ivnisi 2015 #4

c i v i c u s

03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

04 Cartistuli moZraoba sandro tabataZe

09 winaaRmdegobis moZraoba

"TeTri vardi"mariam guliaSvili

12 hipebi rogorc socialuri

moZraobaqeTi sarTania

16 60-iani wlebis studenturi

moZraobebi germaniaSi goCa surgulaZe

20 socialuri moZraobebi

Tanamedrove epoqaSi: kanadis

gamocdileba Tornike CivaZe

24 socialuri moZraobebi

saqarTveloSi: 1905 wlis guria

da baxvis manifestilevan lorTqifaniZe

28 socialuri moZraoba

kinoSi: "germanuli Semodgoma"

da "puri da vardebi" aleqsandre gabelia

s a r C e v i

02 | CIVICUS#4

03 | CIVICUS#4

redaqtoris sveti

levan lorTqifaniZe

albaT, nebismieri moswavle fiqrobs xolme romelime sayovelTaod cnobil moRvaweze, romlis gamocdilebis gaz-iarebac sanukvar natvrad miaCnia. cota xnis win mec Cveulebrivi moswavle gaxldiT da gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT vakvirdebodi cnobil istoriul figu-raTa ganvlil gzas. ilia WavWavaZec da golda meiric, akaki Cxenkelic da vili brandtic odesRac sxvadasxva gavlenian gamocemas warmoadgendnen an samoqalaqo presis redaqtorebi iyvnen. dRes me mxv-da wilad pativi da axali, magram Zalian ambiciuri Jurnalis redaqtori gaxlavarT. natvris umciresi nawili amisrulda. Tavs Zalian komfortulad vgrZnob, radgan giorgi lolaSvilis mier mowesrigebuli saqmis gagrZeleba miwevs. Sevecdebi, rom winamorbedisa da Jurnalis imedebi ar gavacruo.

"Civicus" axali nomeri socialur moZ-raobebs eZRvnebaT. erT-erT klasikur Te-oriul saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT: "so-cialuri moZraoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc koleqtiuri mcdeloba, gaRvivdes saerTo interesi an dacul iqnas saerTo mizani, dadgenili institutebis sazRvrebs miRma ganxorcielebuli koleqtiuri qmedeb-iT." ukve ramdenime saukunea socialuri moZraobebi civilizebuli samyarosaTvis iseTive damaxasiaTebelni arian, rogorc saxelmwifo institutebi da formaluri biurokratiuli struqturebi. sayovelTao

solidarobis safuZvelze dawyebulma koleq-tiurma qmedebebma araerTxel moaxerxes is-toriuli procesisaTvis kalapotis Secvla.

winamdebare nomerSi Tqven SegiZliaT waikiTxoT "Cartistebis" Taobaze, rom-lebmac Tanamedrove saarCevno sistemebs Cauyares safuZveli. aqve waikiTxavT mariam guliaSvilis statias imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri moZraobis sawarmoeblad milionobiT adamianis mobilizeba ar aris aucilebeli. gaecnobiT rudi duCke-sa da hipebis Tavgadasavlebs. JurnalSi ibeWdeba cnobili memarcxene aqtivis-tis, Tornike CivaZis blogi ocdameerTe saukunis aTian wlebSi daarsebuli wi-naaRmdegobis naxevradformaluri orga-nizaciis Sesaxeb.

saubedurod, saqarTveloSi bevrma araferi icis Cvens qveyanaSi dafuZnebu-li socialuri moZraobebisa da maTi warmatebebis Sesaxeb. Cven demokrati-isTvis brZolis qarTul magaliTebsac gauwyebT.

didi madloba minda gadavuxado axal-beda kinomcodnes, aleqsandre gabelias, romelmac gamosaqveyneblad ori Sesan-iSnavi filmis specialuri wardgineba SemogvTavaza.

bolo gverdis gadafurcvlis Semdeg, albaT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT, rom studento-bisa da axalgazrdobis monawileobis gareSe demokratiisaTvis sasargeblo nabijebis ga-dadgma SeuZlebelia.

Cartistuli moZraoba

sandro tabataZe

Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti

04 | CIVICUS#4

foto, wyaro: https://intimesgoneby.wordpress.com

socialuri moZraoba es aris ada-mianTa koleqtikuri gaerTianeba, romelic socialur cvlilebebs uWers mxars. mas didi gavlenis mox-dena SeuZlia ara mxolod erovnul, aramed regionul da saerTaSor-iso doneze. Sesabamisad, saintereso iqneba evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi saprotesto kampaniis - Cartistuli moZraobis ZiriTadi niSnebis gamokveTa da dRevandeli perspeq-tividan mis mniSvelobaze saubari.

ratom Camoyalibda Cartistuli moZraoba?

did britaneTSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi farTod gavrcelda indus-trializaciis procesi. industriul sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulebisgan axali socialuri klasi Camoyalibda. maT interess ar iTvaliswinebdnen sawar-moos mflobelebi da parlamen-tis wevrebi. Sedegad, muSaTa klasi ukmayofilo iyo arsebuli social-uri wesrigiT. maTi protesti gaxl-daT ukureaqcia industrializaciis procesisgan gamomdinare Sedege-bze. isini aprotestebdnen poli-tikur, ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas: maRal gadasaxadebs, dabal xelfasebs, umZimes samuSao pirobebs, socialur uTansworo-bas mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, arsebul saarCevno sistemas.

sawarmoebSi momuSave moqalaqeebs ar hqondaT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba qonebrivi cenzis arsebobis gamo, rac, faqtobrivad, maT poli-tikur Tanamonawileobas gamoricxa-vda. maSin, roca, maTi raodenoba mosaxleobis Zalian did nawils Seadgenda. aseve XIX saukunis 20-30ian wlebSi finansur krizisebs Sede-gad mohyva umuSevrobis donis aweva, ramac gavlena moaxdina Cartistuli moZraobis Camoyalibebaze.

ratom gaxda Cartistuli moZraoba masobrivi?

me-19 saukunis 30-iani wlebis protestma seriozuli cvilebebi ver gamoiwvia, amas daemata isic, rom 1834 wels TemTa palatam gaauqma "eliz-abedis RaribTa kanoni". Sesabamisad, saWiro gaxda moZraoba ufro maso-brivi gamxdariyo da axali gegmis SemuSavebac dRis wesrigSi dadga.

1836 wels daarsda londonis muSaTa asociacia, xolo 1 wlis Segdeg bri-taneTis sakanonmdeblo organos warudgines "saxalxo qartiis" (The Charter) kanonproeqti. swored aqedan modis im periodis saprotesto moZ-raobis monawileTa, Cartistebis (Chartists) saxelwodeba.socialuri moZraoba warmatebulad iyenebda politikuri komunikaciis meTodebs. maT moaxerxes milioni-ani peticiebis Segroveba, xSirad awyobdnen masobriv Sekrebebs, sadac sajaro ganxilvebs iwyebdnen da ayal-ibebdnen mTavar gegmebsa da miznebs. gazeTebis sayovelTao gavrcele-bam ki protesti umZlavresi gaxada. aqedan gamomdinare, Cartistulma moZraobam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.

ra miznebi hqondaT Cartistebs?

Tanabari socialuri da politikuri uflebebi yvela socialur fenas-es CartistTa mTavari mizani gaxldaT. maT "saxalxo qartiaSi" Camoayalibes 6 ZiriTadi reforma, rac arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzas warmoad-genda.

- saarCevno qonebrivi cenzis gauqmeba;- arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba yvela mamakacs,romelsac 21 weli Seusrulda;- Tanabari zomis saarCevno olqebi;- faruli kenWisyra;

05 | CIVICUS#4

san

dro tab

ataZ

e | Cartistuli moZrao

ba

06 | CIVICUS#4

kvlav daaCxo saprotesto talRa.

