Superintendent Joseph Kennedy was

able to tell Lincoln that the ree states could muster

nearly 4 million men between the ages o 18 and 45;

the emerging Conederate states, including all the slave-

holding border states, could put no more than 1.5 mil-

lion men in that age group under arms. Slaves were let

out o the calculation.

As Union armies moved into the South, they car-

ried postal route maps edited by census clerks loaned

to the War Department that laid out details or every

county in their theater not only how many whites

and slaves, but how many arms, what crops they grew,

horses and other livestock, how many grain mills and

other industries. Each served as a guidebook to enable

troops to live of the land and destroy anything o mili-

tary value they couldnt carry of.

Gen. William Sherman made particularly efective

use o the maps in his 1864 march across Georgia, writ-

Unon used censusdata to plot mltary,

economc strateges

By Lee Bowman


Wars atermathreverberates through1870 census statistics


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Library o Congress

A Vrgna amly eeng ghtng n 1864 wats outsde ts home wth ts belongngs. Te Cvl War dsplaced

hundreds o thousands o people. Many had not resettled by the tme the 1870 census was taken.

ing to a daughter that no military expedition was ever

based on sounder or surer data.

As they had been since 1800, census reports in both

1860 and 1870 were collected under the supervision o

U.S. marshals and several thousand assistants hired spe-

cically to make the rounds to record data on ledger-

like orms.

In most o the country, the assistants collected their

numbers on oot and horseback. Te ocial enumer-

ation day was June 1, but the deputies had up to ve

months to turn in their reports.

ally sheets or each county were sent back to

Washington, where less than a couple hundred clerks

(about 130 in 1860) worked under the superintendent

to hand-calculate totals or each state, organized terri-

tory and the nation.

Te 1860 census was the last to count people on

two schedules slaves listed only as a number by own-

er and everyone else by name, organized by household.

Te tally showed there were 31.4 million people living

in the United States and its territories, including nearly 4

million humans living as property in 15 states (the Con-


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15SPRING 2011



AFRiCAN-AMERiCANS, FREE

ANDenslaved, knew rom the rst shots othe Civil War that reedom was on the line.

Federal political and military leaders rst

hedged in calling or abolition even in therebellious Southern states, arguing that the

ght was to preserve the nation. Some Union

generals reused to let escaping slaves through

their lines in the rst year o the war.

But ormer slave and abolitionist Freder-

ick Douglass insisted in 1861 that the war was over ree-

dom and citizenship or Arican-Americans: Freedom

to the slave should now be proclaimed rom the Capitol,

and should be seen above the smoke and re o every

battleeld, waving rom every loyal ag.

Douglass and other black leaders also pressed or

blacks to be allowed to ght or the Union, service

barred by a 1792 ederal law.

Te proclamations o reedom came piecemeal in

1862, with Congress rst reeing slaves owned by mem-

bers o the Conederate Army, then abolishing slavery in

U.S. territories and allowing escaped slaves to be em-

ployed by the Union Army and Navy. Finally, Presi-

dent Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proc-

lamation on Jan. 1, 1863, reeing all slaves in states then

in rebellion against the Union and opening the door

to military service or them. Even that move still ex-

cluded nearly 1 million blacks in loyal border states and

Union-controlled parts o ennessee, Virginia and Lou-

isiana. Some were not reed until ratication o the 13th

Amendment to the Constitution in December 1865.

Black volunteers rom Kansas were in battle in Mis-souri by October 1862, and widespread recruiting o

black troops started early in 1863, even as enlistment by

Northern whites slowed. By wars end, about 200,000

black men more than a th o all men o their race

under age 45 had enlisted in the Union Army and

Navy. Approximately 40,000 died in that service, about

30,000 rom disease.

Cvl War, ArcanAmercans: Hstorys

nextrcable bondBy Lee Bowman


By wars end, about 200,000 black men more than a th o all men o ther raceunder age 45 had enlsted n the UnonArmy and Navy.


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Library o Congress

Solders rom the Band o 107th U.S. Colored inantry.

at Chans Farm outside Richmond, Va., in September1864.

Some units were made up entirely o ree blacks,

like the storied 54th Massachusetts that led an ill-ated

1863 assault on Fort Wagner, S.C. (depicted in the lm

Glory). But most units were recently reed slaves re-

cruited in the South.

Military service brought immediate opportuni-

ties or the emancipated slaves to learn to read and do

math skills denied them by law in the Old South.

Many were said to drill with a bayonet in one hand, and

a book in the other.

But blacks also experienced unequal treatment un-

der arms. Tey were led almost entirely by white ocers

and paid only about hal what white soldiers received

until Congress changed the policy in June 1864.

At wars end, thousands o black veterans remained

in the South and played a major role in the Recon-

struction era, working in ederal and local government,teaching and starting arms and businesses. Black men

voted, held elected oce, served on juries and enjoyed

all the rights and privileges o citizenship.

