Chương 4- Cấu Tạo Và Tính Chất Các Chất Vô Cơ

7/23/2019 Chng 4- Cu To V Tnh Cht Cc Cht V C

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CHNG IV: CU TO V TNHCHT CC CHT V C

IV.1. CU TO V TNH CHTCC N CHTIV.2. CC HP CHT CHA OXIIV.3. CU TO V TNH CHT

HA HC CA CC HP CHT!HNG C OXI


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IV.1. CU TO V TNH CHT CC NCHT

1.1. C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ ,+#*- ,/ 0 &%1.1.1. C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ ) +4, ,+#*-C"# $%&: 567 '8 *-&( ,9*- ,/ *-#;* $ A:T+?@*- ,> 1,$B&* 2,$B&* 3,$B&*= N+> D:

N-&( 1,$B&* 2,$B&* 67 *-&( ,9*- ,E*

,> F$ ,$B&* $+#F, 7+* 67 J ,/ 67,$B&* K$ 67 *-&( ,9*-.


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T)*+ ,+"$ ) +4, ,+#*-:L M# 0* $+?@*- 0 &% $+?@*- $B%*- $+K BQ*$BR $+ *-* $+S 8*- ,> ,"# $%& %*- $*+ $+S.! &% ,> $)*+ J& $)*+ J* M* $)*+ J* *+$ $)*+

K*+ 0.CK, 0S# %*- $*+ $+S $+?@*- -7:= W%*- $*+ $+S , 7+?Y*-= W%*- $*+ $+S Z7 7+?Y*- $ J*

= W%*- $*+ $+S Z7 7+?Y*- $ 0+.


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1.1.2. WF$ '( $)*+ ,+"$ M, $B?*- ,/ ,K, *+> 0 &%1.1.2.1.CK, 0 &% *+>

N+> IA [0 &% 0\] , MS ,+#*-:= G^ ,K, *-#;* $: 5 [$\ N/ [*/$B\ ! [0/\ _`[B#`M\ C [a\ bB [ cB/*a\.

= C"# +d*+ ,$B&*: 567 *-&( ,9*- ,/ *-#;* $< ,+e,> 1 7+* 67 * f *1

= Ng*- ?h*- &* +>/: CK, *-#;* $< 0 &% 0 ,> I1*+8 *+"$ & '6 0 &% 0+K, ,9*- ,+# 0d. TB&*- *+> I1-i Jj* $R 5 Mk* C= l &a +>/: $B&*- ,K, +h7 ,+"$ &a +>/ ,/ 0 &%0 ,+e ,> &a +>/ = 1


5/55

= CK, 0 &% 0 ,> ,"# $%& %*- $*+ $+S Z77+?Y*- $ 0+ ( 0S# %*- 0m M, 0+)$.=N+$ MF *>*- ,+i '( *+$ MF n $+"7 +Y* *+# &'6 ,K, 0 &% 0+K,= CK, 0 &% 0 M# *+o 5 *p $B;* Jj# +8/ N/'( ! *p $B;* *?6,..

= # ,> $+S ,Q$ `q*- J/&.]W(# Q, 0+ ,+K:CK, 0 &% $r J& ,s*- *+? +h7 ,+"$ Jt `/ +Y ,/,+u*- 0+ M?h, J?/ '(& *-4*


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]T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,: W f W= = ! &% 0 ,> $)*+ 0+< B"$ %*+= TK, J*- '6 +MB& f +MB#/ &* 2 N/ = H2 f 2 N/H = TK, J*- '6 /&*/, f /M#/ 2 N/ = 2 NH3f 2 N/NH2= H2v

[ */$B /M#/\= TK, J*- '6 *?6,: 0+< M?h, *?6, M0 $+?@*- 2 ! = 2 H2O f 2 !OH = H2v5?# w: 0+ $?Y*- $K, '6 *?6,. 5 0+n*- ,+& *-4*

*- ,+i $+(*+ -4$ $BE* *p '( ,+% $B;*$ *?6, +%$ 6* ,> $+S `, ,+K ! `, ,+K *-/_` '( C - 7+i* x*- *p

