CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein...
Transcript of CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein...
![Page 1: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CIE Chemistry A-LevelTopic 21 - Polymerisation
(A level only)Flashcards
www.pmt.education
![Page 2: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is condensation polymerisation?
www.pmt.education
![Page 3: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is condensation polymerisation?
The joining together of monomers to form a polymer with the release of a small molecule such as water or HCl.
www.pmt.education
![Page 4: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What monomers can be reacted together to form a polyester?
www.pmt.education
![Page 5: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What monomers can be reacted together to form a polyester?
Either:
- A monomer containing two carboxylic acid groups and a monomer containing two alcohol groups.
- A monomer containing both an alcohol and a carboxylic acid group.
www.pmt.education
![Page 6: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Describe the formation of an ester link
www.pmt.education
![Page 7: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Describe the formation of an ester link
A condensation reaction occurs. H+ is lost from the -OH of an alcohol and OH- is lost from the -COOH of the carboxylic acid. Water is formed when these ions combine. The organic molecules join.
www.pmt.education
![Page 8: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
During the formation of an ester bond, HCl may form instead of water. Why?
www.pmt.education
![Page 9: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
During the formation of an ester bond, HCl may form instead of water. Why?
An acyl chloride (-COCl) may be used instead of a carboxylic acid (-COOH) to form an ester bond. The chlorine is lost from an acyl chloride during a condensation reaction which bonds to a hydrogen atom to form hydrogen chloride.
www.pmt.education
![Page 10: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What monomers can be reacted together to form a polyamide?
www.pmt.education
![Page 11: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What monomers can be reacted together to form a polyamide?
Either:
- A monomer containing two carboxylic acid groups and a monomer containing two amine groups.
- Two monomer containing both a carboxylic acid and an amine group.
www.pmt.education
![Page 12: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Describe the formation of an amide link
www.pmt.education
![Page 13: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Describe the formation of an amide link
A condensation reaction occurs. H+ is lost from the -NH2 of an amine and OH- is lost from the -COOH of the carboxylic acid. Water is formed when these ions combine. The organic molecules join.
www.pmt.education
![Page 14: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The monomers below are used to form Terylene. Draw the structure of this
polymer, labelling the type of link formed
Jim Clark, ‘Polyesters’, Chemguide
www.pmt.education
![Page 15: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The monomers below are used to form Terylene. Draw the structure of this polymer, labelling the type of link formed
Jim Clark, ‘Polyesters’, Chemguide
www.pmt.education
![Page 16: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The monomer below is used to form Nylon 6. Draw the structure of the
polymer formed
www.pmt.education
![Page 17: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The monomer below is used to form Nylon 6. Draw the structure of the polymer formed
Jim Clark, ‘Polyamides’, Chemguide
www.pmt.education
![Page 18: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What is a repeat unit?
www.pmt.education
![Page 19: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What is a repeat unit?
A structure that appears in a molecule many times. This may be made up of one monomer or several.
www.pmt.education
![Page 20: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Draw the repeat unit of Terylene (structure shown below)
Jim Clark, ‘Polyesters’, Chemguide
www.pmt.education
![Page 21: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Draw the repeat unit of Terylene (structure shown below)
Jim Clark, ‘Polyesters’, Chemguide
www.pmt.education
![Page 22: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Identify the monomers in the polymer below
‘Polymer Chemistry: Polymerization Reactions’, Engineering LibreTexts, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US
www.pmt.education
![Page 23: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Identify the monomers in the polymer below
‘Polymer Chemistry: Polymerization Reactions’, Engineering,
modified from original LibreTexts, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US
www.pmt.education
![Page 24: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What are the differences between addition polymerisation and
condensation polymerisation?
www.pmt.education
![Page 25: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What are the differences between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?Addition polymerisation Condensation polymerisation
Monomers contain C=C double bonds. Monomers contain -OH and -COOH or -COCl for polyesters. Monomers contain -NH2 and -COOH or -COCl for polyamides.
Main chain of the polymer only contains C-C single bonds.
Main chain contains nitrogen or oxygen atoms as well as carbon atoms.
The polymer is the only product of the reaction.
The polymer and a small molecule like water or HCl are formed during the reaction.
www.pmt.education
![Page 26: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What does thermoplastic mean?
www.pmt.education
![Page 27: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What does thermoplastic mean?
