City of Waukesha Proposed Great Lakes Diversion · 6/12/2019 · The City of Waukesha lies within...

August 2019

City of Waukesha Proposed Great Lakes Diversion

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Environmental Impact Statement i

To the Reader The City of Waukesha lies within a county that straddles the Great Lakes surface water divide and is therefore eligible to seek an exception from the prohibition of diversions under the Great Lakes—St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement (Agreement) and Great Lakes—St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact (Compact). The Agreement is a good faith agreement between the Great Lake States and Provinces to manage water quantity in the Great Lakes Basin. The Agreement is implemented in the United States through the Compact—a legally binding contract among the eight Great Lakes States. The Applicant seeks to obtain a Lake Michigan water supply as a solution to its current water supply problems that include elevated levels of radium in the drinking water supply above the drinking water standard. This document is an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), prepared by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) in compliance with Wisconsin Administrative Code (Wis. Adm. Code) Chapter NR 150, and Wisconsin Statute (Wis. Stat.) s. 1.11. The purpose of an EIS is to inform decision-makers and the public of the anticipated effects on the quality of the human environment of a proposed action or project and alternatives to the proposed action or project. The EIS is an informational tool—it is not a decision document. The EIS process began when the public was invited to provide comments on the scope of the EIS analysis between February 5, 2010 and August 13, 2011. In 2011, three public scoping meetings were held on July 26, 27 and 28 in Pewaukee, Wauwatosa and Sturtevant, respectively. The DNR received 102 public scoping comments. In October 2013, the City of Waukesha (Applicant) submitted a revised Application for a Lake Michigan Diversion with Return Flow (Application) to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) to describe the proposal and potential environmental consequences. By 2015, the DNR prepared a Technical Review, draft EIS and preliminary final EIS. The Technical Review outlined the DNR’s findings related to the Agreement, Compact and Wisconsin’s Compact implementing statutes (a requirement of Article 201 of the Agreement, section 4.9 of the Compact, and Wis. Stat. s.281.346(4)(e)1.f.). The DNR invited the public to comment on the draft EIS between June 25 to August 28, 2015. The DNR received 3,634 written comments from individuals and groups. Additionally, comments were received at three public hearings on August 17 and 18, 2015 in Waukesha, Milwaukee and Racine. Of the 404 people who registered at the hearings, 128 provided oral testimony. The preliminary final EIS included the DNR’s response to public comments. On January 7, 2016, the DNR forwarded the preliminary final EIS, Technical Review and Application to the Great Lakes States, and Quebec and Ontario through the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River Water Resources Regional Body (Regional Body) and Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River Water Resources Compact Council for review and decision as required by the Agreement and Compact. The Regional Body is the governing body of the Agreement and includes the Great Lakes premiers and governors. The Compact Council is the governing body of the Compact and includes the Great Lakes governors. Throughout this process, Great Lakes Tribes and First Nations were informed of the proposal and provided opportunities to comment. The Regional Body approved the proposed diversion with conditions on June 21, 2016, as described in this EIS.

https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EIA/documents/Waukesha/PreliminaryFinalEIS.pdfhttps://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EIA/documents/Waukesha/PreliminaryFinalEIS.pdf

Environmental Impact Statement ii

In 2017, the department received additional information in a supplemental EIR from the Applicant for their Lake Michigan water supply and Root River return flow. This EIS explains the Applicant’s proposal to use water from Lake Michigan (in order to meet its water supply needs) and return wastewater to the Lake Michigan basin as required by the Agreement and Compact. It analyzes potential impacts of alternative water supply and return flow options, including the current proposal, and includes other analyses not presented in the draft or preliminary final EIS documents. The Compact Council and Regional Body has conditionally approved the diversion. Before any specific permits or approvals are issued, the DNR is issuing this EIS and will be issuing a WEPA compliance determination. The Applicant will need to acquire all permits and approvals for the diversion from the State of Wisconsin before the DNR can approve the diversion. The DNR maintains a website with information related to the Applicant’s diversion application, including the public participation process, communications with the Applicant, and other supporting materials.

http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/wateruse/waukeshadiversionapp.htmlhttp://dnr.wi.gov/topic/wateruse/waukeshadiversionapp.html

Environmental Impact Statement iii

Table of Contents To the Reader ................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xiv List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xvi Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xvii 1 Introduction and project summary ....................................................................................... 1

Proposed project ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Process summary ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Purpose and need for proposed project ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Diversion area ........................................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Current proposal ................................................................................................................... 5 Description of proposed facilities ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Water supply pump station (WSPS) ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Water supply pipeline (alternative M1-preferred) .................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Booster pumping station (BPS) Facility ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Water supply connection to the Waukesha Water Utility system ............................................................................. 8 2.1.5 Wastewater treatment ............................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.6 Return flow pump station (RFPS)............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.7 Return flow pipeline (alternative OC3-preferred) ................................................................................................... 10 2.1.8 Return flow discharge site (RFDS) facilities .......................................................................................................... 11 2.1.9 Common water supply pipeline and return flow pipeline features .......................................................................... 12 2.1.10 Proposed construction methods .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.11 Proposed restoration of disturbed areas .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.12 Anticipated construction schedule .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.13 Proposed project costs ............................................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.14 Authorities and approvals for proposed project ...................................................................................................... 16