= TK, J*- '6 7+ 0 2 N/ = O [0+n\ f N/ O [*/$B 7&a$\

$y

$y

$y

$y


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N+> IIA: [0 &% 0 $+p\

], MS ,+#*- := G^ ,K, *-#;* $: `B [D\ /- [W-\ ,/*a[C/\ $B&*$ [lB\ `/B [D/\ B/M [_/\.= C"# +d*+ : 67 *-&( ,9*- ,/ *-#;* $< ,> 2

7+* 67 * f *2= l &a +>/: =2] W(# Q, 0+ ,+K: W- 0+ ,+K 7+K$ B/ K*+ K*- ,+>'( -(# $/ $< *-&% *;* J9*- ( 7+K& K*- '( J9*-

$B&*- *+k7 i*+


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]T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,: W f W 2= = 2! &% 0 $+p ,> $)*+ 0+ IIIA, MS ,+#*-:

= G^ ,K, *-#;* $: `& [D\ *+n [A\ -/ [G/\*M [I*\ '( $/ [T\.= C"# +d*+ : *2*71=l &a +>/: ,+ k# ( =3

T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, ,/ *+n [A\:= $K, J*- $Br, $k7 '6 *+# 7+ 0 O2C2l ~!+ M$ *>*- `F$ *+n ,+K K*- $B&*- 0+n*- 0+) | A = 3 O2 f 2 A2O3

N+n `* $B&*- !! *+$ MF $+?@*- J& ,> 67 A2O3`i& '.

$y


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= TK, J*- '6 /a$ Aa$ HC H2lO|

2 A = HC f 2 AC3 = 3 H2 Aa$ HNO3 H2lO|M, *>*-A = | HNO3[\ f A [NO3\3 = NO v = 2 H2OA 0+n*- $K, J*- '6 /a$ HNO3 H2lO|M, *-#F[`z $+ MF*-\.= TK, J*- '6 &a$ 0 &%L $y,/& *+n 0+< M?h, *+# &a$ 0 &% $+(*+

0 &%2 A = b2O3 f A2 O3= 2bP+i* x*- ,/ A '6 &a$ 0 &% -4 ( 7+i* x*-*+$ *+n.

$y

$y


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= TK, J*- '6 *?6,: *+n 0+< M?h, *?6, -i 7+>*-+MB&.

P+i* x*- $B;* *+/*+ ,+>*- JR*- % ' 67 A[OH\3*+ B/0+n*- $/* $B&*- *?6, M ,i* $B 0+n*- ,+& *+n $k7 au,

'6 *?6,.

Vd /& *+*- 'Z$ `q*- *+n +(*- *-( $k7 au, '6*?6, J9 `"$ 0d *+$ MF *(& ,s*- 0+n*- ai B/ 7+i*

x*-


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= TK, J*- '6 J#*- Jz,+ 0:N+*- M^ 'Z$ `q*- *+n `z +E/ $/* $B&*- J#*- Jz,+

0:TB?6, +k$ (*- `i& ' *+n `z 7+K + A2O3= 2 N/OH = 3 H2O f 2 N/ {A[OH\|} [1\Tk7 Mk* A 0+< *?6,

2 A = H2O f 2 A [OH\3= 3 H2v [2\W(*- A[OH\3% `z 7+K +A [OH\3= N/OH f N/{A [OH\|} [3\

CK, 7+i* x*- [2\ [3\ ai B/ #* 7+;* *+/# ,+& Mk* 0+A $/* +k$.P+i* x*- ,F*- -F7 ,/ [2\ '( [3\:

2 A = 2 N/OH = H2Of 2 N/ A[OH\|} = 3 H2v


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1.1.2.3. CK, *-#;* $ 0 &% ,+#S* $k7 !+K * ,+#*-: Kim loi chuyn tip( |y*-#;* $ +>/ +4,,> *-#;* $ J *-&% $BR ,/*J'( 0.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc


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Wx, MF &a +>/ :Nk# & K*+ '6 ,K, *-#;* $ ,/ 7+* *+> ,+)*+

*+> II *+? ,/*a$+d &*,/ ,K, 0 &% ,+#S* $k7,> $+S ,> *+# $B%*- $+K &a +>/ 0+K, *+/#. T+n*-$+?@*- $+d ,/*a 0+n*- "$ *+# +Y* ( 2 $B&*- 0+,K, 0 &% ,+#S* $k7 ,> $+S ,+& Mk* . Ng*-