Cartistebma socialuri moZrao-bis procesSi ver miaRwies TavianT miznebs. SesaZlebelia ramdenime mizezis gamoyofa. jer erTi, maTi moTxovnebi ar gaiTvaliswines bri-taneTis parlamentSi da xelisufle-bam Zalismieri meTodebiT CaaxSo politikuri da socialuri ufle-bebisTvis mebrZoli moqalaqeebi. aseve, maT mxari ar dauWira saSualo fenam, romelmac status quo-s Sen-arCuneba amjobina. da bolos, Car-tistTa rigebidan bevri moqalaqe sxvadasxva socialuri reformis mxardamWer jgufSi gadavida.

marTalia, Cartistulma moZrao-bam saprotesto kampaniis dros miznebs ver miaRwia, magram gaiz-arda informirebuloba socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, gauqmda

- yovelwliuri saparlamento arCvnebi;- parlamentis wevrTa anazRaureba.rogorc vxedavT, Cartistebi poli-tikuri sistemis reformas uWerd-nen mxars, magram cvilebebis mTavari mizezi social-ekonomikuri viTare-bidan gamomdinareobda da asaxavda muSaTa klasis Cagrul mdgomareo-bas. miuxedavad amisa, parlamentma ar gaiTvaliswina maTi uflebebi da masobrivi demonstraciebi Zalis-mieri meTodebiT CaaxSo.

ra SedegiT dasrulda Cartistuli moZraoba?

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis insti-tutis maxasiaTeblis mqone Car-tistuli moZraobis meore faza XIX saukunis 40ian wlebSi daiwyo-,magram mas revoluciuri xasiaTi hqonda. britaneTis mTavrobam

Cartistebis SexvedraTa saxlis gaxsna, mxatvari hari raTerfordi foto, wyaro: http://www.learn-ict.org.uk/archive/resources/kellyeye/chtist04.htm

puris damatebiTi begara gaWirve-bulebisTvis, dawesda 10 saaTiani samuSao dRe bavSvebisa da qalebi-saTvis. XX saukunis dasawyisSi ki bri-taneTSi sayovelTao xmis micemis ufleba amoqmedda.

ra mniSveloba hqonda Cartistul moZraobas?

Cartisebis mTavari mizani arsebuli socialuri wesrigis Secvla iyo,is-ini cdilobdnen politikuri,ekono-mikuri da socialuri uflebebis dacvas. aqedan gamomdinare, Segvi-Zlia, vTqvaT, rom es saprotesto kampania samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damkvidrebisTvis ibZroda.

Cartizmma biZgi misca pirvel maso-briv muSaTa klasis politikuri partiis Camoyalibebas da memarcx-ene Zalebis gaZlierebas. dResdRe-

obiT maTi 6 moTxovnidan yvela dakmayofilebulia da britanuli sazogadoeba erTxmad Tanxmdeba maT mniSvnelobaze. am socialurma moZ-raobam safuZveli Cauyara britanuli samoqalaqo kulturis ganviTarebas, iseTi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas rogorebicaa: solidaroba, Tanas-woroba da adamianis uflebebis dacva.

aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia, vamt-kicoT, rom socialur moZraobebs didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT politikur sistemasa da sazogadoe-bis cnobierebaze. marTalia, Car-tistebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi sapro-testo talRis procesSi ar gamoCnda, magram maTi brZola socialuri da politikuri uflebebisTvis brita-nuli samoqalaqo kulturis safuZ-vlad iqca.

07 | CIVICUS#4

foto, wyaro: http://www.learn-ict.org.uk/archive/resources/kellyeye/chtist04.htm

08 | CIVICUS#3

die Weiße Rose

winaaRmdegobis moZraoba TeTri vardi"

09 | CIVICUS#4

totalitaruli saxelmwifo samanqano danadgaria, romelic erTnairi SefuT-vis mqone produqtebs amzadebs, magram xom SeiZleba erTxel es manqanac Sec-des da ramdenime produqti gansx-vavebuli SefuTviT daamzados?! ase daemarTa nacistur germanias, rodesac totalitarizmis zeobis xanaSi ramden-ime studenti nacisturi propagandis winaaRmdeg ganawyo. warmoidgineT 1943 weli, universitetis iubileze stumrad misuli germaniis erT-erTi federaluri miwis premier-ministri, nacisturi salamis molodinSi xedavs, rom studentebi saprotesto aqciiT egebebian, es xom namdvili Tavganwirvaa, roca ici, rom dinebis sapirispirod svla bolos giliotinamde migiyvans. am saprotesto aqciis maprovocirebeli winaaRmdegobis organizacia "TeTri vardi" iyo.

qristianuli morali da humanisturi principebi gaxda ori germaneli stu-dentis hans Solisa da aleqsander SmorelisTvis moZraobis wamowyebis mizezi. pirveli nabijebi swored am ori axalgazrdis mier gamoqveynebul oTx mowodebis furcels ukavSirdeba, romliTac maT germaneli sazogadoe-bis winaSe dagmes nacional-socialis-turi partiis saqmianoba. rogorc Cans Soli ojaxis erTaderTi ajanyebuli wevri ar aRmoCnda da maleve moZ-raobas misi da sofi Soli SeuerTda,

aseve axalgazrdebis Sexedulebebi dau-faravad gaiziares maTma megobrebma kristof probstim da vili grafma. es xuTi axalgazrda holokostis sisx-lianma mimdinareobam da usamarTlo anisemitizmis damarcxebis survilma gaaerTiana, maT surdaT germaneli xalxi gamoefxizlebinaT da maTSi CaecxroT nacional -socialisturi partiis didi ZalisxmeviT Camoyal-ibebuli araadamianuri suliskveTeba, daemtkicebinaT rasistuli sazogadoe-bis msoflmxedvelobis borotebas-Tan kavSiri da SeeCerebinaT wamyvani partiis saqmianoba. maT Rrmad swam-daT, rom hitleri oms ver moigebda da surdaT daufaravi mowodebebis meSveobiT daemtkicebinaT TavianTi simarTle germanuli sazogadoe-bisTvis. miuxedavad maTi axalgazr-duli suliskveTebisa, SemarTebisa da simamacisa albaT maTi saqmianoba aseTi masStaburi ver iqneboda, maT samsaxurSi rom ar Camdgariyo maTive mentori, filosofiis profesori kurt huberi. SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom humanisturi moZRvrebisadmi rwmena swored man gaaRviva am axalgazrdebSi. huberis gamoCenas ukavSirdeba "TeTri vardis" yvelaze masStaburi qmedeba. studentebma antifaSisturi proklamaciis 15 000-mde egzemplari dabeWdes. furclebi gaavrceles ara mxolod miunxenSi, aramed venaSi, Stutgartsa da lincSi. albaT TqvenTvis moulodneli ar

qeTi qurcikiZe | interviu daviT kl

diaS

vilTan

mariam guliaSviliTsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti

" "

iqneba Tuki ambis Txrobas dramatulad gavagrZeleb da arc is iqneba gasakviri Tuki getyviT, rom prokmalaciebis gavrceleba gestapos yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila. 1943 wlis TebervalSi gestapos specialuri qvedanayofic ki Seiqmna am mowodebis furclebis warmomavlobis dasadgenad.

rodesac moqalaqeTa umravlesoba aseTi homogenuria, arc ise Znelia maTSi ramdenime gamorCeulis moZebna. gestaposac didi Zalisxmeva ar das-Wirvebia axalgazrdebis sapovnelad. 1943 wlis 18 Tebervals universitetSi proklamaciebis dayrisas SeniSnes da-Zma hans da sofi Solebi, ra Tqma unda, orive maTgani dauyovnebliv daapatimres, organizacia arc ise mra-valricxovani iyo, ase rom sxva wevre-bis kvalis migneba gestapos ar gasWir-vebia. dakavebul hans Sols aRmouCines kristof probstis xelwerili war-weriT "hitleri da misi reJimi unda daeces, amiT germania gadarCeba". es werili, ra Tqma unda, reJimis RalatSi mis amosacnobad sakmarisi aRmoCnda da probsti TebervalSive daakaves. dakavebulTa sasamarTlo 22 Teber-

vals gaimarTa, roland fraisleris TavmjdomareobiT, meamboxeebs sik-vdili miusajes da maleve aiyvanes modernizebul giliotinaze. orga-nizaciis danarCeni wevrebic mokle xanSi daakaves da 1943 wlis 19 aprils gaasamarTles.