Although many o those advances were lost ater

ederal troops let the South in the late 1870s and white

society imposed a new set o discriminatory black

codes that would continue or nearly a century, many

historians argue that the experience set a benchmark or

what Arican-Americans would seek to reclaim in the

civil rights movement o the 1950s and 60s.

Tis was a really important precedent in the

minds o Arican-American citizens, that theyd had

these rights beore and should be able to get them back.

As a result, political rights became the centerpiece o a

century o struggle or civil rights, said yler Anbinder,

a proessor o history at George Washington University

who specializes in the Reconstruction period.


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ACROSSAMERICA

Starting rom a Scripps Howard database o the 1860

and 1870 Census reports, Lee Bowman digs into

individual communities Civil War history rom

the people who made it to the key changes that thewar wrought on the residents and their communities.

o search the database o nationwide Census data or 1860, 1870 and 2010,go to scrippsnews.com/content/map-civil-wars-impact

18 SPRING 2011


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A C R O S S A M E R I C A

Te Northern troops had to

ride or march between train stations

to reach Washington and were sur-

rounded by Southern sympathizerswho threw rocks and red weapons

at the troops. Te regiment eventu-

ally returned re, and our soldiers

and 12 civilians died.

Less than a month later, some

o those ederal troops and oth-

ers returned and occupied the city,

which was then the ourth-largest

in the country. It was the rst major

Southern city to come under Unionmartial law during the war.

Te mayor, police chie and a

number o other Southern sympa-

thizers, including a grandson o Francis Scott Key, were

imprisoned in Fort McHenry. But even with a governor

who was a slaveholder, Maryland did not secede. Some

25,000 men rom the state served in the Conederate

army, including units that made the last charge at Ap-

pomattox in 1865; some 60,000 enlisted or the Union.

Te 1860 census showed that o the states 687,000residents, just over 87,000 were slaves. But there were also

nearly 84,000 ree blacks, by ar the most o any state,

North or South. Baltimore City had about 2,000 slaves.

Because Maryland did not secede, the Emancipation

Proclamation didnt apply to those slaves, who worked

mostly on plantations in southern Maryland and the

Eastern Shore.

Instead, emancipation was made

part o a new state Constitution nar-

rowly adopted in 1864, which also

explicitly restricted voting rights towhite men.

Despite the early violence and re-

peated battles that prompted exten-

sive ort-building around Baltimore,

the war had little negative impact on

agriculture or economic progress in

the state.

Te states population grew by

nearly 100,000 during the war de-

cade, but almost all o the increasewas among whites, probably in part

due to immigrants coming into the

city.

Baltimore in 1860 was already one o the leading

manuacturing and trade centers in the country, and

beneted rom new rail lines and shipping patterns that

arose during and ater the war. In Maryland, the number

o actories listed in the 1870 census grew by more than

1,800 over 1860, and the value o manuactured goods

nearly doubled to more than $76 million.At the same time, the number o arms in the state

had only increased by about 1,800, and the value o

arms in the state grew only by $30 million, both proba-

bly due to a slow transition in the plantation counties be-

tween slave labor and the breakup o large arms worked

by tenants, sharecroppers or other arrangements.

Baltmore Cty, MarylandBaltimore was the scene o the rst bloodshed during the CivilWar, a clash between a pro-Conederate mob and members oa Massachusetts militia regiment on April 19, 1861.

1870 2010Populaton

MalesFemales

639,337

297,554341,783

267,354

125,849141,565

2010 estimates rom the U.S. Census Bureau

American Community Survey based upon

interviews conducted rom 2005 through 2009

Google Maps

Baltmore Cty

Lee Bowman


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20 SPRING 2011



But the most notable

oray was led by Conederate

Gen. Adam Rankin Stove-

pipe Johnson, who led a raidrom Henderson into Indiana

in July 1862, capturing and

sacking a Union arsenal at

Newburgh. He convinced the

ederals he had artillery with

his unit, when in act their

cannon was black stovepipe

laid over a wagon carriage.

Aside rom the trickery, the

attack was the rst the South had

made into Northern territory.

Henderson was a tobacco

community and had mostly

Southern loyalties at the start o

the war. Te county had 14,262

people in 1860, 5,767 o them

slaves. Tere were seven tobacco-

manuacturing establishments

with more than 260 workers, and

a total o 40 actories, employing

about 440 people.

All o Kentucky had about

1.1 million people in 1860, in-

cluding about 236,000 slaves.

By 1870, Henderson had

about 18,457 residents, includ-

Henderson County, Kentucky

ing just under 6,000 ree

blacks.

In 1870, Hender-

sons 101,000 acres o

improved armland was

worth an estimated $3.3

million.

Te county had 41

actories, employing 210

hands.