?h*- ,j* J9*- MS " M 2 ,/ ,/*a 7+* 67 *-&( ,9*- x, $+"7. CK, 0 &% ,+#S* $k7 *+?'/*/M J& ,> MF ,+;*+ ,+ *g*- ?h*- $+"7 -/ ,K,

7+* 67 3J '( | *;* *g*- ?h*- &* +>/ $g*- -j*

*+? $#k* $)*+ $+& ,K, 7+* 67 J '( . Vd $+k ( ,K,0 &% ,+#S* $k7 ,s*- $^* $% '6 ,K, &a +>/ B"$,/&.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canxihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canxi


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l ?h*- ,/ *+*- $B%*- $+K &a +>/ $g*- Mk* /*-/*'(/# M> -i M. N-#;* *+* ( J& ,K, r, +u$7B&$&*$B&*-+%$ *+* %*+ +Y* *;* 0+> ,+& M* $< +Y*.

L ,K, x, &a +>/ $+"7 ,K, *-#;* $ $+?@*- $^* $% J?6J%*- ( &*. TB&*- ,K, x, &a +>/ ,/& ,+u*- $+?@*- $%&;* 0k$ ,F*- +>/ $Bz'6 ,K, *-#;* $ M* $< 0+K, *+?&a +/ c& $+?@*- ( /*&*.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan


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T)*+ ,+"$:CK, 0 &% ,+#S* $k7 ,> M, $)*+ ( ,>0+ ?h*- B;*- *+$ MF *>*- ,+i'( *+$ MF n ,/&.Cs*- *+? *+*- $)*+ ,+"$ 0+K, ,/ 0 &% ,+#S* $k7,K, $)*+ ,+"$ *( ( J& 0+i *g*- ,/ ,K, $B&*- # M%&

J 0+n*- ,> 'z $B) aK, Mz*+ $B&*- %*- ,/ 0 &%. CK,$)*+ ,+"$ *( ,/ 0 &% ,+#S* $k7 ,(*- B 0+ ,(*-,> *+# M?h, ,+/ -/ ,K, +%$ *+*.CK, 0 &% ,+#S* $k7 ,> | $)*+ ,+"$ ,Y `i*:

T%& +h7 ,+"$ ,> (#C> $+S ,> *+# $B%*- $+K &a +>/ 0+K, *+/#5( ,+"$ au, $K,$$T%&7+x, ,+"$
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ri%C3%AAnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_s%C3%B4i_cao&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_x%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A9c_ch%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A9c_ch%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_x%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_s%C3%B4i_cao&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ri%C3%AAng


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1.1.3. CK, 7+?Y*- 7+K7 M# ,+k 0 &%:1.1.3.1. P+?Y*- 7+K7 *+$ #*:= CY : 0+< *+*- &* 0 &% $B&*- ,K, +h7 ,+"$ *+$ MF ,/& `q*- ,K, ,+"$ 0+< %*+ *+?: C CO H2+&, A.

V: b2O3= 3 CO f 2 b = 3 CO2P+?Y*- 7+K7 *( ,+ k# J9*- MS M# ,+k 0 &%

,> MF +&%$ MF*- $B#*- `d*+ *+? : * b l* P`~ = '6 *+*- 0 &% 0+> *>*- ,+i *+? CB

*-?@ $/ J9*- A ( ,+"$ 0+< [7? *+$ *+n\2 A = CB2O3 f A2 O3= 2CB

$y

$y


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1.1.3.2. P+?Y*- 7+K7 $+ #*= CY : J9*- *+*- J#*- Jz,+ $+),+ +h7: H2lO|

N/OH N/CN~ MS +E/ $/* 0 &% +&, +h7 ,+"$,/ 0 &% '( $K,+ B/ 0+8 7+j* 0+n*- $/* ,> $B&*-#*-. l/# M> &* $B&*- 0 &% M?h, 0+< `q*- 0&% ,> $)*+ 0+< %*+ +Y*: b *~

= P+?Y*- 7+K7 *( ,+ k# J9*- M# ,+k 0 &%,> $)*+ 0+< k#: C# H- A- A#~VJ: J9*- b MS 0+< C# 2=$B&*- JJ #: b = C#lO

| f blO

| = C#

b = C#2= f b2= = C#


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1.1.3.3. P+?Y*- 7+K7 M* 7+*CY : J9*- JE*- M* F$ ,+# MS 0+< ,K, &*