3 Project alternatives ............................................................................................................. 21 Description of project alternatives .................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Milwaukee supply route alternative M1 description ............................................................................................... 22 3.1.2 Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 description ............................................................................................... 22 3.1.3 Milwaukee Supply route alternative M3 description .............................................................................................. 23 3.1.4 Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline description ......................................................................... 24 3.1.5 Oak Creek route alternative OC3 description ......................................................................................................... 25 3.1.6 Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline description ......................................................................... 25 3.1.7 I-43 easement alternative description ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.8 No action alternative description ............................................................................................................................ 27 Costs of alternative pipeline routes ................................................................................................................................... 28 Review process for alternative pipeline routes .................................................................................................................. 28

Environmental Impact Statement iv

4 Affected environment ......................................................................................................... 30 Geology and soils .............................................................................................................................................................. 30 4.1.1 Surficial geology..................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.2 Bedrock geology ..................................................................................................................................................... 32

4.1.2.1 Neda Formation ............................................................................................................................................ 33 4.1.2.2 Maquoketa Formation ................................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.2.3 Sinnipee Group ............................................................................................................................................. 33 4.1.2.4 Ancell Group ................................................................................................................................................. 33 4.1.2.5 Prairie du Chien Group ................................................................................................................................. 34 4.1.2.6 Trempealeau Group....................................................................................................................................... 34 4.1.2.7 Tunnel City Group ........................................................................................................................................ 34 4.1.2.8 Elk Mound Group ......................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2.9 Wonewoc Formation ..................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2.10 Eau Claire Formation .................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2.11 Mount Simon Formation ............................................................................................................................... 35

4.1.3 Structural geology ................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.4 Bedrock elevation and bedrock valleys .................................................................................................................. 37 Lake Michigan .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 4.2.1 Physical description and floodplain of Lake Michigan ........................................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Water quality of Lake Michigan ............................................................................................................................. 38

4.2.2.1 Milwaukee Harbor Area of Concern ............................................................................................................. 38 4.2.2.2 Lake Michigan water quality data – MMSD, UW‐Milwaukee, and SEWRPC ............................................. 38 4.2.2.3 Lake Michigan water quality data near City of Racine ................................................................................. 40

4.2.3 Geomorphology and sediment of Lake Michigan ................................................................................................... 41 4.2.4 Flora and fauna of Lake Michigan .......................................................................................................................... 41

4.2.4.1 Macrophytes of Lake Michigan .................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.4.2 Benthic invertebrates of Lake Michigan ....................................................................................................... 42 4.2.4.3 Benthic invertebrates of Lake Michigan ....................................................................................................... 42 4.2.4.4 Fish of Lake Michigan .................................................................................................................................. 43 4.2.4.5 Herptiles of Lake Michigan .......................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.4.6 Birds of Lake Michigan ................................................................................................................................ 43 4.2.4.7 Mammals of Lake Michigan ......................................................................................................................... 44

Fox River .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44 4.3.1 Physical description of floodplain of the Fox River................................................................................................ 44 4.3.2 Flow and flooding in the Fox River ........................................................................................................................ 44 4.3.3 Water quality of the Fox River ............................................................................................................................... 44 4.3.4 Geomorphology and sediments of the Fox River.................................................................................................... 45 4.3.5 Flora and fauna of the Fox River ............................................................................................................................ 45

4.3.5.1 Macrophytes of the Fox River ....................................................................................................................... 46 4.3.5.2 Benthic invertebrates of the Fox River.......................................................................................................... 46 4.3.5.3 Fish of the Fox River .................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3.5.4 Herptiles of the Fox River ............................................................................................................................. 47

Environmental Impact Statement v

4.3.5.5 Birds of the Fox River ................................................................................................................................... 47 4.3.5.6 Mammals of the Fox River ........................................................................................................................... 47

Fox River tributaries ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 4.4.1 Pebble Brook description ........................................................................................................................................ 48 4.4.2 Pebble Creek description ........................................................................................................................................ 48 4.4.3 Mill Creek description ............................................................................................................................................. 49 4.4.4 Genesee Creek description ...................................................................................................................................... 49 4.4.5 Mill Brook description ............................................................................................................................................ 49 4.4.6 Flow and flooding in Fox River tributaries ............................................................................................................. 49 4.4.7 Pebble Brook water quality ..................................................................................................................................... 49 4.4.8 Pebble Creek water quality ..................................................................................................................................... 50 4.4.9 Mill Creek water quality ......................................................................................................................................... 50 4.4.10 Genesee Creek water quality .................................................................................................................................. 51 4.4.11 Mill Brook water quality......................................................................................................................................... 51 4.4.12 Pebble Creek geomorphology ................................................................................................................................. 51 4.4.13 Pebble Brook and Mill Creek geomorphology ....................................................................................................... 52 4.4.14 Mill Brook geomorphology .................................................................................................................................... 52 4.4.15 Genesee Creek geomorphology .............................................................................................................................. 52 4.4.16 Pebble Brook flora .................................................................................................................................................. 52 4.4.17 Pebble Creek flora ................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.4.18 Mill Brook flora ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.4.19 Genesee Creek flora ................................................................................................................................................ 53 4.4.20 Mill Creek flora ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 4.4.21 Pebble Brook benthic invertebrates ........................................................................................................................ 54 4.4.22 Pebble Creek benthic invertebrates ......................................................................................................................... 54 4.4.23 Mill Creek benthic invertebrates ............................................................................................................................. 54 4.4.24 Genesee Creek benthic invertebrates ...................................................................................................................... 54 4.4.25 Mill Brook benthic invertebrates............................................................................................................................. 55 4.4.26 Pebble Brook fish ................................................................................................................................................... 55 4.4.27 Pebble Creek fish .................................................................................................................................................... 55 4.4.28 Mill Creek fish ........................................................................................................................................................ 55 4.4.29 Genesee Creek fish .................................................................................................................................................. 56 4.4.30 Mill Brook fish ....................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.4.31 Herptiles of Fox River tributaries ........................................................................................................................... 56 4.4.32 Birds of Fox River tributaries ................................................................................................................................. 57 4.4.33 Mammals of Fox River tributaries .......................................................................................................................... 57 Root River ......................................................................................................................................................................... 57 4.5.1 Physical description and floodplains of the Root River .......................................................................................... 57 4.5.2 Flow and flooding in the Root River ...................................................................................................................... 59 4.5.3 Water quality of the Root River .............................................................................................................................. 60 4.5.4 Geomorphology of the Root River ......................................................................................................................... 61 4.5.5 Flora and fauna of the Root River ........................................................................................................................... 62

