Phc Nguyn

Pl. 2559 - DL.2015

MC LC

CHNG 1/ NGHA DANH HIU A-DI-3Tit 1. Xut x danh hiu A-di-3Tit 2. Ng nguyn A-di-4I.2.1. T amita4I.2.3.Gii thch ch amita bng mityu v Amitaprabha7I.2.3. Vn t ra8I.2.4. Nhn nh v danh hiu amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh )9Tit 3. Lin h vi Kinh Php Hoa v Hoa Nghim11Tit 4. Nhng d danh12Tit 5. Nhng dng bin th17CHNG II. LUN THUYT NGUN GC21Tit 1. LUN THUYT BA T21TIT 2. LUN THUYT TRONG TN GIO N 232.1. Thuyt thn Vinu232.2. Thuyt thn Vara v Varana24CHNG III. LUN THUYT A-DI- TRONG PHT GIO25TIT 1 LUN THUYT A-DI- TRONG PHT GIO25TIT 2 LUN THUYT A-DI- TRONG KINH IN PHT GIO N 262.1. C s t tng262.2. Vn hc Bt-nh, i Tr Lun v Trung Qun Lun262.3. Vn h Php Hoa282.4. Vn h Hoa Nghim33TIT 3. LUN THUYT A-DI- V LUN S N 383.1. B-tt Long Th383.2. B-tt Th Thn40CHNG IV. TRUYN T KHEO PHP TNG V V TRNH NIM43TIT 1. KHI QUT43TIT 2 TRUYN T KHEO PHP TNG43TIT 3. TRUYN VUA V TRNH NIM46Chng IV. I CHIU BN NGUYN CA PHT-A- TRONG KINH TNG53TIT I. GII THIU BN NGUYN CA PHP TNG V V TRNH NIM VNG53TIT 2 TOT YU V SO SNH CC I NGUYN55TIT 3. QUAN H GIA CC TRUYN THNG BN NGUYN593.1. V hnh thc ng php593.2. V ni dung60TIT 4. T TNG BN NGUYN S LIN H VI TN NGNG NGUN GC A-DI-68TIT 5. TRUYN BN SINH CA PHT A DI T LC V THA LC73CHNG V. BN MI SU LI NGUYN CA C A-DI-75TH MC THAM KHO107

CHNG 1/ NGHA DANH HIU A-DI-

Nguyn ng Sanskrit: Amitabuddha, Amityus, Amitbha.

Ty Tng dch l: dpag tu med, dpag yas, tshe dpag med, hod dpag med.

Hn phin m c nhiu t: A-di- , A-nh- , A-nh-n , A-di-a-du , A-di-a-du-t , A-di--b-da , A-di--b , A-di an-b , A-di--d-l v.v.. V dch ngha l V Lng , V Lng Th , V Lng Quang , V Lng Thanh Tnh , Cam L

Tit 1. Xut x danh hiu A-di-

Danh hiu A-di- xut hin rt sm Trung quc, c th c tm thy trong:

- i Tng Kinh 13, s hiu 0418 Ban chu tam mui kinh - ba quyn[footnoteRef:1] do Chi Lu Ca Sm dch nm 179 s.dl., xut hin danh hiu: A-di- [footnoteRef:2] rt nhiu ln. [1: i 13, No. 0418, tr. 0902c23, tt.,: ( ), ] [2: Op.cit. p.0905a10: , p. 0905a26, p0905b09: , p. 0905b10: ,...]

- i Tng Kinh 13, s hiu 0417, Pht thuyt ban chu tam mui kinh mt quyn[footnoteRef:3] cng dch gi Chi Lu Ca Sm cng xut hin danh hiu A-di- [footnoteRef:4]. [3: i 13, No. 0417, tr. 0897c24: , ] [4: Op.cit. p. 0899a11: ; p.0899a28: ]

- i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0362, Pht Thuyt A Di Tam Da Tam Pht Tt Lu Pht n Qu Nhn o Kinh, 2 quyn[footnoteRef:5], do Ng Chi Khim dch vo u th k th III, cng ghi l A-di- [footnoteRef:6] [5: i 12, No. 0362, tr. 0300a04: ,.] [6: Op.cit. p. 0301a17: ; p. 0302b15: ; p.0303a03: v.v..]

- i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0366, Pht Thuyt A Di Kinh, 1 quyn, Diu Tn Cu Ma La Thp, dch vo u th k V.

Cng rt nhiu kinh in khc c lu tr trong i Chnh Tn Tu i Tng Kinh

Tit 2. Ng nguyn A-di-

Vy A-di- c ngha nh th no?

I.2.1. T amitaa) T amita v kinh Vimalakrtinirdea

T A-Di , tc l phin m t ch Sanskrit: amita, c ngha l: V lng, y l dch st theo ng nguyn amita ca Sanskrit.