0 &%./ * 7+* +h7 ,+"$ *>*- ,+i: M# ,+k 0&% ,> $)*+ 0+< %*+: 5 N/ ! A~`q*- ,K,+M* 7+* *+*- +h7 ,+"$ [# `/Y &a$\

*>*- ,+i.VJ 1: ] * 7+* A2O3*>*- ,+i MS M, AL ,/$&$ [,r, \: A3== 3 f A

L /*&$ [,r, J?Y*-\: 2 O2]

f O2= |PT M* 7+* 2 A2O3f | A = 3O2v ( 7+?Y*- 7+K7 i* a#"$ *+n $B&*- ,n*-*-+7

M7*,


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VJ 2: * 7+* W-C2*>*- ,+i

L ,/$&$: W- 2== 2 f W-L /*&$ : 2 C] f C2= 2

PT M* 7+*: W-C2f W- = C2vM7*,


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CK, #K $Bd*+ &a +>/ 0+< ai B/ ,K, M* ,r,:

L ,/$&$ []\: C/$&* *(& ,> $)*+ &a +>/ %*+ +Y* `z0+< $B?6,]T+x $r *+? /#:5=~A3= H2O *2=~P`2= H= C#2= b3= A-=~

$+x $r *+Z*

W*== * f W2H== 2 f H2v2H2O = 2 f H2= 2 OH]

5?# w: 5=~A3=: 0+n*- *+Z* $B&*- J#*- Jz,+


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L /*&$ [=\: /*&* *(& ,> $)*+ 0+< %*+ +Y* `z &a +>/$B?6,G, /a$ H2O OH] G, /a$ 0& A*&$ +E/ $/*,> &a ,> &a[lO|2] CO32] [ C] DB] I] l2]\ A- C# N

NO3]'( b] \$+x $r *+?@*-

2X] f X2[+/&-*\ = 2|OH] f O

2

= 2 H2

O = |2 H2O f O2 = | H= = |5?# w: lO2] CO32] NO3]'( b]0+n*- *+?@*- $B&*-J#*- Jz,+.


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D( $Z7: Vk$ Y M^ '( 7+?Y*- $Bd*+ M* 7+* $B&*-$B?@*- +h7 /#:

/ N/C *>*- ,+i [ M* ,r, -B/7+$\` JJ C#lO|[M* ,r, -B/7+$\

* 7+* N/CCr, []\ N/C [*,\ f Cr, [=\

N/=

C]

N/== f N/ 2 C]f C2= 2[ lr 0+/\

PT M* 7+*: 2 N/C f 2 N/ = C2v

M7*,


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!+ M* 7+* J#*- Jz,+ C#lO|*k# $+/ M* ,r,-B/7+$ `q*- `i* M^*- $+d i* 7+ r M* 7+* 0+K,: C# 0 &% 0k$ $/ ,r, ,r, J?Y*- $/* B/ '(*^*- MF C#lO|$B&*- JJ 0+n*- Mp: C# 2== 2 f C#

C # f C#2== 2

V, ,r, J?Y*- `q*- 0 &% $/* B/ M?h, -i $+),+ (J& $K, J*- ,/ C# '6 &a 6 *+ [ *-#;* $


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1.2. C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ ,+#*- ,/ 7+ 01.2.1.C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ ,+#*-

Phi kim( *+*- *-#;* $ +>/ +4,Jt *+Z* ,$B&*$BR+MBn. P+ 0 *q `;* 7+i `i*- $#j* +&(*.Hu htcc phi kim khng dn in . Phi kim thng tn ti dng phn t.

WF$ *-#;* $ ,> r `k* $)*+ ') J *+? ,/,`&*-B/7+$ ,> $+S J* M*. 0 ,?Y*- $+d 0+n*-. P+ 0

`/& -^CK, 0+) +k:

CK, +/&-* [ X2\CK, 7+ 0 ,E* %: &a[ O2\ ?# +#*+ [l\ *[l\ *$Y [N2\ 7+$7+& [P\ ,/,`&* [C\ +MBn [ H2\.
http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Cacbon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Cacbon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1


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1.2.2. WF$ '( $)*+ ,+"$ M, $B?*- ,/ *+> 7+ 0

1.2.2.1. N+> VIIA: N+> +/&-*

]G^ ,K, *-#;* $: b C DB I A$.]C"# +d*+ 67 *-&( ,9*-:

*2*7f C> 67 *-&( ,9*-.]F M* 6*

]TB%*- $+K 'Z$ ): ,i 3 $B%*- $+K: BQ* 8*- 0+).