Upon heating, the polymer will soften and eventually melt. This means the polymer can be melted down and reshaped at the end of it its life.
www.pmt.education
![Page 28: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Why are some polymers thermoplastic?
www.pmt.education
![Page 29: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Why are some polymers thermoplastic?
When heated, enough energy is supplied to overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules, meaning the chains can move.
www.pmt.education
![Page 30: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What is meant by the term thermosetting?
www.pmt.education
![Page 31: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
What is meant by the term thermosetting?
These polymers remain solid when heated.
www.pmt.education
![Page 32: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Why are some polymers thermosetting?
www.pmt.education
![Page 33: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Why are some polymers thermosetting?
The covalent bonds between the polymer chains require a large amount of energy to overcome.
www.pmt.education
![Page 34: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How does the presence of side chains affect the properties of a polymer?
www.pmt.education
![Page 35: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
How does the presence of side chains affect the properties of a polymer?
The chains are less able to pack together so the material has a low density. This also means that there are fewer points of contact between molecules so the van der Waals forces are weaker and less energy is needed to overcome them. As a result, the melting and boiling points of branched polymers are lower.
www.pmt.education
![Page 36: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What are the types of intermolecular forces? List them in order from strongest
to weakest
www.pmt.education
![Page 37: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What are the types of intermolecular forces? List them in order from strongest to weakest
- Hydrogen bonding.- Permanent dipole-dipole.- Van der Waals forces.
www.pmt.education
![Page 38: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
How do intermolecular forces affect the properties of Teflon (PTFE)?
www.pmt.education
![Page 39: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
How do intermolecular forces affect the properties of Teflon (PTFE)?
Although Teflon has relatively weak van der Waals forces, there are no side branches so the molecules pack closely together. As a result, more van der Waals forces form between the chains so the melting point is high as lots of energy is needed to overcome these forces.
www.pmt.education
![Page 40: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
How do intermolecular forces affect the properties of kevlar?
www.pmt.education
![Page 41: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
How do intermolecular forces affect the properties of kevlar?
Hydrogen bonds form between the strands (between the O in C=O and the H in N-H), causing the molecules to line up in a sheet. This makes the polymer very strong and means the melting point of kevlar is very high as a lot of energy is required to overcome hydrogen bonds.
www.pmt.education
![Page 42: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What monomers make up DNA?
www.pmt.education
![Page 43: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What monomers make up DNA?
Nucleotide monomers
www.pmt.education
![Page 44: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What four bases make up the double stranded double helix of DNA?
www.pmt.education
![Page 45: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What four bases make up the double stranded double helix of DNA?
A, C, G and T
www.pmt.education
![Page 46: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
What holds the two strands in DNA together?
www.pmt.education
![Page 47: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What holds the two strands in DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds
www.pmt.education
![Page 48: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What is complementary base pairing in DNA?
www.pmt.education
![Page 49: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What is complementary base pairing in DNA?
A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G.
www.pmt.education
![Page 50: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Why does complementary base pairing occur during DNA replication?
www.pmt.education
![Page 51: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Why does complementary base pairing occur during DNA replication?
Complementary base pairing occurs because of the hydrogen bonds that form between the base pairs.
www.pmt.education
![Page 52: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What does complementary base pairing ensure in DNA replication?
www.pmt.education
![Page 53: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What does complementary base pairing ensure in DNA replication?
It ensures that an identical strand of DNA is produced after replication.
www.pmt.education
![Page 54: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Which monomers make up proteins? Draw the general structure of this
monomer
www.pmt.education
![Page 55: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Which monomers make up proteins? Draw the general structure of this monomer
Amino acids
www.pmt.education
![Page 56: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What groups do amino acids contain?
www.pmt.education
![Page 57: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What groups do amino acids contain?
Amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH)
www.pmt.education
![Page 58: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein
www.pmt.education
![Page 59: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein
Primary - sequence of amino acids.
Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino acid chain in an 𝛼-helix or β-sheet.
Tertiary - final 3D shape of a protein (inc. primary and secondary), held by interactions between R groups.
www.pmt.education
![Page 60: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
What do hydrogen bonds form between as part of the secondary structure of a
protein?
www.pmt.education
![Page 61: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What do hydrogen bonds form between as part of the secondary structure of a protein?