Environmental Impact Statement vi

4.5.5.1 Macrophytes of the Root River ..................................................................................................................... 62 4.5.5.2 Algae of the Root River ................................................................................................................................ 62 4.5.5.3 Benthic invertebrates of the Root River ........................................................................................................ 62 4.5.5.4 Fish of the Root River ................................................................................................................................... 63 4.5.5.5 Herptiles of the Root River Watershed ......................................................................................................... 63 4.5.5.6 Birds of the Root River Watershed ............................................................................................................... 63 4.5.5.7 Mammals of the Root River Watershed ........................................................................................................ 64

Groundwater ..................................................................................................................................................................... 64 4.6.1 Aquifers .................................................................................................................................................................. 64

4.6.1.1 Shallow aquifer ............................................................................................................................................. 66 4.6.1.2 Deep sandstone aquifer ................................................................................................................................. 67 4.6.1.3 Precambrian basement .................................................................................................................................. 68

4.6.2 Groundwater contaminant sites ............................................................................................................................... 68 4.6.3 Groundwater divides ............................................................................................................................................... 69 4.6.4 Springs .................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Vernon Marsh ................................................................................................................................................................... 71 4.7.1 Physical description and floodplain of Vernon Marsh ............................................................................................ 71 4.7.2 Geomorphology and depth to groundwater of Vernon Marsh ................................................................................ 71 4.7.3 Flora and fauna of Vernon Marsh ........................................................................................................................... 71

4.7.3.1 Flora of Vernon Marsh .................................................................................................................................. 71 4.7.3.2 Herptiles of Vernon Marsh............................................................................................................................ 73 4.7.3.3 Birds of Vernon Marsh ................................................................................................................................. 73 4.7.3.4 Mammals of Vernon Marsh .......................................................................................................................... 73 4.7.3.5 Wetland functional values of Vernon Marsh................................................................................................. 73

Forested and scrub/shrub wetlands ................................................................................................................................... 74 4.8.1 Flora of forested and scrub/shrub wetlands ............................................................................................................ 74 4.8.2 Herptiles of forested and scrub/shrub wetlands ...................................................................................................... 75 4.8.3 Birds of forested and scrub/shrub wetlands ............................................................................................................ 75 4.8.4 Mammals of forested and scrub/shrub wetlands ..................................................................................................... 75 4.8.5 Functional values of forested and scrub/shrub wetlands ......................................................................................... 75 Open wetlands................................................................................................................................................................... 76 4.9.1 Description and locations of open wetlands ............................................................................................................ 76 4.9.2 Flora of open wetlands ............................................................................................................................................ 76 4.9.3 Herptiles of open wetlands ..................................................................................................................................... 76 4.9.4 Birds of open wetlands ........................................................................................................................................... 77 4.9.5 Mammals of open wetlands .................................................................................................................................... 77 4.9.6 Functional values of open wetlands ........................................................................................................................ 77 Upland forests ................................................................................................................................................................... 77

4.10.1 Description and locations of upland forests ............................................................................................................ 77 4.10.2 Southern dry forest description ............................................................................................................................... 78 4.10.3 Southern dry-mesic forest description .................................................................................................................... 78 4.10.4 Southern mesic forest description ........................................................................................................................... 78

Environmental Impact Statement vii

4.10.5 Oak opening description ......................................................................................................................................... 78 4.10.6 Flora of upland forests ............................................................................................................................................ 78 4.10.7 Herptiles of upland forests ...................................................................................................................................... 79 4.10.8 Birds of upland forests ............................................................................................................................................ 79 4.10.9 Mammals of upland forests ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Upland grasslands ............................................................................................................................................................. 79

4.11.1 Description and locations of upland grasslands ...................................................................................................... 79 4.11.2 Flora of upland grasslands ...................................................................................................................................... 80 4.11.3 Herptiles of upland grasslands ................................................................................................................................ 80 4.11.4 Birds of upland grasslands ...................................................................................................................................... 80 4.11.5 Mammals of upland grasslands ............................................................................................................................... 81 Air quality ......................................................................................................................................................................... 81 Population ......................................................................................................................................................................... 81