]CK, &a +>/: $B&*- +j# +k$ +h7 ,+"$ ,K, +/&-*,> &a +>/ ]1. b& 0+n*- ,> &a +>/ J?Y*- ,K,+/&-* 0+K, ,> &a +>/ J?Y*- $R =1 Mk* =.


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T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,:]TK, J*- '6 0 &%

2 N/ = X2f 2 N/X] TK, J*- '6 H2H2= X2f 2 HX

b27+i* x*- *p %*+ $B&*- `>*- $. C27? *p 0+,+k# K*- +&, M#* *>*-.DB27+i* x*- ai B/ *+$MF ,/&. I27? ai B/ *+$ MF ,/& '( $+#Z* *-+z,+.

] TK, J*- '6 *?6,

2b2 = 2H2O f |Hb = O2 HY *?6, *>*- ,+K M?h, $B&*- c&: X2= H2O HX = HXO

P? 0+> Jj* $R ,& Mk* `B&


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]TK, J*- '6 J#*- Jz,+ 0:

= V6 b2: $y

$+"72 b2= 2 N/OH f 2 N/b = H2O = Ob2

= V6 C2:$y$+?@*-C2 = 2 !OH f !C = !CO = H2O

= V6 DB2: $y,/&:

3 I2 = !OH f !I = !IO3= 3 H2O

]TK, J*- '6 # +/&-* C2= 2 N/DB f 2 N/C = DB2+/& * %*+ M +/& * k# B/ 0+8 JJ #.


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1.2.2.2. N+> VIA: Oa 5?# +#*+] 567 '8 ,$B&* *-&( ,9*-: *2*7|. C> 67 *-&(,9*-

/.Oa:%*- MY* ,+"$: O2 O3 [&&*\N+$ MF *>*- ,+i ]13yC ]112 yC

T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,:]T)*+ &a +>/:= TK, J*- '6 0 &% 7+ 0 '( +h7 ,+"$.= Oa '( &&* M# ,> $)*+ &a +>/ %*+ $# *+;* &&*

%*+ +Y* &a.= O&* $K, J*- M?h, '6 A- !I2 A- = O3 f A-2O = O2

2 !I = O3 = H2 O f I2 = 2 !OH = O2


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`. 5?# +#*+: ,> +/ J%*- $+9 +d*+l

$( 7+?Y*- '( l MY* $( ,> 0+ ?h*- B;*- $y*>*-,+i '( MF `* 0+K, *+/#.T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,:]l ,> $+S ,> ,K, &a +>/ /#: ]2 y =| =

]T+S +* $)*+ &a +>/ +&, $)*+ 0+


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1.2.2.3. N+> VA: N+> *$Y 7+&$7+&.567 '8 *-&( ,9*-: *2*73. C> 67 *-&( ,9*-TB%*- $+K:= M0 $+?@*- *$Y $^* $% $B%*- $+K 0+)= P+&$ 7+& ,> 2 J%*- $+9 +d*+: P $BQ*- '( P M8.l &a +>/ ,+ k# ,/ N P ( =.

T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,:/ N$Y]T)*+ &a +>/ [ M, $B?*-\:

N2= 3H2 2 NH3N2 = 5 f 2 53N

] T)*+ 0+


35/55

`. P+&$7+&

P $BQ*- +&%$ MF*- %*+ +Y* P M8.

T)*+ 0+/: 2 P = 3 H2 f 2 PH3[7+&$7+*\

2 P = 3 * f *3P2 [$+#, ,+#F$\W# 7+&$7+#/ Jt `z $+ 7+*

*3P2 = H2O f 3 *[OH\2 = 2 PH3

$y

$y

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1.2.2.|. N+> IV A: C/,`&* l,.