Kentuckys total pop-

ulation had grown to 1.3

million, but the black population

had declined slightly to 222,000.

Te state went rom 83,000

arms in 1860 to more than

118,000 in 1870, a trend seen in

all ormer slave states as planta-

tions were broken into smaller

plots. Te value o the land rose

to $311 million, up about $20

million rom 1860.

otal manuacturing plantsrose to 5,390, up rom 3,450 in

1860, and producing $54.6 mil-

lion worth o goods, about $16

million more than a decade ear-

lier.

Conederate and Union orces exchanged control o HendersonCounty a number o times during the Civil War.

Lee Bowman

Google Maps

1

1870 2010Populaton

Males

Females

Natve born

Foregn born

Number o arms

Number enrolled

n school

45,27418,457

9,529

8,928

17,769

688

1,168

1,748

196

2

21,798

23,476

44,659

615

509

9,829

11,885

10,634

1 - 2007 census o agriculture




Males employed n

manuacturng

Females employed

n manuacturng

Males n labor orce

Females n labor orce

Henderson Cty.


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22 SPRING 2011



At least two companies were

established that year in or around

Detroit to build reight and pas-

senger cars, including some o the

rst convertible sleeping cars.

With just over 45,000 people

as o the 1860 census, the city

was the 19th-largest in the nation.

Wayne County had 368 acto-

ries, employing just under 3,700,

including 12 works that made

machinery and steam engines, 17

making wagons and carts and 33

making boots and shoes.Fort Wayne, completed in

1851 as a result o tensions with

British Canada but never acti-

vated, got new ortications and

troops in the spring o 1861 due to

concerns that Conederate sympa-

thizers or agents might attack the

city, which had been occupied by

the British during the War o 1812.

Te city had been the nal stopbeore reedom in Canada or many

slaves escaping along the Underground Railroad beore

the Civil War.

Michigan units used the ort as a mustering point

and convalescent post or wounded troops or the rest o

the war. Military passes were required or men crossing

into Canada ater 1863 to thwart any who might be try-

ing to avoid the drat.

Te city contributed men, sup-

plies, railroad cars and ships to the

Union cause throughout the war.

By 1870, Detroit had swelled

to nearly 80,000 people, and its

1,191 actories produced more than

$28 million worth o products and

employed more than 13,000 with a

payroll in excess o $5 million, ac-

cording to the census. Like most

Northern cities in the rst decades

ater the war, the black population

was relatively small about 2,200

in 1870.Michigan overall had grown

tremendously during the decade,

with the population growing rom

just under 750,000 in 1860 to more

than 1.1 million in 1870.

Te expansion o rail lines and

continued immigration boosted tim-

ber production, mining and arming

in the state. Te number o arms

grew rom 62,000 in 1860 to more than98,000 in 1870, and the value o that

armland more than doubled to nearly $400 million.

Te total number o actories in the state rose rom

3,448 in 1860 to 9,455 in 1870, while the value o prod-

ucts almost quadrupled to $118 million.

Wayne County, MchganDetroit in 1860 was already building cars railroad cars ornew lines that were already spreading into the woods and eldso Michigan.

1870 2010Populaton

Wayne County

Males

Females

Natve born

Foregn born

Number enrolledn school

1.98 million

951,658

1.03 million

1.82 million

156,690

557,397

119,038

59,916

59,122

72,453

46,585

21,489

Google Maps

Lee Bowman






23/37

23SPRING 2011



As a major hub o the Un-

derground Railroad or escaping

slaves, it also had the largest popu-

lation o ree blacks in Ohio, some3,700.

Out o a total population o

161,000, some 30,000 worked in

manuacturing. Te total value

o products made was $46.4 mil-

lion, behind only New York and

Philadelphia. And as a key rail and

river transportation hub, the city

was a signicant military resource.

Tousands o men, including manyo the citys German and Irish im-

migrants, enlisted or the Union,

although there were some South-

ern sympathizers in and around the

city.

All that drew a Conederate

army to within a ew miles o the

city in September 1862, prompt-

ing Union Gen. Lew Wallace to call

or thousands o militia and volunteersto man a ring o orts and batteries

that had been built around Covington and Newport in

northern Kentucky. Tey reached the lines mainly over a

pontoon bridge built over the Ohio River.

Conederate Gen. Henry Heth, leading about 8,000

troops, probed the deenses between Sept. 10 and 12,

beore deciding they were too strong and heading back

south. Te city was briey threatened again by Gen.

John Morgans raid rom Indiana

across southern Ohio.

Cincinnati remained a mili-

tary supply and training center ormuch o the war, making armor

plate, boilers and many gunboats

and transports, as well as other

supplies.

By 1870, Hamilton County

had more than 260,000 residents

and more than 2,400 actories

employing more than 37,000.

Te value o its products had

nearly doubled to more than $78million.