miuxedavad am dramatuli movlenebisa, "TeTri vardi" saxecvlili formiT, magram mainc ganagrZobda saqmianobas hamburgSi. ZiriTadad mis maprovo-cirebel Zalas Solisa da Smorelis megobari gogona, traute lafrenci warmoadgenda . reJimis sawinaaaRm-dego mowodebebis axali talRa man Tavis skolis megobar hainc kuxar-skisTan erTad aagora. Tumca, gesta-pom 1945 wlis 17 aprils kuxarskisac miagno. sabednierod, misi sikvdiliT dasja ver moxerxda. ingliselebis mier ganxorcielebuli Setevisas man gaqceva moaxerxa. traute lafrenci reJims gadaurCa da dResac cocxalia.

"TeTri vardis" wevrebi antinacis-turi germaniis simboloebad iqcnen, gansakuTrebiT didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda sofi Soli. omis das-rulebis Semdeg "TeTri vardis" saqmianoba imdenad popularul da

saamayo istorid gadaiqca germaniaSi, rom zogierTi gamoCenili adamiani sicruesac ar erideboda. magaliTad, kompozitori karl orfi amtkicebda, rom SmorelTan axlo kavSiri hqonda da Tavad iyo am moZraobis damaarse-beli. Oorfis mosazreba faqtebiT ar dasturdeba.

aleqsander Smoreli 2012 wels wmin-danad Seracxa marTlmadideblurma eklesiam. "TeTri vardis" proklam-aciebis TvalsaCino simbolo dRes ludvig maqsimilianis saxelobis miunxenis universitetis win Segi-ZliaT ixiloT. universitetis ezoSi proklameciebis formis bareliefia ganTavsebuli. bareliefi universite-tis RirsSesaniSnavi warsulis demon-strirebaa.

"TeTri vardis" saqmianobis isto-ria, dRes didi inspiraciaa im ada-mianebisTvis, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom maTi Zala ar aris sakmarisi didi borotebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. gaxsovdeT, rom ar arsebobs uZleveli broteba, mas an dro moereva , an bed-iRbali an kidev sul mcire raodenobiT sikeTe.

mariam

guliaS

vili | winaaRmdegobis moZrao

ba "T

eTri vardi"

12 | CIVICUS#3

sityva hipi ZiriTadad asocird-eba 1960-ian wlebTan, fsiqodeliur narkotikebTan, xmamaRal musikasTan da ukmayofilo, grZelTmian axal-gazrdebTan ucnauri CacmulobiT. Tumca garegnul niSnebze yuradRe-bis gamaxvileba mxolod amxels sazogadoebis konservatiul bunebas da siaxlisadmi negatiur damok-idebulebas. hipebi, rogorc social-uri moZraoba odnav ufro meti iyo, vidre ubralod mSvidobismoyvare, ucnaurad Cacmul melomanTa erToba. moZraobam, garda kulturuli norme-bis cvilelbisa, mSvidobisa da omis cnebis win wamoweviT gamokveTa Tavisi istoriuli roli socialur moZ-raobaTa Soris.

warmodigineT 16 wlis mozardi, simaRleSi 170 sm, 80 kg. wona, grZeli TmiTa da grZeli wveriT. is ar mis-devs sezonur modas, mas ubralod acvia lurji jinsi, flanelis perangi an mokle maisuri zafxulSi. usmens provokaciuli teqstebis mqone musi-kalur jgufebs, eweva marixuanas, emx-roba Tavisufal seqss da akritikebs mSoblebis Taobis cxovrebis stand-artebs. es aris im adamianis aRwera, romelic ekuTvnoda 1960-iani wlebis dros dawyebul hipebis moZraobas. dResac xSirad saubroben hipebze, rogorc modis an subkulturis naw-ilze, Tumca am stereotipebis miRma rCeba is, rac moZraobis mTavar miR-wevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos - es aris fiqris dawyeba mSvidobaze da omis winaaRmdeg.

hipebi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba

qeTi sarTania

12 | CIVICUS#4

13 | CIVICUS#4

qeTi sartan

ia | hipebi rogorc social

uri moZrao

ba

hipebi iyvnen 15-dan 25 wlamde axal-gazrdebi. isini miekuTvnebodnen TeTrkanianTa saSualo klass da gaerTiandnen sazogadoebaSi gab-atonebuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg. jgufis wevrebisTvis moZvelebuli iyo iseTi socialuri instituti, rogoric aris ojaxi. bevrma axal-garzrdam datova saxli da SeurTda sxvadasxva komunas. Tumca, Rirebule-baTa msxvrevis paralelurad, mim-dinareobda axal SexedulebaTa Camoyalibeba Tavisuflebis, siy-varulisa da mSvidobis ideiT, rac erTiani saxiT realizda musikalur mimdinareoba rokenrolSi. hipebi gaucxoebulebi iyvnen saSualo klasis sazogadoebisgan, romlebsac isini xedavdnen, rogorc gabatonebuls. amis sapirispirod, moZraobis wev-rebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen grZel Tmasa da "fsiqodeliuri feris" tasacmels, sandlebsa da ferad mZivebs. ikvebebodnen vegetarianuli sakvebiT. moZraobis wevrebi advilad iRebdnen adgilobrivi komunebis ornametebs da aqsesuarebs, rac maT-Tvis Tavisuflebis simbolosTan asocirdeboda, radgan akeTebdnen iseT rames, rac maT sazogadoebaSi naklbad iyo miRebuli. magaliTad, Zveli Taoba Tvlida, rom grZeli wveri upativcemloba iyo arsebuli socialuri konvenciebisa da Cveule-bebis mimarT.

Tu moZraoba Tavidan viwro loka-lur konteqstze iyo koncentrire-buli, akritikebda arsebul kon-servatiul institutebs, saSualo klasis Rirebulebebs, mogvianebiT maT daiwyes sazogadobaSi arsebuli usamarTlobis gaprotesteba da moZ-raobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani max-asiaTebeli vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg gamoxatuli saprotsto gamosvlebi iyo, rac mogvianebiT zogadad omis

sawinaaRmdgo, samSvidobo aqciebsa da moTxovnebSi gadaizarda. moZraoba aprotestebda socialur da politi-kur orTodoqsias, xolo protestis paralelurad yalibdeboda hipebis filosofia, romelic nasazdroebi iyo siyvarulis, individualuri Tav-isuflebisa da emanipaciis ideiT. es iyo mcdeloba sakuTari Tavis, cno-bierebis gaTavisufleba sazogadoe-brivi winaRobebisgan fsiqodeliuri narkotikebis, mravalferovani seq-sualuri gamocdilebisa da musikis gamoyenebiT, rac ikiTxeba rogorc reaqcia, sazogadoebaSi miRbuli standartebis winaaRmdeg.