Between the lone pair of electrons on oxygen in C=O and the hydrogen in N-H.
www.pmt.education
![Page 62: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Describe an 𝛼-helix and a β-sheet
www.pmt.education
![Page 63: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Describe an 𝛼-helix and a β-sheet
𝛼-helix - loosely coiled spring.
β-sheet - zig-zag of parallel strands.
www.pmt.education
![Page 64: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
What types of interactions are found between R groups in the tertiary
structure of a protein?
www.pmt.education
![Page 65: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
What types of interactions are found between R groups in the tertiary structure of a protein?
- Ionic bonds - Hydrogen bonds- Van der Waals forces (due to temporary
dipoles)- Disulfide bridges
www.pmt.education
![Page 66: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
When might disulfide bridges form between the R groups of amino acids in
the tertiary structure of a protein?
www.pmt.education
![Page 67: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
When might disulfide bridges form between the R groups of amino acids in the tertiary structure of a protein?
The amino acid cysteine contains two -SH groups in its R group. If a hydrogen is lost from the -SH group, covalent bonds will form between the sulfur atoms in the R groups of adjacent cysteines.
www.pmt.education
![Page 68: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
How can polymers act as non-solvent based adhesives? Give two examples
www.pmt.education
![Page 69: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
How can polymers act as non-solvent based adhesives? Give two examples
Epoxy resins - a cross-linked thermosetting polymer sets into a shape that cannot be changed.
Super glues - water vapour in the air triggers the polymerisation of monomers in the glue.
www.pmt.education
![Page 70: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
How can polyacetylene act as a conducting polymer?
www.pmt.education
![Page 71: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
How can polyacetylene act as a conducting polymer?Polyacetylene contains alternating double bonds and single bonds. When a double bond forms, p orbitals overlap sideways. This occurs along the whole chain meaning all the p orbitals overlap to create a delocalised system of electrons. This allows the polymer to conduct electricity.
www.pmt.education
![Page 72: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Why are poly(alkenes) difficult to biodegrade?
www.pmt.education
![Page 73: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Why are poly(alkenes) difficult to biodegrade?
Poly(alkenes) do not biodegrade easily because they are chemically inert.
www.pmt.education
![Page 74: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
What happens when certain polymers are exposed to light?
www.pmt.education
![Page 75: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
What happens when certain polymers are exposed to light?
Certain polymers degrade/break down in the presence of light. UV light causes the chains to break so that the material crumbles.
www.pmt.education
![Page 76: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
How can polyesters and polyamides be biodegraded?
www.pmt.education
![Page 77: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
How can polyesters and polyamides be biodegraded?
By undergoing hydrolysis
www.pmt.education
![Page 78: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Draw the structures of the products that form when the polyester below
undergoes acid and base hydrolysis
Jim Clark, ‘Polyesters’, Chemguide
www.pmt.education
![Page 79: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Draw the structures of the products that form when the polyester below undergoes acid and base hydrolysis
Jim Clark, ‘Polyesters’, Chemguide‘Polymer Chemistry: Polymerization Reactions’, Engineering LibreTexts
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US
www.pmt.education
![Page 80: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Draw the structures of the products that form when the polyamide below
undergoes acid and base hydrolysis
www.pmt.education
![Page 81: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Draw the structures of the products that form when the polyamide below undergoes acid and base hydrolysis
www.pmt.education
![Page 82: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Describe how proteins can be hydrolysed using acid
www.pmt.education
![Page 83: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Describe how proteins can be hydrolysed using acid
Either:
- Heat the protein at 110°C with 6 mol dm-3 HCl for 8 hours (slow method).
- Place the protein in a sealed tube containing 6 mol dm-3 HCl and an atmosphere of nitrogen. Place in the microwave for 5-30 minutes (dependant on protein) using temperatures up to 200°C (fast method for small samples during analysis).
www.pmt.education
![Page 84: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Draw the general structure of the product when a protein undergoes acid
hydrolysis
www.pmt.education
![Page 85: CIE Chemistry A-Level - PMT · Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein Primary - sequence of amino acids. Secondary - hydrogen bonding holds the amino](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052520/6072af06170ef107511700ea/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Draw the general structure of the product when a protein undergoes acid hydrolysisAmino acids are formed. As the amino acids are in an acidic solution, -NH2 accepts a proton.
www.pmt.education