Although river trade de-

clined, rail lines, iron produc-

tion and other manuacturing

increased ater the war. Many

enterprises were able to expand

beyond amily shops during and

ater the war rom the prots o

supplying the Union.

Across Ohio, the 1870 censusshowed that the number o arms

in the state had increased by 22,000 between 1860 and

1870, while the value o those arms was in excess o $1

billion. Te total number o actories in the state doubled

during the decade to more than 22,000.

Cncnnat, Oho

1870 2010Populaton

Hamlton Cty.

Males

Females

Natve born

Foregn born

Number enrolledn school

851,867

407,687

444,180

816,192

35,675

230,457

260,370

128,530

131,840

171,871

88,499

50,771

Google Maps

Cincinnati in 1860 was the seventh-largest city in the nation,and the biggest place beyond the Eastern Seaboard other thanNew Orleans.

Lee Bowman






24/37

24 SPRING 2011



In 1860, it was a bustling river

town o about 4,500. All o Jack-

son County had about 22,000

people, including nearly 4,000

slaves. Te towns commercial cen-ter was at the top o a levee over-

looking the Missouri River, where

reight agents and teamsters em-

ployed some 3,000 wagons to un-

load nearly 16 million pounds o

reight, not counting coal or wood,

that year.

Jackson County in 1860 claimed

124 actories employing more than

500 people, but most o them were sawmills and smallshops.

Missouri didnt secede, but it remained a battle-

ground or almost the entire Civil War, with more than

1,000 skirmishes and battles recorded. Kansas City was

occupied by ederal troops sent rom Fort Leavenworth,

Kan., early in the war, but Conederate troops and par-

tisans always lurked close by. owns as close as Indepen-

dence and Westport were considered no mans land, un-

sae or Unionists to visit without an armed escort.

With the river networks impeded by the war, much

o the shipping moved to the railroad head at St. Joseph

and to the more secure Leavenworth. Indian and Con-

ederate activity shrank trade along the Santa Fe rail.

Major battles in 1862 and a nal assault in the all

o 1864 particularly threatened K.C., with ortications

thrown up across the town or the later battle, which -

nally chased organized Southern armies out o the area.

By 1865, town ocials es-

timated there were ewer than

3,500 residents in a dilapidated

town with ew businesses. One

o the ew positives or the towncame in 1863, when workers start-

ed building the Union Pacic rail-

road through the area and headed

or Lawrence, Kan., and on across

the country.

Te next ve years trans-

ormed Kansas City, with the popu-

lation growing tenold to more than

32,000 by the 1870 census the

38th-largest city in the country. Te growth was ueledby the arrival o seven rail lines, a new bridge across the

river, a gas works, stockyards and a packing house.

Te end o the war and slavery also had an explo-

sive efect on agriculture in Missouri, with the number

o arms growing rom 88,000 to more than 148,000 be-

tween 1860 and 1870, and the value o armland rising

rom $230 million to $393 million.

Statewide, the number o actories tripled in the de-

cade to more than 11,000, producing $206 million worth

o goods, up rom $41 million just beore the war.

In Kansas, the number o arms more than tripled

between the censuses, to more than 38,000, and the ad-

vent o the cattle industry helped push the value o agri-

cultural land to more than $90 million. Manuacturing

remained a small part o the economy, with 1,100 shops

making about $11 million in goods in 1870.

Jackson County, MssourTe Civil War came close to stifing the young town o KansasCity, or the City o Kansas, as it was known then.

1870 2010Populaton

Jackson County

MalesFemales

Natve born

Foregn born

Youth enrolled

n school

423,65528,990

14,15314,837

28,165

825

2,684

205,549218,106

407,718

15,937

112,688





Lee Bowman


25/37

25SPRING 2011



Florda

In 1860, 140,000 people lived in the state morethan 61,000 o them slaves. Yet

there were just over 5,100 people

or amilies that owned slaves, and

ewer than 50 with more than

100.

Hillsborough County had just

over 2,900 residents, including

120 owners o 564 slaves. Tere

were two ree blacks.

Florida was the third stateto leave the Union and join the

Conederacy in 1861, but aside

rom holding or taking key ports

like Pensacola, Jacksonville and

Key West and running blockades

around a ew others, the Union

didnt make any major eforts to re-

take the state.

About 16,000 Floridians en-

listed, most or the South, but at least2,000 ought or the Union. Many

units went north to ght, but many

remained as militia and home guards. Florida ocials

constantly worried as much about slave revolts as they

did Union raids by land or sea.

Florida, particularly south o the plantations, had

two commodities vital to Conederate armies: salt de-

rived rom small drying works along the coast, and bee,mainly wild scrub cattle that

were ree-range and ree to anyone

who could round one up.

Mounted militia units that

came to be called the cow cav-

alry were ormed to thwart those

Union raids and protect supply

lines along roads and inland rivers.