hipebis moZraoba daiwyo ameri-kaSi, gasuli saukunis adreul 60-ian wlebSi, san franciskoSi, kalifor-niaSi da gavrcelda mTel amerikaSi, kanadasa da evropis nawilSi. seqsi, narkotikebi da rokenroli iyo is erT-erTi berketi, riTac hipebi cdilobdnen amerikis da zogadad, samyaros Secvlas. maTTvis es iyo araZalaodbrivi brZolis erT-erTi forma. protestis swored am gansxvavebuli meTodis gamo gaxda hipebis moZraoba aRqmuli, rogorc mxolod kulturuli moZraoba, asakobrivi niSniT, axalgazrduli energiiT Sekrebil adamianTa erToba, romelTa prostestic iyo droebiTi da araseriozuli. Tumca am silaRis, yvavilebisa da musikis miRma imaleboda is mTavari, ramac moZraobas istoriuli mniSvneloba SesZina - es iyo lokaluri probleme-bis farTo WrilSi danaxva. stereo-tipebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT social-uri siaxleebis Sesaxeb, swored rom konservatoruli bunebis maxasiaT-ebelia. 1960-70-ian wlebSi Camoyal-ibebuli Sexedulebebi hipebze, maTi moZraobis Sinaarsis reducireba dRemde gvxvdeba, rogorc am moZrao-

14 | CIVICUS#4

bis gaazreba da Sefaseba. cxadia, rTulia omis, tyviebis da bombebis winaaRmdeg yvavilebiT, musikiTa da siyvaruliT ibrZolo, Tumca am simboloebma drois xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina da dRes, es niSnebi, TiTqos gvaxseneben im utopiur ideas, romelic adamianTa garkveuli jgufisT-vis cxovrebis mizans warmoadgenda.

hipebis saxelwodebis wamomavlobaze uamravi versia arsebobs. erT-erTis Tanaxmad, hipebi arian admaianebi, romel-bic ar aRiareben tradiciul socialur standartebs da mxars uWeren liber-alur damokidebulebebs, cxovrebis wess. Phoebe tomsoni wers, rom "iyo hipi, aris filosofiuri arCevani".moZ-raobis saxels ukavSireben aseve 1950-iani wlebis biTebs (beats)- jek keruaks, alen ginsbergs, romelbic hipebis winamorbe-debad moiazrebian.

hipebi emxrobodnen araZaldobriv aqtebs. popularuli fraza iyo "dakavdi siyvaruliT da ara omiT", risTvisac maT uwodebdnen "yvavilebis bavSvebs". isini axdendnen Riaobis, tolerantobisa da siyvarulis popularizebas, rogorc alternativas saSualo klasis SezRudve-bis winaaRmdeg. hipebi xSirad axdendnen Ria seqsualuri urTierTobebis praq-tikas da cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva tipis ojaxur jgufebSi. isini aseve cdilobed-nen sxvadasxva religiebis kombinaciiT cxovrebis axali wesebis Seqmnas, aseve popularuli iyo astrologia da hipebis moZraobis periods, merwyulis epoqad moixseineben xolme.

saxalxo Sekrebebi, musikaluri festiva-lebi da protesti iyo hipebis moZraobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. erT-erTi aseTi Sekreba iyo vudstoki, 3-dRiani musikaluri festivali. es aqcia-koncerti daexmara moZraobas sazogadoebamde mietana TavianTi idea. meTodi efeqturi aRmoCnda, vinaidan festivalis saxeli moZraobis virtualur sinonimad iqca.

1970-iani wlebidan moZraoba Sesustda, 80-ian wlebSi ki TiTqmis gaqra, Tumca dasabami misca axal jgufebs da axali tipis xedvebs sazogadoebaSi.

hipebis filosofia efuZneboda pirad bednierebas da maTi erT-erTi popularuli slogani iyo "Tu mogwons, unda gaakeTo". maT SeSfoTebas iwvevda mSoblebis mier agebuli samyaro - social-uri da ekonomikuri sistema. hipebi amgvar institutebs uwodebdnen istebliSments, did Zmas, kacs. maT swamdaT, rom dom-inanti kultura iyo korumpirebuli da yalbi, xolo TavianTi cxovrebis wesiT cdilobdnen SeecvalaT is.

bob dilanis simRera The Times They are a Changin 1960-iani wlbis adamians amcnobda, rom socialuri rutinebi da Cvevebi icvle-boda da Tu mSoblebis Taoba darCeboda Zveli Rirebulebebisa da cxovrebis wesis mimarT mkacrad erTguli, cvlilbebi gadaaWarbebda maT. Riaoba axali cxovre-bis wesebis mimarT iyo erTaderTi gza droSi darCenisa da gadarCenis.

damokidebuleba da Sefaseba, rac hipebis, rogorc socialuri moZraobis mimarT gaCnda, SeiZleba aixsnas maTi moqmedebis meTodebisa da strategiis SinaarsiT. radikaluri simboloebis urTierTda-pirispireba, rogoric aris yvavilebi bombebis winaaRmdeg, ar iwvevda serio-zul gancdebs. SesaZloa 1960-iani wlebis sazogadoebaSi ufro meti rwmena Zal-adobivi meTodebis mimarT arsebobda, Tumca, dRes, roca maTi ideebi isev arse-bobs da uamravi socialuri moZraoba iziarebs sayovelTao mSvidobis ideas, SesaZloa gadaixedos moZraobis gavlena da axaleburad Sefasdes is, radgan hipebma araTu kulturuli, aramed politikuri da socialuri Sinaarsi SesZines iseT simboloebs, rogoric aris magaliTad yvavili. socialuri moZraobis maxasiaT-ebeli ki swored problemebis gaazreba, maTi gavrceleba da socialuri cxovrebis dRis wesrigSi dayenebaa, rac "yvavilebis bavSvebma" namdvilad moaxerxes.

15 | CIVICUS#4

16 | CIVICUS#4

II msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg germania or - aRmosavleT da dasavleT - nawilad gaiyo. aRmosavleTiT germaniis demokratiuli respublika, xolo dasavleTiT germaniis federaciuli respublika daarsda. am or warmonaqmns, erTis mxriv sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo meore mxriv amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, TavianTi fsevdokomunisturi da kapitalisturi ideebiT marTavdnen. orive saxelmwifos ganzraxva imperialisturi gaxldaT da Tavis

TavSi gavlenis sferoebis gafarToebas isaxavda miznad, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis xarjze xdeboda.

germaniis demokratiuli respublika imdenad avtoritaruli da represiuli saxelmwifo iyo, rom nebismieri winaaRmdegobrivi socialuri moZraoba, arsebuli socio-ekonomikuri da politikuri fonis Sesacvlelad, CanasaxSive kvdeboda. gdr-sgan

60-iani wlebis studenturi moZraobebi germaniaSi

goCa surgulaZeTsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis magistranti

17 | CIVICUS#4

studentebi maleve mixvdnen Canafiqrs. mTavroba Seecada saganmanaTleblo sivrce sabazro ekonomikis relsebze gadaewyo. es ki niSnavda politikuri procesebis mimarT gaucxoebul studentebs, romelTa kvlavwarmoebac ekonomikuri gegmis Sesabamisad moxdeboda. amas ki studentebi ar Seurigdebodnen.