4.13.1 Population data and trends ...................................................................................................................................... 81 4.13.2 Age data .................................................................................................................................................................. 81 4.13.3 Racial data .............................................................................................................................................................. 82 4.13.4 Health and disabilities............................................................................................................................................. 85 Economy ........................................................................................................................................................................... 85

4.14.1 Industries ................................................................................................................................................................ 90 4.14.2 Unemployment ....................................................................................................................................................... 91 4.14.3 Employment trends ................................................................................................................................................. 91 4.14.4 Tax base .................................................................................................................................................................. 92 Land use, zoning and transportation ................................................................................................................................. 94

4.15.1 Recreation and aesthetic resources ......................................................................................................................... 97 4.15.2 Archaeological and historical resources ................................................................................................................. 97 City of Waukesha public water supply sources ................................................................................................................. 98 City of Waukesha water use .............................................................................................................................................. 99

4.17.1 Water demand projections .................................................................................................................................... 100 4.17.2 City of Waukesha water conservation .................................................................................................................. 101

5 Environmental effects ....................................................................................................... 102 Environmental effects common to all alternatives .......................................................................................................... 102 5.1.1 Lake Michigan effects .......................................................................................................................................... 102

5.1.1.1 Lake Michigan water quality effects ........................................................................................................... 102 5.1.1.2 Lake Michigan volume effects .................................................................................................................... 103 5.1.1.3 Lake Michigan geomorphology and sediment effects ................................................................................. 103 5.1.1.4 Lake Michigan flora and fauna effects ........................................................................................................ 103

5.1.2 Root River effects ................................................................................................................................................. 104 5.1.2.1 Root River water quality effects.................................................................................................................. 104 5.1.2.2 Root River flow and flooding effects .......................................................................................................... 110 5.1.2.3 Root River geomorphology and sediment effects ....................................................................................... 112 5.1.2.4 Root River flora and fauna effects .............................................................................................................. 112

5.1.3 Fox River effects .................................................................................................................................................. 114

Environmental Impact Statement viii

5.1.3.1 Fox River water quality effects ................................................................................................................... 114 5.1.3.2 Fox River flow and flooding effects ........................................................................................................... 114 5.1.3.3 Fox River geomorphology and sediment effects ......................................................................................... 115 5.1.3.4 Fox River flora and fauna effects ................................................................................................................ 116

5.1.4 Pebble Brook, Pebble Creek, Mill Brook and Vernon Marsh flora and fauna effects .......................................... 116 5.1.5 Groundwater effects.............................................................................................................................................. 116 5.1.6 Stream crossing effects ......................................................................................................................................... 117 5.1.7 Stream crossing effects on water quality .............................................................................................................. 117 5.1.8 Stream crossing effects on floodplains ................................................................................................................. 117 5.1.9 Stream crossing effects on flora and fauna ........................................................................................................... 117 5.1.10 Wetland effects ..................................................................................................................................................... 117 5.1.11 Pipeline construction effects ................................................................................................................................. 118

5.1.11.1 Waterway crossing methods........................................................................................................................ 118 5.1.11.2 Summary of pipeline construction effects on waterways ............................................................................ 124 5.1.11.3 Pipeline construction effects on wetlands ................................................................................................... 124

5.1.12 Woodland effects .................................................................................................................................................. 126 5.1.13 Air emission effects .............................................................................................................................................. 127 5.1.14 Land use effects .................................................................................................................................................... 127

5.1.14.1 Transportation land use effects ................................................................................................................... 128 5.1.14.2 Agricultural land use effects ....................................................................................................................... 129

5.1.15 Cultural resource effects ....................................................................................................................................... 130 5.1.15.1 Cultural resources review of proposed facilities sites ................................................................................. 130

5.1.16 Population effects ................................................................................................................................................. 131 5.1.17 Public water supply and use effects ...................................................................................................................... 131 5.1.18 Socioeconomic effects .......................................................................................................................................... 131 Environmental effects of the proposed supply pipeline (M1-preferred) ......................................................................... 133 5.2.1 Inland waterway effects of the proposed supply pipeline ..................................................................................... 133 5.2.2 Endangered resources effects of the proposed supply pipeline ............................................................................. 133 5.2.3 Wetland effects of the proposed supply pipeline .................................................................................................. 134 5.2.4 Woodland effects of the proposed supply pipeline ............................................................................................... 134 5.2.5 Upland grassland effects of the proposed supply pipeline .................................................................................... 134 5.2.6 Air emission effects of the proposed supply pipeline ........................................................................................... 134 5.2.7 Land use effects of the proposed supply pipeline ................................................................................................. 135

5.2.7.1 Transportation land use effects of the proposed supply pipeline ................................................................. 135 5.2.7.2 Agricultural land use effects of the proposed supply pipeline ..................................................................... 135 5.2.7.3 Recreation and aesthetic resource effects of the proposed supply pipeline ................................................. 135

5.2.8 Cultural resource effects of the proposed supply pipeline .................................................................................... 136 5.2.9 Costs and energy effects of the proposed supply pipeline .................................................................................... 136 Environmental effects of the proposed return flow pipeline (OC3-preferred) ................................................................ 136 5.3.1 Inland waterway effects of the proposed return flow pipeline .............................................................................. 136 5.3.2 Endangered resources effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ...................................................................... 137 5.3.3 Wetland effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ........................................................................................... 138