567 *-&( ,9*-: *2*72. C> | 67 *-&( ,9*-TB%*- $+K 'Z$ ): ~.l &a +>/ M, $B?*- : =|

T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,:/ C/,`&*:]T)*+ 0+< [ M, $B?*-\: C = 2 C#O f 2 C# = CO

2]T)*+ &a +>/:C = 2 H2f CH|

3 C = | A f A|C3

$y

$y

$y


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`. 1.2.2.. N+> VIIIA: N+> 0+) +k

567 '8 *-&( ,9*-: *2*7.C> *-&( ,9*-

Y* ,+"$: J%*- *-#;* $/ `q*- CB2O3+/NO\ |yC.

CO = H2O f CO2= H2= $R 0+) $+;* *+;*: ,+& +* +h7 0+) $+;* *+;* '(+Y *?6, M M?h, M$ *>*- Mk* 1yyyyC M #/ ,+"$ au,$K, N.

CH|= H2O f CO = 3 H2


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= * 7+* *?6, ,+& H2$*+ 0+k$ *+?*- ,+ 7+) $*

0m.

TB&*- Cn*- *-+7 *-?@ $/ M* 7+* JJ 0+&i*-

2 N/OH +/ !OH $B&*- *?6, H2`/ ;* ,r, '( O2 ,r, J?Y*-.

= TB&*- 7+E*- $+) *-+: C+& * $K, J*- '6 /a$

#*c#B,.* = H2lO|f *lO|= H2v


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IV.2. CC HP CHT CHA OXI:[ OXIT HI_OXIT WUI\.2.1. C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ ,+#*- ,/ &a$2.1.1. C"# $%&:] %*- &a$ #k$ Mz*+ $)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, ,/ &a$:= &a$ ,> J%*- ;* 0k$ &* ( &a$ &* +/ &a$ `/Y

= &a$ ,> J%*- ;* 0k$ ,F*- +>/ $Bz ( &a$ /a$ +/ &a$$B#*- $)*+= &a$ ,> J%*- ;* 0k$ $B#*- -/* ( &a$ ?*- $)*+]CK, *-#;* $ $+?@*- $%& &a$ &* '( 0+ +E/ $/* $%&

J#*- Jz,+ 0] CK, *-#;* $ 7 $+?@*- $%& &a$ ,F*- +>/ $Bz '( 0++E/ $/* $%& J#*- Jz,+ /a$ [$BR: NH3 CH|~\


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2.1.2. T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, ,+#*- ,/ &a$

Oa$ /a$:

]TK, J*- '6 *?6,

CK, &a$ /a$ $K, J*- '6 *?6, $%& $+(*+ /a$ $?Y*-x*-

CO2 = H2O f H2 CO3

lO3 = H2 O f H2 lO|

P2 O = H2O f H3PO|3 2


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]TK, J*- '6 `/Y :

C+e ,> `/Y ,/ 0 &% 0 '( 0 $+p ( $K, J*-'6 &a$ /a$ f # '( *?6,.

CO2 = C/[OH\2 f C/CO3 = H2O

CO2 = C/[OH\2 f C/[HCO3\22


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=WF$ &a$ `/Y $K, J*- '6 &a$ /a$ $%& $+(*+#

=T+n*- $+?@*- M> ( ,K, &a$ $K, J*- M?h, '6 *?6,[N/2O C/O !2O D/O ~\

] TK, J*- '6 &a$ `/Y

CO2 = C/O f C/CO3


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Oa$ `/Y:

]TK, J*- '6 *?6,:

=C+e ,> &a$ `/Y ,/ 0 &% 0 '( 0 $+p ( $K,J*- '6 *?6,. V) J: N/2O C/O !2O D/O~

= PTT:_2O*= *H2O f 2_[OH\*

[* ( +>/ $Bz ,/ 0 &% _\_[OH\

*$/* $B&*- *?6, JJ $+# M?h, $/ -4 ( ,+#*- ( JJ

`/Y +/ JJ 0

N/2O = H2 O f N/OH2


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-TK, J*- '6 /a$

+ Hj# +k$ ,K, &a$ `/Y $K, J*- '6 /a$ $%& $+(*+# '( *?6,.

!2O = H

2lO

| f

!2lO|= H2O

b2O3 = HC f bC3 = H2O2 3

]TK, J*- '6 &a /a$[ a % $)*+ ,+"$ ,/ &a$ /a$\.


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2.2. C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ ,+#*- ,/ +MB&a$.