1966 wlis 22 ivnis, berlinis Tavisufali universitetis 3000-ma studentma universitetis senatis fanjris qvemoT gamarTa mjdomare aqcia, sadac universitetis reqtori, profesorebi da administraciis wevrebi ganixilavden mTavrobis mier inicirebul winadadebas universitetSi studentTa kvotirebisa (limitebis gansazRvris) da administraciis uflebamosilebis (studentTa garicxvis) gazrdis Sesaxeb. studentebs ori mTavari moTxovna hqondaT - studentTa warmomadgenlobis CarTva senatSi da mimdinare procesebis meti gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa. studentebma amis Semdeg sauniversiteto sistemis da zogadad sazogadoebis demokratizaciisTvisac miiRes rezolucia. es moZraoba warmatebuli aRmoCnda, radgan berlinis saxelmwifo universitetma ar miiRo studentTa kvotirebis (Semcirebis) gadawyvetileba. es iyo pirveli gamarjveba saxelmwifo aparatis winaaRmdeg.

germanel socialist studentTa kavSiri (SDBS) iyo erT-erTi lideri

60-iani wlebis studenturi moZraobebi germaniaSi

gansxvavebiT, germaniis federaciuli respublika gansxvavebuli politikuri sistema gaxldaT. is aSS-sa da misi mokavSire qveynebisaTvis erTgvari fari iyo, fsevdokomunisturi sabWoTa kavSiris SesaCereblad.

yvelaferi 1966 wels daiwyo, rodesac saxelmwifos marTvis sadave orma gaerTianebam, social da qristian demokratiulma partiebma gaiyves (koaliciuri mTavroba Camoayalibes). qristian-demokratiuli partiis lideri, yofili nacisti kurt georg kisingeri ki gfr-s kancleri gaxda. movlena germanelma kritikosebma Seafases, rogorc erTgvari kohabitacia hitleris reJimis warmomadgenlebTan. kisingeris administraciis pirveli antidemokratiuli qmedeba, presaze cenzuris daweseba iyo. (gazeTis meSveobiT gaxmaurebul iqna nato-s saidumlo manevris Sesaxeb informacia, ris gamoc misi avtori daapatimres).

mTavrobam Zalovani uwyebebis moqmedebaTa gasamartiveblad da gasazrdelad axali kanonebi SeimuSava, raTa sagangebo situaciebSi maT ufro gabedulad emoqmedaT. es kanonebi mTavrobas uxsnida gzas politikuri represiisTvis. magram yvelaze dramatuli mainc umaRles saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi dagegmili reformebi aRmoCnda. maT miznad daisaxes swavlis sruli periodis zusti gansazRvra da studentTa raodenobis Semcireba.

18 | CIVICUS#4

studenturi moZraoba, romelic saT-aveSi edga 22 ivnisis mjdomare aqcias. germanuli studenturi moZraobebi jer kidev ar iyvnen SekavSirebuli saerTo xedvis irgvliv, manam, sanam 1967 wels germaniis federaciul respublikas ar estumra iranis Sahi. iranis Sahi, mohamed reza fehlevi iyo tirani da axorcielebda mZime represiebs qveyanaSi. mTavrobis ms-gavsma keTilganwyobam da mxardaWeram Sahis mimarT, gaanawyena progresulad moazrovne studentebi. protestis niSnad, SDBS-ma 2 ivniss, berlinSi, operis saxlis win mSvidobian msvle-lobas gaukeTa organizeba, romelic policiam uflebamosilebis gadam-etebiT daSala. uflebamosilebis gadametebis gamo aTobiT adamiani daSavda, erTi axalgazrda ki garda-icvala. policiis oficerma ganzrax gasroliT 26 wlis studenti, beno ohnesorgi gamoasalama sicocxles. amas ki mohyva Semdgomi mRelvare protesti gfr-is sxvadasxva qalaqSi, sadac aTasobiT adamiani mdumare manifestaciebs marTavda.

studentTa gaerTianebaSi didi

roli iTamaSa rudi duCkes pirovnebam, romelic gaxldaT germaniis socialist studentTa kavSiris Tavjdomare, gfr-s axalgzrduli arasaparlamento opoziciis damfuZnebeli da anti-vietnamuri kongresis organizatori. is sxva liderebs ar hgavda. masze didi gavlena iqonia frankfurtis skolam, antonio gramSisa da roza luqsemburgis Sexedulebebma. rudi Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi saubrobda gfr-Si socialuri moZraobis ZiriTad ideaze da acxadebda, rom arsebuli socio-ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gardaqmna gardauvali aucilebloba gaxldaT. es procesi unda yofiliyo aramxolod germanelebis, aramed sxva xalxTa emansipaciis dasawyisi. rudi emxroboda usisxlo, araZaladobriv protests da nebayoflobiT revolucias. is aRiarebda, rom, mas ar hqonda pasuxi kiTxvaze: "ra unda gaakeTos xalxma revoluciisTvis ???". swored es Tvisebebi da midgomebi xels uwyobda studentebTan kavSiris gamyarebas da ndobis mopovebas sazogadoebaSi.

19 | CIVICUS#4

1967 wlis Semodgomaze SDBS-ma berlinis Tavisufal universitetSi daarsa "kritikuli universiteti", romelic sauniversiteto sivrce-Si daamuSavebda SemoTavazebuli "umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformis" alternatiul variants. berlin-is Semdeg aRniSnuli praqtika sxva universitetebSi gavrcelda. isini ikavebdnen auditoriebs da awyobd-nen Ria seminarebs gansxvavebuli sa-ganmanaTleblo sivrcis Sesaxeb. maT gabedul nabijebs xSirad policia upirispirdeboda da axalgazrdul Tavyrilobebs arbevda xolme. SDBS-ma saerTaSoriso aRiareba 1968 wels moipova. maSin saxelmwifo uSiSroebis neonacistma agentma, ger-maniis socialist studentTa kavSiris liders, rudi duCkes sasikvdilo Wriloba miayena. duCkes iozef bax-manma TavSi esrola. es iyo dasawyisi dasasrulisa. duCke iyo wyalgamyofi mSvidobian da Zaladobriv qmedebebs Soris, romelic saxelmwifo Zal-momreobiTma sistemam erTi tyviis gasroliT waSala. duCkes mkvlelo-bis mcdelobis Semdeg memarcxene

moZraobebma radikaluri qmedebebs mimarTes, romelic germaniis fed-eraciuli respublikis istoriaSi yvelaze sisxliani aRmoCnda. studen-tebi ikavebdnen da wvavdnen sxvadasxva Senobebs, awyobdnen teroristul aqtebs, itacebdnen da klavdnen elCebs, biznesmenebs da zogadad yofil na-cistebsa da maT mxardamWerebs. qaosi mxolod 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dasrulda.

dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebis didma nawilma araferi icis germaniis studenturi moZraobis Sesaxeb. moZraobam gardamtexi roli iTamaSa imperialisturi da avtoritaruli ideebis winaaRmdeg brZolasa da erTiani evropuli demokratiis SeqmnaSi. studentTa moTxovnebi, momxdariyo tiraniasTan Seurigebeli brZola, studentTa CarTuloba sauniversiteto sivrcis formirebaSi da zogadad sazogadobriv saqmianobaSi, dRes dasavleTis erT-erT yvelaze saamayo miRwevad iTvleba. es ufleba studentebma sakuTari sisxlis fasad, "gaxrwnil saxelmwifo aparatTan" Seurigebeli brZoliT moipoves.

20 | CIVICUS#4

sami studenturi organizacia, ro-melTaganac gadamwyveti roli iTa-maSa organizaciam "klase".

"klase" 2001 wels, anti-globalis-turi protestidan warmoiSva, orga-nizacias gaaCnia TviTmarTvelobiTi organoebi 18 universitetSi. klase 44 aTasamde students aerTianebs. organizacia Sedgeba federaciebi-sgan, gadawyetilebis miRebis procesi pirdapiri demokratiisa da feder-aciul principebzea dafuZnebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1968 wlis kve-bekis studenturi gaficvebis dros, TiTqmis yvelgan moxda oficial-uri studenturi TviTmmarTvelo-bebis gandgureba da studenturi sindikatebiT Canacvleba, romleb-mac aRiareba mxolod 1984 wlidan moipoves. 2012 wlis gaficvebSi ki studentTa mobilizacia yvelaze metad im universtetebSi gaWirda, sadac TviTmmarTvelobebis msgavsi reprezentaciuli saxis organizacie-bi kvlav moqmedebdnen.