Environmental Impact Statement ix

5.3.4 Woodland effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ........................................................................................ 138 5.3.5 Upland grassland effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ............................................................................. 139 5.3.6 Air emission effects of the proposed return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 139 5.3.7 Land use effects of the proposed return flow pipeline .......................................................................................... 139

5.3.7.1 Transportation land use effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ......................................................... 139 5.3.7.2 Agricultural land use effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ............................................................. 140 5.3.7.3 Recreation and aesthetic resource effects of the proposed return flow pipeline .......................................... 140

5.3.8 Cultural resource effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ............................................................................. 141 5.3.9 Costs and energy effects of the proposed return flow pipeline ............................................................................. 141 Environmental effects of the alternative M2 supply pipeline .......................................................................................... 141 5.4.1 Inland waterway effects of the M2 supply pipeline .............................................................................................. 141 5.4.2 Endangered resources effects of the M2 supply pipeline ...................................................................................... 142 5.4.3 Wetland effects of the M2 supply pipeline ........................................................................................................... 142 5.4.4 Woodland effects of the M2 supply pipeline ........................................................................................................ 143 5.4.5 Upland grassland effects of the M2 supply pipeline ............................................................................................. 143 5.4.6 Air emission effects of the M2 supply pipeline .................................................................................................... 143 5.4.7 Land use effects of the M2 supply pipeline .......................................................................................................... 144

5.4.7.1 Transportation land use effects of the M2 supply pipeline .......................................................................... 144 5.4.7.2 Agricultural land use effects of the M2 supply pipeline .............................................................................. 144 5.4.7.3 Recreation and aesthetic resource effects of the M2 supply pipeline .......................................................... 144

5.4.8 Cultural resource effects of the M2 supply pipeline ............................................................................................. 144 5.4.9 Costs and energy effects of the M2 supply pipeline ............................................................................................. 145 Environmental effects of the alternative M3 supply pipeline .......................................................................................... 145 5.5.1 Inland waterway effects of the M3 supply pipeline .............................................................................................. 145 5.5.2 Endangered resources effects of the M3 supply pipeline ...................................................................................... 145 5.5.3 Wetland effects of the M3 supply pipeline ........................................................................................................... 146 5.5.4 Woodland effects of the M3 supply pipeline ........................................................................................................ 147 5.5.5 Upland grassland effects of the M3 supply pipeline ............................................................................................. 147 5.5.6 Air emission effects of the M3 supply pipeline .................................................................................................... 147 5.5.7 Land use effects of the M3 supply pipeline .......................................................................................................... 147

5.5.7.1 Transportation land use effects of the M3 supply route .............................................................................. 148 5.5.7.2 Agricultural land use effects of the M3 supply route .................................................................................. 148 5.5.7.3 Recreation and aesthetic resource effects of the M3 supply route............................................................... 148

5.5.8 Cultural resource effects of the M3 supply pipeline ............................................................................................. 148 5.5.9 Costs and energy effects of the M3 supply pipeline ............................................................................................. 149 Environmental effects of the alternative OC2 return flow pipeline ................................................................................. 149 5.6.1 Inland waterway effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline ..................................................................................... 149 5.6.2 Endangered resources effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline ............................................................................. 149 5.6.3 Wetland effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline .................................................................................................. 150 5.6.4 Woodland effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline ............................................................................................... 151 5.6.5 Upland grassland effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 151 5.6.6 Air emission effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline ........................................................................................... 151

Environmental Impact Statement x

5.6.7 Land use effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline ................................................................................................. 151 5.6.7.1 Transportation land use effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline................................................................. 152 5.6.7.2 Agricultural land use effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline .................................................................... 152 5.6.7.3 Recreation and aesthetic resource effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline ................................................. 152

5.6.8 Cultural resource effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 153 5.6.9 Costs and energy effects of the OC2 return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 153 Environmental effects of the alternative OC4 return flow pipeline ................................................................................. 154 5.7.1 Inland waterway effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline ..................................................................................... 154 5.7.2 Endangered resources effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline ............................................................................. 154 5.7.3 Wetland effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline .................................................................................................. 155 5.7.4 Woodland effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline ............................................................................................... 156 5.7.5 Upland grassland effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 156 5.7.6 Air emissions effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline .......................................................................................... 156 5.7.7 Land use effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline ................................................................................................. 156

5.7.7.1 Transportation land use effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline................................................................. 157 5.7.7.2 Agricultural land use effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline .................................................................... 157 5.7.7.3 Recreation and aesthetic resource effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline ................................................. 158

5.7.8 Cultural resource effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 158 5.7.9 Costs and energy effects of the OC4 return flow pipeline .................................................................................... 159 Environmental effects of the I-43 easement alternative .................................................................................................. 159 Environmental effects of the No Action alternative ........................................................................................................ 160

6 Comparison of alternatives ............................................................................................... 161 Comparison of water supply sources and pipelines......................................................................................................... 161 Comparison of return flow pipeline route alternatives .................................................................................................... 162