2.2.1. C"# $%&:

%*- ;* 0k$ $B&*- +MB&a$ M/ 7+j* ( ;* 0k$ ,F*-+>/ $Bz.

P+* &%: +MB&a$ ,/ 0 &% ( `/Y +MB&a$ ,E*+MB&a$ ,/ 7+ 0 ( /a$.


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2.2.2.T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, ,/ +MB&a$

T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, M, $B?*- ,/ `/Y:

] #*- Jz,+ `/Y $K, J*- ;* ,+"$ ,+e $+z (#:

= #d $) $+(*+ (# a/*+=P+*&7+$/* 0+n*- (# $+(*+ (# +^*-.


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]D/Y $K, J*- '6 &a$ /a$ Jz,+ `/Y $K, J*- '6 &a$ /a$ $%& $+(*+ # '(

*?6,: 2N/OH +CO2fN/2CO3 = H2O

] D/Y $K, J*- '6 /a$ $%& $+(*+ # '( *?6,:

!OH = HC f !C = H2O

C#[OH\2 = 2HNO3 f C#[NO3\2+ 2H2O

] D/Y 0+n*- $/* `z *+$ 7+* +#:

C#[OH\2 f$ y C#O = H2O


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] #*- Jz,+ `/Y $K, J*- '6 J#*- Jz,+ # $%&$+(*+ `/Y 6 '( # 6:

N/OH + C#lO| f N/2lO| = C#[OH\2 2

N/2CO3 = C/[OH\2f N/OH = C/CO3 2

# 0* MS 7+i* x*- ai B/: `/Y 6 +&,# 6 0+n*- $/*.


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WF$ $)*+ ,+"$ B;*-:|b[OH\2= O2= 2H2O|b[OH\3!OH = !HlO| !2lO| = H2O

A[OH\3( +MB&a$ ?*- $)*+: 'R/ 7+i* x*- '6

J#*- Jz,+ /a$ 'R/ 7+i* x*- '6 J#*- Jz,+ 0:

A[OH\3 = 3HC AC3 = 3H2O

A[OH\3= N/OH N/AO

2 = 2H

2O


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T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, M, $B?*- ,/ /a$:]5( Mp (# ,+"$ ,+e $+z: ( # $) +>/ M8

]TK, J*- '6 &a$ `/Y]TK, J*- '6 `/Y]TK, J*- '6 # ,/ /a$ k# +Y*

C/CO3 = HC f C/C2 = H2O =CO22] #*- Jz,+ /a$ HC H2lO| &*- $K, J*- '60 &% [Mx*- $B?6, +MB& $B&*- J M* +>/ ,/

0 &%\ -i 7+>*- +MB&.b = HC f bC2 = H2 v2

Aa$ HNO3 /a$ H2lO| M, *>*- ,E* $+S +* $)*+ &a

+>/.


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2.3. C"# $%& '( $)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4, ,/ # ,+x/ &a:

2.3.1. C"# $%&:

]F `* 7+ $+#F, '(& J%*- ;* 0k$. CK, # ,> x,MF &* +>/ ,/ ;* 0k$ ,/& +Y* `* *+$ +Y* M^*-

$+@ ,K, # ,> ,/$&* 6* +Y* Jt 7+* + *+$ +Y*.

V) J C/CO3`z 7+* + *+$. HMB& ,/,`&*/$ 0+n*-a#"$ +* *+*- *-#;* $ *q `;* 7+i *+> IIA~

] CK, # ,/ 0 &% *+> IA M# +E/ $/*. F +E/$/* # ,/ ,K, 0 &% *+> IIA *+8 +Y*.


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2.3.2. T)*+ ,+"$ +>/ +4,:]TK, J*- '6 0 &%]TK, J*- '6 /a$

]TK, J*- '6 `/Y] #*- Jz,+ *# $K, J*- '6 J#*- Jz,+ #]Dz 7+* + ` *+$.


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D( $Z7:

H&(* $+(*+ Y M^ 7+i* x*- /# [-+ B M# 0* *k# ,>\

b bC3 bC2 b[OH\2 b[OH\3

b2O3 b blO|b[NO3\2bO

Chương 4- Cấu Tạo Và Tính Chất Các Chất Vô Cơ

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Transcript of Chương 4- Cấu Tạo Và Tính Chất Các Chất Vô Cơ