Tey ought numerous small

skirmishes over our years, but ewo the encounters ever got a writ-

ten mention.

One that did gain some at-

tention was an 1865 raid on Fort

Meyer by members o the Con-

ederate militia. It lasted hal a

day, but let the ort occupied

by ederal troops in January 1864

in Union hands. Te engage-

ment may have been the southern-most land skirmish o the war.

Blockade-runners also worked

along the coast, slipping into unguarded inlets to drop

high-value cargo like medicines, guns, ammunition and

luxury items.

ampa Bay saw two small battles. Te rst, June 30-

July 1, 1862, involved a Union gunboat and landing par-

Florida was as much rontier as plantation in 1860. While thepanhandle and upper-third o the state were decisively OldSouth, the rest o the state north o Key West was more o atropical open range where settlers let livestock roam ree andarmed small patches, shed and hunted game to get by.

1870 2010Populaton

Hllsborough Cty

Males

Females

Natve born

Foregn born

1.17 million

574,856

592,260

998,052

169,064

3,216

1,661

1,555

3,137

79

Google Maps






26/37

26 SPRING 2011



ty that besieged ampa. ampa was deended by a

Conederate militia known as the Osceola Rangers,

who reused to surrender despite naval gunre into

the town. Te Union orces departed the ollowing

evening. Tere were no reported casualties.

In October 1863, another Union landing orce

attacked Fort Brooke near ampa and captured sev-

eral ships on the Hillsborough River. Te ort was

captured by a ederal landing party in May 1864, butwas only held or two days beore being abandoned.

Ater the war, Florida, having sufered little war

damage, was in a better position than most South-

ern states to prosper, although progress was initially

slow. In 1870, the population grew to more than

187,000, with slightly more than hal the growth

occurring rom an increase in the black popula-

tion. Some moved into the state rom elsewhere in

the South to claim land to arm, others to work in

new shops and actories starting to crop up in thestate. Homesteading was easier in the state because

there was relatively little competition or land that

couldnt grow cotton.

Statewide, the number o arms increased to

10,231 in 1870, nearly 4,000 more than a decade

beore. But the value o those lands was $9.9 mil-

lion, down rom more than $16 million beore the

war, largely because the loss o guaranteed labor to

work the land had devalued it.

Te number o actories soared rom 185 in1860 to 659 in 1870, but they were mostly small

shops that employed about 2,750. Tey produced

$4.7 million in goods that year, less than double the

value produced in 1860.

Hillsborough Countys 1870 population was

3,216, o whom 546 were black.

Withdrawal o ederal troops rom orts along the

rontier Fort Chadbourne in Coke County surren-

dered peaceully to exas troops in March 1861 and

the closure o stations along the Buttereld Overland

Mail (stage) Route (St. Louis to San Francisco) at the

start o the war let the handul o bufalo-hide hunters

and early ranchers who occupied the areas around what

would become San Angelo, Abilene and Wichita Falls

almost completely unprotected rom Comanche and

other Indian raiders.

Te situation was urther destabilized by the course

o the war in Indian erritory (now Oklahoma), where

exas troops had helped pro-Southern tribes drive out

the pro-Union Seminoles who had helped act as a bu-

er against Comanche groups.

Te unsettled state o things caused pioneers like

Mable Gilbert, who rst came to Wichita County in

1857, to move in and out o his homestead several times

between 1857 and 1867.

Although Wichita, Wilbarger, aylor, Trockmor-

ton and Shackleord counties had all been organized on

paper by the state legislature in 1858, the 1860 census

showed scant or no population or them. Clay County,

which had administrative responsibility or Wichita

County, had a total o 109 settlers; Jack County, just

to the south and the administrative center or several

o the paper counties, recorded 950 white settlers and

Western exasAlthough the closest Civil Warbattle was at least 200 milesaway, the war had a signi-

cant impact on western exas.

Lee Bowman


27/37



27SPRING 2011

50 slaves. Shackleord had 35 whites and nine slaves;

Trockmorton had 124 whites and no black citizens.

Te entire state recorded 604,000 people, includingmore than 182,000 slaves. Te census ound 983 ac-

tories across the state, producing $6.6 million worth o

goods.

Within a ew years ater the war, bufalo hunters

were going ater the remnants o the great herds and ear-

ly ranchers were rounding up stray cattle again. Federal

troops had returned to the region in strength starting in

1866 and 1867, reoccupying Fort Chadbourne in whats

now northeastern Coke County, only to abandon it in

1873 or want o a steady water supply.

Te troops were consolidated to Fort Concho, start-

ed at present-day San Angelo in 1867. Fort Grin, inShackleord County, was started the same year. Tere

were many battles and skirmishes throughout the 1870s

with the Comanche and others, but by the late 1870s,

most o the tribes had been subdued and moved to res-

ervations.