7 Cumulative effects and evaluation ................................................................................... 164 Cumulative effects .......................................................................................................................................................... 164 7.1.1 Effects on scarce resources ................................................................................................................................... 164 7.1.2 Unavoidable adverse effects ................................................................................................................................. 164 7.1.3 Consistency with plans ......................................................................................................................................... 165 7.1.4 Short-term and long-term effects .......................................................................................................................... 165 7.1.5 Precedence ............................................................................................................................................................ 165 7.1.6 Risk ....................................................................................................................................................................... 165 7.1.7 Controversy .......................................................................................................................................................... 165

8 Appendix A: proposed pipeline routes ............................................................................. 166 Proposed supply pipeline (M1-preferred) route description ............................................................................................ 166 8.1.1 Oklahoma Avenue segment .................................................................................................................................. 166 8.1.2 National Avenue segment ..................................................................................................................................... 166 8.1.3 Coffee Road segment ............................................................................................................................................ 167 8.1.4 Swartz Road segment ........................................................................................................................................... 167 8.1.5 Racine Avenue segment ....................................................................................................................................... 167 8.1.6 East Sunset Drive segment ................................................................................................................................... 167

Environmental Impact Statement xi

Proposed return flow pipeline (OC3-preferred) route description ................................................................................... 168 8.2.1 Sentry Drive segment ........................................................................................................................................... 168 8.2.2 West Sunset Drive segment .................................................................................................................................. 168 8.2.3 West Avenue segment .......................................................................................................................................... 168 8.2.4 Wisconsin 59 segment .......................................................................................................................................... 169 8.2.5 East Sunset Drive segment ................................................................................................................................... 169 8.2.6 Racine Avenue segment ....................................................................................................................................... 169 8.2.7 Interstate 43 segment ............................................................................................................................................ 169 8.2.8 Parcel NBC 1286999002 segment ........................................................................................................................ 170 8.2.9 Small Road segment ............................................................................................................................................. 170 8.2.10 Westridge Drive segment...................................................................................................................................... 170 8.2.11 Moorland Road segment ....................................................................................................................................... 170 8.2.12 Durham Drive segment ......................................................................................................................................... 171 8.2.13 North Cape Road segment .................................................................................................................................... 171 8.2.14 Ryan Road segment .............................................................................................................................................. 171 8.2.15 60th Street segment................................................................................................................................................ 172

9 Appendix B: Alternative pipeline routes ......................................................................... 173 Milwaukee supply route alternative M1 pipeline description ......................................................................................... 173 Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 pipeline description ......................................................................................... 173 9.2.1 Howard Avenue segment ...................................................................................................................................... 173 9.2.2 Forest Home Avenue segment .............................................................................................................................. 173 9.2.3 Cold Spring Road segment ................................................................................................................................... 173 9.2.4 New Berlin Public Schools segment ..................................................................................................................... 174 9.2.5 Fenway Drive segment ......................................................................................................................................... 174 9.2.6 Mayflower Drive segment .................................................................................................................................... 174 9.2.7 Church Drive segment .......................................................................................................................................... 174 9.2.8 National Avenue segment ..................................................................................................................................... 174 9.2.9 Observatory Road segment ................................................................................................................................... 175 9.2.10 Racine Avenue segment ....................................................................................................................................... 175 9.2.11 Sunset Drive segment ........................................................................................................................................... 175 Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 pipeline description ......................................................................................... 175 9.3.1 Howard Avenue segment ...................................................................................................................................... 176 9.3.2 Forest Home Avenue segment .............................................................................................................................. 176 9.3.3 Cold Spring Road segment ................................................................................................................................... 176 9.3.4 Beloit Road segment ............................................................................................................................................. 176 9.3.5 National Avenue segment ..................................................................................................................................... 177 9.3.6 Parcel NBC 1268960 segment .............................................................................................................................. 177 9.3.7 Racine Avenue segment ....................................................................................................................................... 177 9.3.8 Sunset Drive segment ........................................................................................................................................... 178 Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline description ................................................................................. 178 9.4.1 Sentry Drive segment ........................................................................................................................................... 178 9.4.2 West Sunset Drive segment .................................................................................................................................. 178

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9.4.3 West Avenue segment .......................................................................................................................................... 178 9.4.4 Route 59 segment ................................................................................................................................................. 179 9.4.5 East Sunset Drive segment ................................................................................................................................... 179 9.4.6 Racine Avenue segment ....................................................................................................................................... 179 9.4.7 Lawnsdale Road segment ..................................................................................................................................... 179 9.4.8 National Avenue segment ..................................................................................................................................... 179 9.4.9 Private parcels NBC 1236993 and NBC 1236995 segment .................................................................................. 179 9.4.10 Calhoun Road segment ......................................................................................................................................... 179 9.4.11 Private parcels NBC 1286999002 and NBC 1286999001 segment ...................................................................... 179 9.4.12 Small Road segment ............................................................................................................................................. 180 9.4.13 Westridge Road segment ...................................................................................................................................... 180 9.4.14 Moorland Road segment ....................................................................................................................................... 180 9.4.15 Durham Drive segment ......................................................................................................................................... 180 9.4.16 North Cape Road segment .................................................................................................................................... 180 9.4.17 Ryan Road segment .............................................................................................................................................. 180 9.4.18 60th Street segment................................................................................................................................................ 181 Oak Creek route alternative OC3 return flow pipeline description ................................................................................. 181 Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline description ................................................................................. 181 9.6.1 Sentry Drive segment ........................................................................................................................................... 181 9.6.2 West Sunset Drive segment .................................................................................................................................. 182 9.6.3 West Avenue segment .......................................................................................................................................... 182 9.6.4 Route 59 segment ................................................................................................................................................. 182 9.6.5 Route 164 segment ............................................................................................................................................... 182 9.6.6 Town Line Road segment ..................................................................................................................................... 182 9.6.7 Parcels NBC 2182999006, VNT 2017999, 2017998 and VNT 2017996 segment ............................................... 182 9.6.8 Crowbar Drive segment ........................................................................................................................................ 183 9.6.9 Tans Drive segment .............................................................................................................................................. 183 9.6.10 Racine Avenue segment ....................................................................................................................................... 183 9.6.11 City of Muskego Recreational Trail segment ....................................................................................................... 183 9.6.12 Durham Drive segment ......................................................................................................................................... 183 9.6.13 North Cape Road segment .................................................................................................................................... 183 9.6.14 Ryan Road segment .............................................................................................................................................. 183 9.6.15 60th Street segment................................................................................................................................................ 184