"klase" Tavdapirvelad warmoad-genda studentebis mcire organi-zacias, romelic uerTdeboda in-ternacionalur antikapitalistur moZraobebs da awarmoebda Tematur propagandas lokalur doneze. 2003 wels, organizaciam scada sayovel-Tao gaficvis organizeba swavlis gadasaxadis gazrdis sawinaaRmde-

rodesac vsaubrobT Tanamedrove studentur moZraobebze, ver gaveqcev-iT 2012 wels ganviTarebul movlen-ebs kanadis provincia kvebekSi. stu-denturi sindikalizmis mniSvneloba warmoudgenlad izrdeba neoliber-aluri wesrigis dros, ganaTlebis sistema da masze mibmuli finansuri kapitali cdiloben farTo social-uri jgufebis atomizacias, socialu-ri problemebis privatul sivrceSi gadmotanas (magaliTad valis aRebis sistema - erTi SexedviT gvevlineba rogorc individs piradi arCev-ani da piradi problema, rodesac vali sinamdvileSi struqturuli aucileblobaa neoliberaluri politikis SigniT).

2012 wlis TebervalSi kvebekSi daiwyo studentebis sayovelTao ulimito gaficva, premier Jan Sares mier ganxorcielebuli reformis winaaRmdeg, romelic umaRlesi ga-naTlebis safasurs 72 %-iT zrdida, gaficva grZeldeboda eqvs Tveze mets da reformis damarcxebiT dasrulda.

aucilebelia visaubroT am mov-lenis warmatebis mizezebze, orga-nizaciul sakiTxebze, am saxis poli-tikuri brZolis aqtualobasa da ramodenime aspeqtze, romelic rel-evanturia qarTuli realobisTvis. sayovelTao gaficvas saTaveSi edga

socialuri moZraobebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi:

kanadis gamocdileba

Tornike CivaZEe

Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti, studentTa TviTorganizebis qseli

21 | CIVICUS#4

god, Tumca gaficva Cavarda. 2004 wels, saxelmwifom swavlis dafi-nansebisTvis gamoyofili 103 mil-ioni dolari valad gamoacxada. amis Semdeg "klase" iwyebs erTiani platformis Seqmnas, romelic See-winaaRmdegeba am reformas, rac 2005 wlis TebervalSi 70 000 studentis gaficviT sruldeba. gaficvam mx-olod xuT kviras gastana, radgan sxva studenturi organizaciebi ga-moeTiSnen process moTxovnebis nawilobrivi dakmayofilebis gamo. 2012 wels ki, xelaxla ewyoba sxva-dasxva studenturi organizaciebis mier organizebuli sayovelTao gaficva, romelSic avangardad "klase" gvevlineba. sainteresoa or-ganizaciis politika, romelsac es moZraoba atarebs:

eskalaciis taqtika

eskalaciis taqtikis strategia gulisxmobs im moqmedebebis pro-eqtirebas, romlebic Semdgom pro-gresulad radikalizdebian - Tav-dapirvelad, martivi da mimzidveli moqmedebebis warmoebas, romlebSi monawileobac martivia : "peticiebis" Sedgena, politikur fleSmobebi, an generalur asambleaze CarTva. ra Tqma unda, es moqmedebebi TavisTavad ar axdens gavlenas problemis mog-varebaze, Tumca isini efeqturia moZ-raobis gazrdisa da studentebis Tan-daTanobiT politizirebisaTvis. amis paralelurad, mimdinareobs kvlevebis warmoeba da propaganda, informaciuli da saprotesto aqciebi. rogorc klasses wevrebi acxadeben, swored CarTulobis zrdam da axali Taobebis inkluziam miiyvana organizacia pirdapir moq-medebasa da sayovelTao gaficvamde.

•pirdapiri demokratia

organizacia pirdapiri demokratiis meqanizmiT muSaobs.

msgavsi midgoma xels uwyobs Sida legitimaciis zrdas, wevrebis moti-virebul moqmedebas. reprezentaciis maqsimalurad Semcireba da horizon-taluri modelis struqturirebuli muSaoba uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetile-bebis efeqtur da mobilizebul ganx-orcielebas. pirdapiri demokratiis da taqtikis eskalaciis kombinirebam organizaciis wevrebis TqmiT, organi-zaciaSi Zlieri Sida legitimaciis age-bas Seuwyo xeli: gadawyvetilebis miRe-bis demokratiulma principma da masSi mzardi CarTulobis xarisxma gamoav-lina, rom studenturi kavSiri real-urad warmoadgens studentebis didi umravlesobis nebas. saboloo jamSi, generalur asambleaze miRebuli gad-awyvetileba, miuxedavad misi kanonieri Tu kanons gareT myofi SinaarsiT, aRiarebuli da legitimirebuli iyo studentebis mier. gaficva warmoad-gens saukeTeso magaliTs - gaficvis magaliTidan Cans, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar gaaCnia legaluri bazisi da studentebma ician, rom is araa kanonierad gamoxatuli, metic, piketireba da Senobebis blokereba ukanonoa, piketis xazebi xeluxlebeli rCeba swored internaluri legit-imaciis gamo. studenturi gaficva ar eqceva legalur badeSi, da is arc ukanonoa, arc kanonieri. "es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cven ar unda davelodoT saxelmwifos an universitetis mier Cveni organizaciis, Cveni generaluri asambleisa da Cveni demokratiuli gad-awyvetilebis oficialurad cnobas. avtonomiuri organizacia saSualebas gvaZlevs, avagoT iseTi Zlieri legit-imaciis struqtura, romelsac SeuZlia kanonis da sxva regulaciis formebis ganadgureba" alan sevardi (klasse).

•sayovelTao ulimito gaficva

aucilebelia studenturi gaficvis gacnobiereba da misi politikuri mniSvnelobis gaazreba. studen-

turi demonstraciebi ZiriTadad uZluria fundamenuri skiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. studentur demonstra-ciebs, sanam isini informaciuli xasiaTis arian, SeuZliaT mxolod problemis dafiqsireba, sazoga-doebamde mitana da aqtualizeba. saerTo studenturi gaficva ki war-moadgens realur politikur nabi-js, romelic uSualod problemis gadaWrazea orientirebuli. Tumca, es warmoadgens urTules process, romlis ganxorcielebasac win unda uswrebdes Zlieri organizaciuli moqmedebebi, studenturi profka-vSirebis arseboba da muSaoba Tu wlebis manZilze gatarebuli mizan-mimarTuli politika, rac moicavs rogorc legalur,ise aralegalur brZolas (peticiebis Segrovebas, kvlevebis warmoebas, saprotesto aqciebs an Tundac mcire maStabiani gaficvebis Catarebas). farTo maS-tabiani studenturi gaficvebi ori-entirebulia ZiriTadad swavlis dafinansebis sakiTxebis, valebis gauqmebis an ufaso ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis mog-varebaze. sayovelTao ulimito gaficva iwvevs saganmanaTleblo sistemis paralizebas, iqamde, sanam gaficvis moTxovnebi ar dakmayo-fildeba. imisTvis, rom gaficvebi ar Sewydes aucilebelia, rogorc jgufis Sida, Sinagani, ise garegani legitimacia.

22 | CIVICUS#4

23 | CIVICUS#4

socialur moZraobebs saqarTve-los istoriaSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi guriaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis axal etaps Cauyares safuZveli da qarTuli sazogadoebis demokrati-uli kulturis ganviTarebas Seuwyves xeli. 1905 wels guriaSi adgilo-brivma ajanyebulebma da social-uri moZraobis aqtivistebma dau-morCilebloba gamoucxades rusul carizms. 1905 wels dasavleT saqarT-velos patara regionSi mosaxleo-bam namdvili TviTmmarTvelobis damyareba scada. aTasobiT adamiani erT moZraobaSi ramdenime mizezma gaaerTiana.

upirveles yovlisa, guriaSi so-cialuri moZraobis dawyeba baTumis warumatebelma gaficvebma ganap-irobes. 1900-1902 wlebSi baTumeli muSebi intensiurad upirispirde-bodnen qalaqis msxvili sawarmoebis mflobelebs. saprotesto demon-straciebis mizani muSaTa socialu-ri mdgomareobis gamumjobeseba da sawarmoTa marTvaSi Tanamonawil-eobis uflebis mopoveba gaxldaT. samwuxarod, baTumel mSromelTa