By the early 1880s, railroads were coming into the

region and the Army closed down most o the orts.

Te census report or 1870 singles out a number o

western exas counties or having lost returns, includ-

ing Clay, aylor, Trockmorton and Wichita. Its notclear i assistant ederal marshals ever actually attempted

to enumerate there or, i they did, who lost the numbers.

However, Jack County had 604 residents, Shackl-

eord had 455. And there were returns or several locales

within the Bexar District, a proto-county jurisdiction

that had been set up in 1860 and would shortly be carved

into om Green and more than a dozen other counties.

Tose records show there were 913 people

in and around Fort Concho, including 49

blacks, 34 whites at the Concho Mail Stationand 41 at San Angela, the uture San Angelo.

Across the Bexar District were reported our

actories, employing a total o 10, probably re-

lated to processing bufalo hides.

In 1870, exas had a total o 818,809

people, o whom 253,475 were black.

Te number o arms in the state grew rom 37,363

in 1860 to 61,125 in 1870, much o this due to new

settlement, but also rom the breakup o larger planta-

tions in the eastern cotton-growing counties. Like otherSouthern states acing the loss o guaranteed labor or

elds, the value o armland across the state ell rom $88

million in 1860 to $60 million in 1870.

Te state had 2,399 places o manuacturing mak-

ing products worth $11.5 million in 1870.

Te unsettled state o thngs causedponeers lke Mable Glbert, who rstcame to Wchta County n 1857, to moven and out o hs homestead severaltmes between 1857 and 1867.

Lee Bowman


28/37


29/37

29SPRING 2011



volunteer regiments called the Indian Home Guard were

ormed rom those exiles and ought alongside ederal

troops in several campaigns in Missouri, Arkansas and

the territory.

Stand Waties Cherokee Mounted Ries also ought

or the Conederate army in Arkansas. But setbacks there

in 1862 brought a return o Union troops and a South-ern deeat at Honey Springs, in Muskogee County, in

July 1863 that was the largest engagement ought in the

territory, with an estimated 10,000 troops involved.

As the Conederates lost control o Indian territory,

many Cherokee and Creeks loyal to the South ed into

exas, some setting up homesteads and arming in the

Red River Valley even ater the war.

Raids and skirmishes continued or the rest o the

war. Stand Watie became the last Conederate general to

surrender, on June 25, 1865.

Te Creek seem to have been slow in returning. One

1867 census by Indian agents ound just 264 living in

the ulsa area.

Te 1870 census o the territory showed the whitepopulation up slightly, to about 2,400, but both the Indi-

an and black populations thousands lower than in 1860,

with a total population o around 68,000. Tis gave a

aint hint o what was to come in Oklahoma rom then

until statehood in 1907, with cattle, railroads and more

white settlers rapidly taking center stage. Lee Bowman


30/37

30 SPRING 2011



Congress ormally split Arizona out o the New Mex-

ico erritory in 1863 largely in response to a Conederate

claim in 1861 to its own Arizona

territory stretching across the south-

ern hal o todays states (including

the site o Phoenix).Tere wasnt much to Arizo-

na in 1860. Te census that year

counted about 6,400 people living

in orts and settlements across the

western hal o New Mexico, two-

thirds o them Indians.

Conederate troops out o

exas had deeated a ederal orce

at Mesilla in August 1861, and a

small unit took over ucson andmoved through the Salt River

Valley seeking to block a large

orce o Union volunteers coming

east rom Caliornia via Yuma.

Te westernmost land ght o the

war took place in March 1862 at

Stanwix Station, about 80 miles

east o Yuma.

A small Conederate detachment led by Lt. John

Swilling was burning hay let along the Unions plannedroute to ucson when it was attacked by more than 200

troops rom the Caliornia volunteers. One Union pri-

vate was slightly wounded.

wo weeks later, at Picacho Peak between todays

Phoenix and ucson, a Union advance guard ran into

a Conederate ambush. Te skirmish let about a dozen

dead, wounded and captured rom both sides. Soon

Arzona

aterward, the outnumbered Conederates let ucson

and spent the next six weeks marching back to exas.

Despite the ailed campaign, Ari-

zona continued to have a vote in

the Conederate Congress until

the end o the war.By the ollowing year, the new

Union Arizona territory was ormed

with a capital at Prescott and Union

troops and local volunteers set up

various orts, mainly as bases against

the Apache and others.

Somewhere about the same

time, Swilling, a ormer Con-

ederate, turned rom mining

around the town o Wickenburgto arming, utilizing long-aban-

doned canals. By 1865, he and

several other armers had inor-

mally established Phoenix, and

by 1868 there was a post oce with

Swilling as postmaster.