10 Appendix C: Alternatives screening process ................................................................... 185 Evaluation factors for pipelines and facilities ................................................................................................................. 185 Comparison of Oak Creek Route Alternatives OC2, OC3, and OC4 .............................................................................. 188 Milwaukee supply route alternatives development ......................................................................................................... 190 Current alternatives evaluation process ........................................................................................................................... 191

10.4.1 Current alternatives wetland evaluation process ................................................................................................... 191 10.4.2 Current alternatives cultural resource evaluation process ..................................................................................... 192 10.4.3 Current alternatives agricultural resources evaluation process ............................................................................. 192 10.4.4 Current alternatives endangered resources evaluation process ............................................................................. 192

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Issues and concerns raised with state agency staff .......................................................................................................... 193 Contacts and consultations with government entities, landowners, and interested parties .............................................. 193

10.6.1 Consultations with the City of Franklin ................................................................................................................ 193 10.6.2 Consultations with the City of New Berlin ........................................................................................................... 194 10.6.3 Consultations with the City of Muskego ............................................................................................................... 194 10.6.4 Consultations with the City of Greenfield and City of Milwaukee ....................................................................... 194 10.6.5 Consultations with the USACE ............................................................................................................................ 194

11 Appendix D: Proposed project schedule .......................................................................... 195 12 References ........................................................................................................................ 196

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List of Tables Table 2-1. Construction costs1 of proposed project ........................................................................................................................ 17 Table 2-2. Operational costs1 of proposed pipelines ....................................................................................................................... 17 Table 2-3. Permits and approvals .................................................................................................................................................... 18 Table 3-1. Construction and operational costs of the alternative pipeline routes ............................................................................ 28 Table 4-1. Geologic column for bedrock and glacial deposits in southeastern Wisconsin ................................................ 31 Table 4-2. Predominant fish species found nearshore in Lake Michigan ........................................................................................ 43 Table 4-3. Wisconsin's §303 (d) pollutants and impairments for the Fox River - Illinois ............................................................... 45 Table 4-4. Fish species in Fox River found downstream of Waukesha's WWTP.......................................................................... 47 Table 4-5. DNR water quality data at Pebble Brook ....................................................................................................................... 50 Table 4-6. Root River mainstem §303 (d) pollutants and impairments........................................................................................... 60 Table 4-7. Root River fish species collected in the area of the proposed outfall, 2004-2017 ......................................................... 63 Table 4-8. Waukesha and southeastern Wisconsin regional population age statistics for 2010 ...................................................... 82 Table 4-9. Racial minority distribution for southeastern Wisconsin ............................................................................................... 83 Table 4-10. Racial minority distribution for southeastern Wisconsin in 1960 and 2000 for selected communities ........................ 83 Table 4-11. Difference and percent change in racial distribution between 1960 to 2000 for selected communities in southeastern Wisconsin ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Table 4-12. Year 2035 population projections by race and ethnicity within the region .................................................................. 84 Table 4-13. Population by race and ethnicity for the City of Waukesha ......................................................................................... 85 Table 4-14. Job distribution for Southeastern Wisconsin ............................................................................................................... 86 Table 4-15. Job growth in Southeastern Wisconsin ........................................................................................................................ 86 Table 4-16. Waukesha and regional economy ................................................................................................................................ 86 Table 4-17. Projected jobs distribution for southeastern Wisconsin ............................................................................................... 87 Table 4-18. Existing and forecast population for selected water service areas ............................................................................... 88 Table 4-19. Historic median household income for southeastern Wisconsin1 ................................................................................ 88 Table 4-20. 2000 Annual household income ranges for southeastern Wisconsin ........................................................................... 89 Table 4-21. Historic median household income for selected communities in southeastern Wisconsin........................................... 89 Table 4-22. Population with incomes at or below the poverty level in southeastern Wisconsin ..................................................... 90 Table 4-23. Percent of regional population with incomes at or below the poverty level in southeastern Wisconsin ...................... 90 Table 4-24. Employment percentage in leading industries in 2000 and 2010 ................................................................................. 91 Table 4-25. Total equalized value in southeastern Wisconsin 2010 ............................................................................................... 92 Table 4-26. Changes in aggregate real estate values: 2009-2010 .................................................................................................... 93 Table 4-27. Year 2000 median housing values and median gross rents within the selected communities ...................................... 94 Table 4-28. Land use area in SE Wisconsin region and Waukesha County in 1963 and 2000 ....................................................... 96 Table 4-29. Year 2000 occupancy and tenure for households in selected communities ................................................................. 96 Table 5-1. Maximum annual Waukesha water withdrawal compared to Great Lakes volume ..................................................... 103 Table 5-2. Root River flow at the proposed return flow discharge site (RFDS) and the City of Racine ....................................... 110 Table 5-3. Contribution of proposed return flow to Root River flow under different scenarios ................................................... 111 Table 5-4. Average daily return flow to the Fox River under proposed Root River return scenario ............................................. 115 Table 5-5. Proposed supply pipeline (M1-preferred) waterway crossings and methodology ....................................................... 133 Table 5-6. Proposed supply pipeline (M1-preferred) endangered resources summary ................................................................. 134 Table 5-7. Wetlands affected by the proposed water supply pipeline (M1-preferred) .................................................................. 134 Table 5-8. Proposed supply pipeline (M1-preferred) ROW land use effects ................................................................................ 135 Table 5-9. Proposed supply pipeline (M1) cultural resources summary1 ...................................................................................... 136 Table 5-10. Proposed return flow pipeline (OC3-preferred) waterway crossings and methodology ............................................ 137 Table 5-11. Proposed return flow pipeline (OC3-preferred) endangered resources summary ...................................................... 138 Table 5-12. Wetlands affected by the proposed return flow pipeline ............................................................................................ 138 Table 5-13. Proposed return flow pipeline (OC3-preferred) ROW land use effects ..................................................................... 139 Table 5-14. Proposed return flow pipeline (OC3-preferred) cultural resources summary1 ........................................................... 141 Table 5-15. Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 waterway crossings .................................................................................... 142 Table 5-16. Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 endangered resources summary.................................................................. 142 Table 5-17. Wetlands affected by Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 pipeline .................................................................... 143 Table 5-18. Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 ROW land use effects................................................................................. 144 Table 5-19. Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 cultural resources summary1 ...................................................................... 145 Table 5-20. Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 pipeline waterway crossings....................................................................... 145 Table 5-21. Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 endangered resources summary.................................................................. 146 Table 5-22. Wetlands affected by Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 pipeline .................................................................... 147 Table 5-23. Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 ROW land use effects................................................................................. 148 Table 5-24. Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 cultural resources summary1 ...................................................................... 149 Table 5-25. Oak Creek Route Alternative OC2 return flow proposed pipeline waterway crossings ............................................ 149

