Circulation - Nifty Scienceniftyscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/3/6/10361338/chapter34_tudent…34.1...
Transcript of Circulation - Nifty Scienceniftyscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/3/6/10361338/chapter34_tudent…34.1...
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Circulation
Chapter 34
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34.1 Circulatory Systems
Circulatory system
• Usually blood, blood vessels, and heart
• Moves substances to and from interstitial fluid
faster than diffusion could move them
Interstitial fluid fills spaces between cells
• Exchanges substances with cells and blood
• Usually across blood capillaries
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Open Circulatory System
Found in some invertebrates
• Blood mingles with tissue fluids
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Closed Circulatory System
Found in vertebrates and some invertebrates
• Confines blood inside a heart and blood vessels
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Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
Closed systems differ in whether blood flows
through one or two circuits of blood vessels and
how many chambers divide the heart’s interior
Birds and mammals have hearts with four
chambers and two separate circuits
• Pulmonary circuit
• Systemic circuit
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Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
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Fig. 34.3a, p.561
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Fig. 34.3b, p.561
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Fig. 34.3c, p.561
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Fig. 34.3d, p.561
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Key Concepts:
OVERVIEW OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
Many animals have either an open or a closed
circulatory system that transports substances to
and from all body tissues
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34.2 Blood
Blood
• Fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma,
blood cells, and platelets
Plasma
• Mostly water in which diverse ions and molecules
are dissolved
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Blood Cells
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• Contain hemoglobin
• Rapidly transport oxygen (and carbon dioxide)
• Have no nucleus when mature
White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Tissue maintenance and repair
• Defenses against pathogens
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Platelets
Platelets function in blood clotting
Platelets and all blood cells arise from stem cells
in bone marrow
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Components of Human Blood
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Cellular Components of Human Blood
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34.3 Blood Disorders
Red blood cell disorders
• Anemias, polycythemia
White blood cell disorders
• Mononucleosis, leukemias
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34.4 Blood Typing
Recognition proteins (self markers) on red blood
cell surfaces identify an individual’s blood types
The body attacks cells that bear nonself markers
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ABO Blood Typing
Helps match blood of donors and recipients to
avoid blood transfusion problems (agglutination)
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Rh Blood Typing
Helps prevent
problems that may
arise when maternal
and fetal Rh blood
types differ
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Fig. 34.9a, p.565
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Fig. 34.9b, p.565
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Key Concepts:
BLOOD COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION
Vertebrate blood is a fluid connective tissue
It consists of red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets, and diverse substances dissolved in
plasma, the transport medium
Red blood cells function in gas exchange; white
blood cells and platelets help defend the tissues
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34.5 Human Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary circuit
• Oxygen-poor blood flows from the heart’s right
half to the lungs, picks up oxygen, then flows to
the heart’s left half
Systemic circuit
• Oxygen-rich blood flows from the heart’s left half
to all body tissues, delivers oxygen, then flows to
the heart’s right half
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Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
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Fig. 34.10a, p.566
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Fig. 34.10b, p.566
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Major Blood Vessels
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Fig. 34.11, p.567
Jugular Veins Receive blood from brain and from tissues of head
Femoral Vein Carries blood away from the thigh and inner knee
Carotid Arteries Deliver blood to neck, head, brain
Femoral Artery Delivers blood to the thigh and inner knee
Iliac Arteries Deliver blood to pelvic organs and lower abdominal wall
Abdominal Aorta Delivers blood to arteries leading to the digestive tract, kidneys, pelvic organs, lower extremities
Renal Artery Delivers blood to kidneys, where its volume, composition are adjusted
Brachial Artery Delivers blood to upper extremities; blood pressure measured here
Coronary Arteries Service the incessantly active cardiac muscle cells of heart
Pulmonary Arteries Deliver oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
Ascending Aorta Carries oxygenated blood away from heart; the largest artery
Iliac Veins Carry blood away from the pelvic organs and lower abdominal wall
Inferior Vena Cava Receives blood from all veins below diaphragm
Renal Vein Carries processed blood away from kidneys
Hepatic Vein Carries blood that has passed through small intestine and then liver
Pulmonary Veins Deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Superior Vena Cava Receives blood from veins of upper body
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Transport and Exchange
Most blood flows through only one capillary
system
Blood in intestinal capillaries later flows through
liver capillaries
Liver metabolizes or stores nutrients and
neutralizes some bloodborne toxins
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Maintaining Homeostasis
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34.6 The Human Heart
A four-chambered, double pump
• Two halves, each with two chambers: an atrium
and a ventricle
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Fig. 34.13a, p.568
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Fig. 34.13b, p.568
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Fig. 34.13c, p.568
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The Cardiac Cycle
All heart chambers undergo rhythmic relaxation
(diastole) and contraction (systole)
• Each atrium expands as blood fills it and opens a
valve to a ventricle
• Both ventricles fill as the atria contract
• Ventricles contract, forcing blood into the aorta
and pulmonary arteries
• Ventricular force powers movement of blood
through blood vessels
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The Cardiac Cycle
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Fig. 34.14 p.569
a Atria fill.
Fluid pressure
opens the AV
valves, blood
flows into the
ventricles.
d Ventricles
relax. Semilunar
valves
close as atria
begin filling
for the next
cardiac cycle.
c Ventricles
contract. Semi-
lunar valves
open. Blood
flows into aorta
and pulmonary
artery.
b Next, atria
contract. As
fluid pressure
rises in the
ventricles, AV
valves close.