24 | CIVICUS#4

brZola gamarjvebiT ar dasrule-bula. uamravi sisxliani darbevis Semdeg, olqis xelmZRvaneloba iZu-lebuli gaxda, rom dasaqmebulebi qa-laqidan gaesaxlebina. mravalwlian revoluciur brZolaSi gamocdil-ma, araformalur wreebSi ganaTleba miRebulma muSebma sanavsadguro qa-laqidan mSobliur mxareSi, guriaSi gadainacvles da winaaRmdegobis moZraobis agitatorebi gaxdnen. isini sofel-sofel dadiodnen da moqalaqeebs saijaro, saxelmwifo, saeklesio gadasaxadebis gauqmebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb esaubrebod-nen. propagandistebi mosaxleobas wylisa da tyis Tavisufali sarge-blobis uflebis moTxovniT gamosv-liskenac mouwodebdnen.

gurulebis socialur moZraoba-Si gaerTianebas xeli Seuwyo maTma umZimesma uflebrivma mdgomareo-bamac. maSindel saqarTveloSi sof-lisa da Temis doneze saTaTbiro organoebi faqtobrivad ar arse-bobdnen. soflis uxucesebi, admin-istraciuli moxeleebi da Tavadebi ukontrolo uzurpatorebad iyvnen Camoyalibebulni. isini mxolod maTTvis sasargeblo gadawyvetile-

socialuri moZraobebi saqarTveloSi:

1905 wlis guria da baxvis manifesti

levan lorTqifaniZe

bebs iRebdnen da gaWirvebuli miwaT-moqmedebis xarjze sakuTari Semo-savlebis gaorkecebas cdilobdnen. adgilobrivebi socialur Cagvras legaluri warmomadgenlobiTi berketebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT ver upirispirdebodnen.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi social-uri moZraobis agorebis winapiroba adgilobrivTa ganaTlebis maRali donec iyo. memarcxene aqtivistebis mondomebiT ozurgeTis mazris TiTqmis yvela sofelSi moewyo sax-alxo samkiTxvelo. mazra gamoir-Ceoda skolebisa da moswavleebis gasakvirad soliduri raodenobiT. TiTqmis yvela did dasaxlebaSi moq-medebda safosto sadguri, romelic intensiurad maragdeboda adgilo-brivi da saimperio gazeTebiT. baTu-melma muSebma soflebSic danergis maTTvis nacnobi praqtika da ara-formaluri revoluciuri ganaT-lebis wreebs Cauyares safuZveli. maSasadame, 1905 wlisTvis regionis mosaxleobam ukve SesaniSnavad ico-da progresuli da demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis dam-kvidrebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.

caristuli TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg socialuri moZraobis wamowyeba kidev erT faqtors Segvi-Zlia davukavSiroT. kerZod, mecx-ramete sukunis meore naaxevridanve guriaSi ukve gaCndnen e.w. "firalebi", romlebic Tavad-aznaurTa mier dawesebul kanonebs ar emorCile-bodnen, tyeebSi ixiznebodnen da par-tizanuli TavdasxmebiT cdilobd-nen Tavis rCenasac da protestis gamoxatvasac. partizanebis arseboba socialur moZraobas met mxneobasa da gambedaobas matebda.

cxadia, gurul glexTa winaaRm-degobis Camoyalibebis winapiroba 1901-1903 wlebis cudi mosavlia-noba da ruseT-iaponiis omis gamo

25 | CIVICUS#4

gamowveuli ekonomikuri ryevebic gaxldaT.

1905 wlisTvis guriaSi socialur-ma moZraobam piks miaRwia. adgilo-brivma mosaxleobam TviTorganize-bis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina. maT yvela TemSi TviT-neburad, mefisnacvlis daukiTxa-vad safuZveli Cauyares pirdapiri demokratiis faqtobriv organoebs - sasoflo krebebs. krebebma ki saglexo sasamarTloebi da Temis xelmZRvaneli pirebi Tu sxva mox-eleebi airCies. yvela krebam sakuTar sapolicio razmsac Cauyara safuZ-veli. mTelma regionma ki carizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad saerTo revoluciuri komiteti airCia.

albaT, yvelas gainteresebT, Tu ra moTxovnebi aerTianebdaT social-uri moZraobis monawileebs?

ozurgeTis mazraSi gamocxadebuli T v i T v m m a r T v e l o b i s g a m o SeSfoTebulma mTavarmarTebelma aTi aTaskaciani sadamsjelo razmi Sekriba da dasavleT saqarTvelos gzas gauyena. sadamsjelo razmis guriaSi Sesvlamde regions rusuli administraciis gavleniani liberali warmomadgeneli, sulTan krim-girei ewvia. man TiTqmis yvela sofeli Semoiara. moxele socialuri moZraobis wevrTa mier organizebul saTemo krebebSi monawileobda. yvela dasaxleba imperiuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenels erTi da imave manifestiT daxvda. yvelaze didi Sexvedra, romelsac aTasze meti moqalaqe eswreboda, sofel baxvSi Sedga. aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri moZraobis mier mazris yvela TemSi SemuSavebul dokuments simbolurad erTi soflis saxeli mieniWa. aboutgur ia .b logspot .com-ze "baxvis manifestis" Tanamedroved struqturirebuli variantis xilva SegiZliaT:

Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba

- wodebaTa gauqmeba- sityvis krebis, kavSirebis da gaficvis Tavisufleba- pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba- politpatimrebis gaTavisufleba- daxuruli samkiTxveloebis dauyovnebliv gaxsna (informaciis

Tavisufleba)

administraciuli da saxelisuflebo

reforma

- glexTa komitetebis daarseba soflad- saxalxo sasamarTლos SemoReba- mudmivi jaris gauqmeba da sax-alxo miliciis SemoReba- damfuZnebeli krebis arCeva say-ovelTao, faruli da pirdapiri arCevnebiT

sagadasaxado reforma

- sabatono, saeklesio da saxelm-wifo begaris gauqmeba;- yvela arapirdapiri gadasaxadis gauqmeba- dramis gadasaxadis gauqmeba- progresirebadi dabegvris Se-moReba- yvela im glexis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadisgan, romelTa Semo-savali ar aRemateba 500 maneTs (daubegravi minimumi)

miwis reforma

- saufliswulo, saeklesio samonastro miwebis konfiskacia da maTi gadacema glexobisTvis usasyidlod- sanadelo miwebis gadacema glexobisTvis usasyidlod- sanadelo miwebSi gadaxdili va-lis ukan dabruneba glexobisTvis

ganaTlebis reforma

- orive sqesisTvis 16 wlamde ufaso sayovelTao swavlebis SemoReba- soflebSi saswavleblebis arseboba- skolebSi qarTul enaze swavlebis SemoReba- saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gauqmeba

26 | CIVICUS#4

bunebrivia, caristulma reJimma ar daak-mayofila manifestis arc erTi moTxovna. ozurgeTis mazra 1906 wlemde uTanas-woro omSi winaaRmdegobas uwevda imperi-ul razmebs. sabolood, xelisuflebam sisxlSi CaaxSo saqarTveloSi warmo-Sobili erT-erTi pirveli socialuri moZraoba.

"baxvis manifesti" qarTuli demokrati-is erT-erTi pirveli furceli gaxlavT. Sesabamisad, igi akademiuri da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul yuradRe-basa da pativiscemas unda imsaxurebdes. samwuxarod, erT-erTi mTavari qarTuli demokratiuli da socialuri moZraobis Sesaxeb CvenTan bevrma araferi icis, vi-Racebi uniWo xumrobebis sagnad miiCneven ozurgeTis mazraSi warmoebul kampanias. Cveni demokratiuli brZolebis ukeT Ses-wavlis dro dadga!