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Table 5-26. Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline endangered resources summary............................................ 150 Table 5-27. Wetlands affected by Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline ............................................................ 151 Table 5-28. Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline ROW land use effects........................................................... 152 Table 5-29. Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline cultural resources summary1 ................................................ 153 Table 5-30. Oak Creek Route Alternative 4 return flow pipeline waterway crossings ................................................................. 154 Table 5-31. Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline endangered resources summary............................................ 155 Table 5-32. Wetlands affected by Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline ............................................................ 156 Table 5-33. Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline ROW land use effects........................................................... 157 Table 5-34. Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline cultural resources summary1 ................................................ 158 Table 5-35. I-43 Easement return flow alternative segment environmental effects summary ...................................................... 159 Table 6-1. Comparison of water supply pipeline alternatives ....................................................................................................... 162 Table 6-2. Comparison of return flow pipeline alternatives .......................................................................................................... 163 Table 10-1. Non-economic criteria and weighting to evaluate six routes ..................................................................................... 187 Table 10-2. Definitions of key performance indicators................................................................................................................. 189 Table 10-3. Key performance indicator metrics ............................................................................................................................ 190

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List of Figures Figure 1-1. Location of City of Waukesha and Great Lakes Water Basin ........................................................................................ 1 Figure 1-2. Compact Council-approved diversion area .................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2-1. Proposed water supply and wastewater return flow routes ............................................................................................. 6 Figure 2-2. Proposed water supply pump station site plan ................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 2-3. Proposed booster pump station conceptual site diagram ................................................................................................ 8 Figure 2-4. Water supply connection to the Waukesha Water Utility system ................................................................................... 9 Figure 2-5. WWTP proposed new yard piping plan ....................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2-6. Proposed return flow discharge site concept plan ........................................................................................................ 12 Figure 3-1. Milwaukee supply routes M1, M2 and M3 .................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 3-2. Milwaukee supply route alternative M2 ....................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 3-3. Milwaukee supply route alternative M3 ....................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 3-4. Oak Creek route alternative OC2 return flow pipeline ................................................................................................. 25 Figure 3-5. Oak Creek route alternative OC4 return flow pipeline ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 3-6. Interstate 43 easement alternative location ................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 4-1. Geologic cross section of Southeastern Wisconsin, west - east .................................................................................... 36 Figure 4-2. Bedrock elevation in Milwaukee, Racine and Waukesha Counties .............................................................................. 37 Figure 4-3. WATERBase water quality data sampling locations .................................................................................................... 40 Figure 4-4. Map of Fox-Illinois River and tributary streams and local springs .............................................................................. 48 Figure 4-5. Map of Root River Watershed ...................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 4-6. Sample daily mean discharge at gage stations in the Root River Watershed ..

City of Waukesha Proposed Great Lakes Diversion · 6/12/2019 · The City of Waukesha lies within...

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