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Cardiac Muscle
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Cardiac Conduction System
SA node in right atrium wall is functionally linked
by long bundles of conducting fibers to AV node
SA node (cardiac pacemaker) generates action
potentials that pace cardiac contractions
• Nervous system doesn’t initiate heart beats; only
adjusts heart rate and strength
Signal spreads through the atria, down fibers in
the septum, and up walls of the ventricles
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Cardiac Conduction System
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Key Concepts: THE HUMAN HEART
AND TWO FLOW CIRCUITS
The human heart has four chambers
Blood flows into its two atria and then into two
ventricles, which pump it into two separate
circuits of blood vessels
One circuit extends through all body regions, the
other through lung tissue only
Both circuits loop back to the heart
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34.7 Blood Pressure and Distribution
Blood pressure varies in the circulatory system
• Highest in contracting ventricles
• Declines as blood travels through arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins of the
systemic or pulmonary circuit
• Lowest in relaxed atria
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Human Blood Vessels
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Fig. 34.17a, p.570
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Fig. 34.17b, p.570
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Fig. 34.17c, p.570
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Fig. 34.17d, p.570
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Blood Pressure
through the Systemic Circuit
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Fig. 34.18, p.570
venules
120
capillaries B
loo
d p
ress
ure
(m
m H
g)
0
40
80
arterioles
veins arteries
(diastolic)
(systolic)
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Blood Flow
Flow speed depends on heartbeat strength and
rate, and resistance to flow in blood vessels
Adjusting the diameter of arterioles in different
parts of the body redistributes blood volume
Tissues that require the most metabolic support
get the most blood flow
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Adjustments in Blood Distribution
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Controlling Blood Pressure
Blood pressure depends on blood volume,
cardiac output, and arteriole constriction
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34.8 Capillary Function
Capillary beds are zones of diffusion between
blood and interstitial fluid
• Ultrafiltration pushes fluid out of capillaries
• Fluid moves back in by capillary reabsorption
Processes are balanced
• At most, a small net outward flow of fluid from a
capillary bed
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Fluid Movement at a Capillary Bed
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Fig. 34.21a, p.572
blood
from
arteriole
blood to
venule
inward-directed
osmotic movement
outward-directed
bulk flow
cells of
tissue
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Fig. 34.21b, p.572
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Veins and Venules
Veins
• Transport blood back to the heart
• Serve as a blood volume reservoir where the flow
volume is adjusted
Venules
• Deliver blood from capillaries to veins
• Several capillaries drain into each venule
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Vein Structure and Function
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Key Concepts: BLOOD VESSEL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
The heart pumps blood rhythmically, on its own
Blood pressure is highest in the heart’s
ventricles, drops as it flows through arteries, and
is lowest in the atria
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Key Concepts: BLOOD VESSEL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (cont.)
Adjustments at arterioles regulate how much
blood volume is distributed to tissues
Exchange of gases, wastes, and nutrients
between blood and tissues takes place at
capillaries
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34.9 Hemostasis
Hemostasis
• Process that stops blood flow from small vessels
after injury by bringing about clot formation
• Blood clotting is beneficial, except in certain
cardiovascular disorders
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Hemostasis
Phase 3 response
Clot formation starts after thirty seconds:
1. Enzymes activate factor X; prothrombin forms.
2. Prothrombrin converts an enzyme precursor
to thrombin.
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen, a plasma
protein, to insoluble protein threads (fibrin).
4. Fibrin forms a net that entangles blood cells
and platelets; the entire mass is a blood clot.
Stimulus
Blood vessel damage
Phase 2 response
Platelets aggregate and stick together within
fifteen seconds, thus plugging the site.
Phase 1 response
A vascular spasm constricts the vessel at the
site of damage, slowing blood loss.
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Circulatory System Disorders
Atherosclerosis, hypertension (chronic high
blood pressure), heart attacks, strokes, certain
arrhythmias
Regular exercise, maintaining normal body
weight, and not smoking lower risk for these
disorders
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Atherosclerosis
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Coronary Arteries
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ECG: Arrhythmias
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Fig. 34.26, p.575
bradycardia
(here, 46
beats per
minute)
tachycardia
(here, 136
beats per
minute)
ventricular
fibrillation
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
one normal
heartbeat
a time (seconds)
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Key Concepts:
WHEN THE SYSTEM BREAKS DOWN
Ruptured or clogged blood vessels or abnormal
heart rhythms cause problems
Some problems have a genetic basis; most are
related to age or life-styles
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34.10 The Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vascular system
• Includes lymph capillaries and lymph vessels
Interacts with the circulatory system
• Takes up excess water from interstitial fluid and
fats absorbed from the gut; delivers them to blood
• Delivers bloodborne pathogens to lymph nodes
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Lymphoid Organs
Lymph nodes filter lymph
• White blood cells in nodes attack any pathogens
Spleen filters blood
• Removes any old red blood cells
Thymus gland
• T lymphocytes (immune cells) mature in thymus
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The Human Lymphatic System
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Fig. 34.27a, p.576
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Fig. 34.27b, p.576
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Fig. 34.27c, p.576
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Key Concepts: LINKS WITH
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
A lymph vascular system delivers excess fluid
that collects in tissues to the blood
Lymphoid organs cleanse blood of infectious
agents and other threats to health