"puri da vardebi" britaneli reJiso-ris, ken louCis mSromelebisadmi miZRvnili socialur-ekonomikuri realizmia. saTauri exmianeba 1912 wels masaCusetSi muSaTa gaficvis Temas. filmi usamarTlo siste-mazea, romlis demokratiluroba da keTildReoba xSirad dauokebel eqspluataciaze idga da dgas, miuxe-davad "amerikuli ocnebisa". maia (pilar padila) ukanono meqsikeli emigrantia, romelic qalaqSi Cadis damlageblis vakansiis gamo. maleve ikveTeba politikuri gulgriloba, romelic warmoadgens rogorc aunazRaurebel Sromas, aseve "susti sqesis" trefikingisa da faruli prostituciis Sirmas. louCi cdi-lobs kompleqsurad daupirispiros

socialuri moZraoba kinoSi: germanuli Semodgoma da puri da vardebi

aleqsandre gabelia

ilias universitetis studenti

28 | CIVICUS#4

erTmaneTs Sroma da kapitali da dagvanaxos realuri xalxi. dagva-naxos saSineli uTanaswoba or klass Soris - adamianebs Soris, romlebic qalaqis ofisebSi muSaoben da adami-anebs Soris, romlebic maT dasvril oTaxebs alageben. maT dasakargi aRaraferi aqvT da mSvidobiani samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT eWqveS ayeneben kanonebs. ajanyebas da sisxlisRvrasac ar moeridebod-nen, radgan elitarul wreebs maTi sisxlis gamowova bolomde sur-daT. am SemTxvevaSi erTaderT bari-kadad "Zala saukeTeso argumentias" qveteqsti SeiZleba miviCnioT. am yve-lafris winaaRmdegni ki xSirad Tav-isuflebis moyvaruli liberalebi arian. Tumca maTi Tavisufleba maias

socialuri moZraoba kinoSi: germanuli Semodgoma da puri da vardebi

gmiris Tavisuflebis ideas Sor-deba. maT xSirad brazi axrCobT, roca memarcxeneebi Tanaswor msof-lioze vsaubrobT da vakritikebT velur konkurencias. maT cinikur SekiTxvas "rogor SeiZleba yvelani Tanasworebi viyoT?" Cven da louCi vpasuxobT, rom dadgeba dro da es SekiTxva Sizofreniis simptomad CaiTvleba.

"purs da vardebs" rom davubrun-deT, gardamtexi scenaa, roca mS-romelebsa da maias, misi da uRa-latebs. isini or sxvadasxva banakSi aRmoCndebian. es scena ki dramatur-giulad kravs films da emociur fons aZlierebs. sabolood ki louCi uars ambobs zRaprul da-

sasrulze da saboloo gamarjvebaze. Tumca filmis finali mainc opti-misturia. es brZola aucileblad gagrZeldeba; Cvens dRevandelobaSi rom gadmovinacvloT, CvenTan Camoy-alibebuli demokratiuli modeli daxuruli wrea, romelSic Cagruli adamianebis xma ver aRwevs da mTeli sistema adamianebis privilegirebul jgufs emsaxureba. am neoliberaluri midgomis gamo sazogadoebas brZo-lis unari CamorTmeuli aqvs da em-paTiis ararseboba mmarTvel klass Cagvris politikis daxvewas uad-vilebs. dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare, kapitalizmis mTavari monapovari mdgomareobs imaSi, rom "monas" sakuTari Tavisufleba daajeros. realurad es "demokra-tia" adamians ara Tavisuflebas, ar-amed mudmivad maRaroelis rolSi yofnas sTavazobs, romelic siste-matiuri zewolis qveS aris da ar icis rogor Secvalos sakuTari cxovreba. analogiur mdgomareo-baSia soflebSi myofi glexebis umravlesoba,radgan realurad ar arsebobs regionebis ganviTarebis gegma,rac Sromis gadanawilebasa da meurneobis gamdidrebas uSlis xels. amis gamo sofeli garesamyarosaa mowyvetili. sazogadoebis didi nawili Sromobs gadarCenisTvis, elituri wre ki tribunebidan da ambionebidan mis keTildReobaze da Tanasworobaze saubrobs. aseve aRsaniSnavia qalisa da Sromis urT-ierTmimarTeba, romelic SeiZleba kulturis paradigmad miviCnioT. sa-marcvino monur anazRaurebas xSir-ad Tan erTvis damatebiTi SromiTi, ojaxuri Tu sazogadoebrivi Cagvra, romelsac qarTuli "qalis kultis" fenomeni ver Svelis.

29 | CIVICUS#4

axla ki gadavideT germanul axal talRaze, romlisTvisac ar aris ucxo socialuri moZraobebis, ajanyebebisa da axali realobis Seqmnis sakiTxebi. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom saqme gvaqvs "axal-gazrda germanelebTan", romlebic e.w. "umamoTa Taobas" warmoadgenen. maT meore msoflio omis Semdgom krizisul germaniaSi mouxdaT moR-vaweoba. mamebis Taoba ganadgurda, aseve unda ganadgurebuliyo Zveli germaluri kino.

1977 wlis germaniis movlenebi trialebs martin Sleieris motace-basa da mkvlelobis irgvliv. is iyo biznesmeni da germanuli mSromelTa partiis prezidenti. moTxovna iyo aTeulobiT teroristis ganTavisu-fleba cixeebidan. termini "german-

uli Semodgoma" aRmocenda kolab-oraciul dokumentur filmSi,sa-dac gamoCnda germanuli memarcxene wiTeli armiis socialuri atmos-fero. usisxlo teraqtebi realu-riT Seicvala. 1977-78 wels ebrZod-nen ara mxolod maT, aramed maT yvela Tanamzraxvels. radikalebi ki cdilobdnen maqsimaluri winaaRmde-goba gaewiaT sistemisTvis. maT mok-les iurgon ponto (drezden-bankis xelmZRvaneli) da gaitaces Sleieri, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo ara mSromelTa uflebebi, aramed

mdidari investorebi. movlenebi dRiTidRe iZabeboda. cixis saknebSi maleve daxoces wiTeli armiis wevrebi, rasac maleve "omis" dasruleba moyva. ase damTavrda "germanuli Semodgoma". uSiSroebis organoebma memarcxene radikalebsa da xalxs Soris bzari gaaCines da yvela vinc dakavSirebuli iqneboda maTTan policiis mudmivi zewolisa da Cagvris obieqti gaxde-boda. rac Seexeba films "axalgazrda germanelebi" saubroben am movlen-ebze da mis gamomwvev mizezebze. filmi winaaRmdegobrivia da gvanaxebs, rom teroristuli aqtebis mizezi erTi SexedviT bundovania, magram calmx-

rivi. Sedegze pasuxismgebloba ki pir-vel rigSi Zaladobriv sistemas da elitebs ekisrebaT. maT sindiszea TiToeuli adamianis sikvdili.

filmi erTi fraziT iwyeba da mTavr-deba: "rodesac Zaladoba garkveul wertils aRwevs, ukve sul erTia, vin wamoiwyo is. is unda SeCerdes."Cven ki vifiqroT samarTlian moZ-raobebze da gaficvis politikis mniS-vnelobaze. manamde ki yvela partiis politikul moRvawes gavuCinoT SiSi , rom parikisa da makiaJis gareSe resto-ranSic ver Sevidnen. iq, sadac devid greberis TqmiT , maT xalxma saWmeli unda esrolos.

31 | CIVICUS#4

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociacia

www.cela.ge

redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe

proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia

teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe

Jurnalze muSaobdnen:

qeTi sarTania

sandro tabataZe

mariam guliaSvili

goCa surgulaZe

Tornike CivaZe

aleqsandre gabelia

c i v i c u s

http://www.cela.ge/ge/civicus

https://www.facebook.com/celageo

info@cela.ge

am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno

sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier.masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo

ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is,USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis

Sexedulebebs.

c i v i cus#4 | ivnisi 2015

www.cela.ge/ge/civicus