Civil Society Plan for Today
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Transcript of Civil Society Plan for Today
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CIVIL SOCIETYPLAN FOR TODAY
1. Distinguishing among civil society definitions and their pros/ cons.
2. Becoming familiar with roles that authors claim civil society plays in democratization.
3. Debating type of structure of civil society necessary to promote democracy.
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EMBLEMATIC IMAGES OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN DEMOCRATIZATION:
Prior to/ during transition: protests to push authoritarian regimes out of power.Video of opposition protests in Belarus,
March 2006 (Ukrainian TV footage) Following transition: professionalized
organizations with narrower specialization, sometimes seeing role in democracy.Video on Maria Rikhvanova, Russian
environmental activist.
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DEFINING CIVIL SOCIETY
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DEFINING CIVIL SOCIETY
1. Civil society as a collective noun:
•NGOs•Political parties? (e.g. Fish def’n.)•Religious organizations?•State-funded organizations?
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DEFINING CIVIL SOCIETY
2. Civil society as a space.• John Hall: Civil society a social
space for human experimentation with identities.
• Larry Diamond: “Realm of organized social life…”
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LARRY DIAMONDDifferent from society in general –
citizens acting collectively in public sphere.
Intermediary between private life and the state.
Publicly oriented rather than private ends.
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DEFINING CIVIL SOCIETY
3. Civil society as values or norms.
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ROBERT PUTNAMValues of trust, tolerance, mutual
cooperation.Not necessarily political advocacy
organizations.Building “social capital.”
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ROLES OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN DEMOCRATIZATION
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ROLES OF CIVIL SOCIETY More important after than during
transition. Weak civil society doesn’t mean
breakdown, but hinders consolidation and deepening of democracy (Howard).
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ROLES OF CIVIL SOCIETY (DIRECTLY FOR DEMOCRACY)1. Stimulates political participation by
citizens.2. Develops democratic attitudes:
tolerance, moderation, compromise.3. Creates alternative channels for
representing interests.4. Trains new political leaders.5. Disseminates information to citizens.6. Strengthens the state.
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OTHER ROLES OF CIVIL SOCIETY (INDIRECT)
1. Improves socioeconomic development.
2. Creates social equity – helping the poorest.
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STRUCTURE OF CIVIL SOCIETYHow much can/ should the state be involved in civil society?
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PLURALIST VS. CORPORATIST CIVIL SOCIETY (SCHMITTER)
Pluralist Systems Corporatist Systems
Multiple Singular (Monopoly)
Competitive Noncompetitive
Nonhierarchical Hierarchical
Less state involvement
More state involvement
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TWO TYPES OF CORPORATISM
1. “State corporatism”: state defines and controls organizations in society.
1. Mainly mechanisms for state to control & restrict public participation.
2. State coopts, guides, dominates interest groups.
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TWO TYPES OF CORPORATISM
2. “Democratic corporatism”: interests formed from societal level up & aggregated at top level to negotiate with government.
e.g. Sweden
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PRO-PLURALIST ARGUMENTS (DIAMOND)
1. Civil society’s fundamental nature is diversity; monopoly contradicts this.
2. Pluralism works to minimize social conflict.
3. Corporatist arrangements especially dangerous for new democracies.
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PRO-CORPORATIST ARGUMENTS (SCHMITTER, BLACK)
1. Is pluralism even plausible in many countries?
2. Pluralist civil society can descend into factionalism with little civic trust.
3. State can be compromised by pluralist civil society.
1. Infiltration by selfish private interests.2. Incoherence from acting as a “cash
register.”