Still, the 1870 census shows that

development didnt come ast to the area. Te entire Salt

River Valley district o Yavapai County had 240 people,

Wickenburg 174.Te entire territorys population in 1870 was 41,710,

and nearly three-quarters were Indians. It had about

14,000 acres in armland, and 18 actories or shops,

none reported in Yavapai County.

A year later, Maricopa County was ormed, and a

decade ater that the modern city o Phoenix was char-

tered.

Phoenix and Arizona might not have come to existhad it not been or the Civil War.

Google Maps

1870 2010Populaton

Males

Females

Youth enrolled

n school

3.85 million2,142

1,829

313

4

1.94 million

1.91 million

1.03 million

Lee Bowman

Marcopa Cty.

1 - Yavapai County




1


31/37

31SPRING 2011



Ktsap County, Washngton

Formed just three years ear-

lier at the urging o the peninsulas

lumber barons, who themselves

mostly lived in San Francisco,the county was the largest and

wealthiest (per capita) community

on the Sound and in the Wash-

ington erritory.

Te area had experienced its

last Indian raid in 1856, a ght

ended by U.S. sailors and Marines

at Port Gamble Bay.

Te 1860 census shows that

the county had 544 people, in-cluding our ree blacks. Te whole

territory had just over 11,500 resi-

dents, including 30 ree blacks and

426 Indians (typically, only those

living among whites were counted in the census).

Te county boasted our lumber mills and one iron

oundry employing 352 people, who collectively earned

$212,000 that year.

Mills at Port Gamble, Port Orchard and Port Mad-

ison were all operating well beore 1860, and the Port

Blakely mill started operations in 1864.

Te Caliornia gold rush provided the initial im-

petus or these businesses, aided by San Franciscos ten-

dency to burn down and rebuild. Wartime demand or

timber or ships was also high, and some shipbuilding

was already under way by 1860, when some residents

listed occupations o ships carpenter, spar maker and

sail maker along with the most

common job o lumberman.

Early in the war, men at Port

Madison ormed the 70-memberPort Madison Union Guards, but

the unit never saw service out-

side the territory. Federal ocials

viewed the lumber industry as vi-

tal to the war, and lingering con-

cerns over Conederate sea raiders

and plots to seize the Western ter-

ritories may have actored in a de-

cision not to take men away rom

the Puget Sound region.By 1870, Washingtons ter-

ritorial boundaries had been

compressed to match those o

the state today, but the territorys

population still more than doubled to 23,955.

Kitsap County had 866 people in 1870, including

14 blacks and 13 Chinese. Te county listed six saw-

mills, employing 125 people who earned $195,000 and

produced more than $1 million worth o lumber.

But around this time, economic downturns and the

oversupply o lumber, coupled with less readily available

nearby timber, started to shit development in the coun-

ty more toward shipyards at the ports and homestead-

ing and arming on cleared land.

Port Gamble was the biggest town, with 326 peo-

ple, ollowed by Port Madison with 249 residents. Lee Bowman

Google Maps

1870 2010Populaton

Males

Females

Youth enrolled

n school

238,825866

691

175

70

120,266

118,559

58,467




Kitsap County was at the top o a wooden empire builtaround Puget Sound at the onset o the Civil War.

Ktsap Cty.


32/37

32 SPRING 2011



Te southern part o the state in and around Los Angeles

County was ull o men who had emigrated rom slave-holdingstates beore and ater Caliornia statehood. Tree times between

1850 and 1860, they had launched movements to split Caliornia

in hal and set up a pro-Southern territory or state, with the last

plan actually approved by the state legislature and orwarded to

Congress in 1859.

wo pro-Southern militia units ormed in Los Angeles

County, and the Los Angeles Mounted Ries actually rode across

deserts to the newly ormed Conederate territory o Arizona,

where they merged with exas regiments.

One member o that band was Conederate Gen. Albert Sid-ney Johnston, who had resigned his post as commander o U.S.

orces in Caliornia, and went on to lead and die at the Battle o

Shiloh.

Tere were also large numbers o secessionists in San Francis-

co and several other northern coastal communities. Union leaders

were constantly earul o Southern plots that would bring insur-

rection to some part o Caliornia. Although Southern support

aded somewhat ater Fort Sumter in April 1861, thousands o

volunteers were recruited rom the mining and timbering com-

munities o the north and the Bay Area and sent to guard LosAngeles, San Bernardino and other southern counties.

Santa Barbara County, which included todays Ventura

County, was among the places with suspected Southern leanings,

although it raised a troop o pro-Union volunteers that served in

1861-62.

In 1860, the county had about 3,500 residents, according to

the census. It was mainly a arming community, with just seven

Te Civil War drew sharp battle lines and generated endlessintrigue across Caliornia or most o the our-year confict,but the discord caused little bloodshed.

Calorna

Google Maps

1870 2010Populaton

Males

Females

Natve born

Foregn born

Youth enrolled

n school

Number o arms

Los Angeles County

15,309

8,849

6,460

10,984

4,325

2,522

800

9.79 million

4.85 million

4.94 million

6.32 million

3.47 million

2.82 million

1,7341






33/37

33SPRING 2011



manuacturing establishments, including a blacksmith and a sad-

dlery. Within the county, the district o San Buenaventura had

529 people identied as white, and 99 Indians.

Heavy ooding in 1861-62 and a severe drought in 1863 ru-

ined many o the countys old Spanish-era estates and let them

ripe or being split up ater the war.

Many o the Caliornia volunteer regiments (including the

company rom Santa Barbara County) became part o an expe-

ditionary orce sent into Arizona in 1862, ghting several skir-mishes with Conederates between Fort Yuma and ucson beore

the outnumbered Southerners retreated into exas.

Some Caliornia companies were shipped to the eastern the-

ater, but most stayed close to home to guard against Conederateand Indian threats.

Southern plotting subsided ater the volunteer units set up

their camps, and the numbers o troops were gradually reduced.

However, rebel plots to seize ships and outt privateers to raid the

Pacic were broken up at least twice later in the war.

Santa Barbara had grown to 7,784 people in 1870, with 2,491

in San Buenaventura. Te entire county reported 24 manuac-

turing sites. Ventura County would be established as a separate

county in 1873.

Caliornias population surged rom just under 380,000 in1860 to 560,247 by 1870. Te number o arms in the state rose

by more than a third, rom about 14,000 to more than 23,000 in

1870.

But the number o actories dipped rom 8,468 in 1860 to

just under 4,000 a decade later, in part because manuacturing

operations were consolidating.




Males employed n

manuacturng

Females employedn manuacturng

Males n labor orce

Females n labor orce

1870 2010Populaton

Males

Females

Natve born

Foregn born

Youth enrolled

n school

Number o arms

Santa Barbara Cty.

402,025

202,675

199,350

312,859

89,166

128,236

1,597

110,675

89,506

1


Santa Barbara County was among theplaces with suspected Southern leanings,although it raised a troop of pro-Unionvolunteers that served in 1861-62.

7,784

4,519

3,265

6,538

1,246

774

450

94

9

Lee Bowman


34/37


34 SPRING 2011

Makng news

around Amerca

HE COMMERCiAL APPEAL

MEMPHIS, ENN.


35/37


36/37

36 SPRING 2011



diminished, Northern Republicans, who had seen

their industries boom during wartime, were ree to

adopt economic policies that encouraged even more

expansion.

Te years rom 1862 to 1870 saw the establish-ment o a national banking system and a uniorm

national currency; the completion o the rst

transcontinental railroad; and the great expansion

o higher education with the creation o land-grant

colleges and universities. Te Homestead Act, which

awarded a 160-acre arm to anyone who would work

it or ve years, created a whole new class o property

owners.

Within a ew years, national industrial produc-

tion increased 75 percent, and the great arm-to-citymigration greatly accelerated. By 1870, less than hal

o the national work orce was in arming. In 1870,

15 percent o the nations 39 million people lived in

urban areas; today, nearly 80 percent o our 308 mil-

lion people do.

By 1870, the boundaries o every current and

uture state in the continental U.S. had been drawn.

More importantly, people who had once thought o

themselves in terms o their home states increasingly

thought o themselves as Americans. Te Civil War

and the rest o the 1860s were indeed a dening

moment.

DaLe mcFeaTTeRS


Editorial

War shaped what became o U.S.Te United States was born in the Revolutionary

War, but the nation as we know it today was largely

shaped and dened by the Civil War, whose sesqui-

centennial we begin observing this year.

Tat war, ought rom 1861 to 1865, remainsthe bloodiest in our history. O some 4 million who

enlisted on both sides, at least 620,000 died, most

o them rom disease rather than battle. One in ve

white men in the South died.

Statistically, the war should not have dragged on

as long as it did. Te Union had 23 states with two-

thirds o the population, while the 11 Conederate

states were largely rural and agricultural. Most tell-

ingly, the North had the manuacturing capacity

110,000 actories with more than 1.2 million workerscompared to the Souths 18,000 plants employing

100,000.

But drag on it did, and in the end, the South was

let devastated 90 percent o its rail lines and two-

thirds o its ships and riverboats were ruined.

Still, according to a study o data rom the 1860

and 1870 censuses by Lee Bowman o Scripps How-

ard News Service, the country, and even the South,

not only recovered rapidly, but set the stage or a great

national expansion.

Te war abolished the institution o slavery, ree-

ing 4 million people and removing the single greatest

impediment to national progress. With the inu-

ence o the agrarian South in Congress temporarily


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S P E C I A L R E P O R T

NEWS SERVICE


CIVIL

WAR

Civil War: 150 years later

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