Nguyn in Sanskrit ryavimalakrtinirdeo nma mahynastram (Duy Ma Ct S Thuyt Kinh), phm 6 dev (Ch Thin), khi k nhng c Pht n nh ca Duy Ma Ct c k tn Amitbha[footnoteRef:7]. [7: Vimalakrtinirdea stram, Joshi, Lal Mani & Bhiksu Pasadika, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies Place of, Sarnath, 1981: ", , (Phim m La-tin: punarapara, bhadanta riputra, asmin ghe tathgat kyamunicmitbhackobhyaca ratnarca ratnrcica ratnacandraca ratnavyhaca dupahaca sarvrthasiddhaca mahratnaca sihaprasiddhia sihasvarac'dayo daadikvaparimatathgat asya satpuruasya sahacittamtrea samgacchanti cgatstathgataguhyannma dharmamukhapravea nidarya pratigacchanti).-Cf. Vimalakrtinirdea stram , bn tho mi tm thy ti Potala Palace, xut bn bi Taisho University Press, Tokyo, 2006, 125 trang phn kinh vn tng ng c hi d bit: punar apara bhadantariputra iha ghe kyamunis tathgato 'mitbho 'kobhyo ratnar ratnrc ratnacandro ratnavyho duprasaha sarvrthasiddha prabhtaratna sihandand sihaghoas tathgata eva pramukh daasu dikv aprams tathgat ye 'sya satpuruasya cintitamtregacchanti. -Cf. Roberto E. Garca Fernndez, El Colegio de Mxico (2010), Vimalak rti nirde a stra Stra de la Instruccin dada por Vimalakrti, Libro VI, [ Fragmento en borrador], cc danh hiu tng ng vi bn tho Sanskrit Potala Palace: Venerable riputra, otro es que con un simple pensamiento de este hombre de bien acuden a esta casa el T athgata kyamuni junto con Amitbha, Akobhya, Ratnar, Ratnrci, Ratnacandra, Ratnavyha, Du prasaha, Sarvrthasiddha, Prabhtaratna, Sihsand y el Tathgata Sihaghoa, acompaados por una multitud innumerable de tathgatas provenientes de las diez direcciones, quienes al llegar instruyen en la forma de penetrar en el Dharma , a travs de una enseanza cuyo nombre es El secreto de los Tathgatas. -Cf. vimalakirti nirdesa sutra, Robert A. F. Thurman, 1976, The Pennsylvania State University.]

Trong bn dch Ty Tng: phags- pa dri-ma- med-par- grags-pas bstan-pa shes-bya- ba theg- pa chen- poi mdo[footnoteRef:8], ca dch s Ty Tng Chos-id tshul-khrims, lu tr trong Ty tng i tng kinh, Kyoto, s hiu 176, v bn dch ny cng c lu tr trong Tng Peking, Tng Ni ng, Tng Lp Tt, c t tng ng vi Amitbha l snan ba mthah yas, dch st l: nh sng v lng (V Lng Quang). [8: Cf., Ty tng i tng kinh, Kyoto, No.176, 60Ma, p. 175a1-239b7: phags-pa dri-ma-med-par-grags-pas bstan-pa shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo, Chos-id tshul-khrims , c lu tr trong: 1/: Mdo-sna-tshogs (bu) 180a-250b; 2/Mdo (pha)274a-382a ; 3/Mdo-sde (ma)175a-239h; 4/ Mdo (pha)270b-376b; 5/Mdo-ma (ma)205a-295b ; tng ng vi : No. 474,475,476; ]

Th nn, trong i Tng Kinh 14, s hiu 0474, Duy-ma-ct kinh[footnoteRef:9] Chi Khim dch Amitbha l: V Lng[footnoteRef:10]. [9: i 14, No. 0474: ().] [10: Ibid., No. 0529a07, tt.: , , , , , , , , , , ]

Nhng nu em i chiu vi on vn dch tng ng trong i Tng Kinh 14, s hiu 0475, Duy ma ct s thuyt kinh[footnoteRef:11] ca La Thp, th Amitbha c phin m thnh: A-di-[footnoteRef:12]. [11: i 14, No. 0475: (), ] [12: Ibid., p. 0548b14, tt.: ]

V li em i chiu vi Thuyt v cu xng kinh[footnoteRef:13] ca Huyn Trng, dch Amitbha l: V Lng Th[footnoteRef:14] (Nh Lai). [13: i 14, No. 0476: , .] [14: Op.cit. 0574b08: ]

b) T amita gi tt ca Amitbha

Nh vy, tuy amita c dch l V Lng, song kim sot li th hoc do V Lng Quang hoc do V Lng Th, ni ng hn l do Amitbha gi tt m thi.

Tnh hnh ny xy ra rt ph bin. in hnh l trong i Tng Kinh 14, s hiu 0425, Hin kip kinh 6, do Ty Tn Trc Php H dch[footnoteRef:15] cch Chi Khim khng xa, ba ln k ra tn V Lng Pht[footnoteRef:16]. Khi so vi i Tng Kinh, B Lun Tp, s hiu 0477, Hin ti hin kip thin Pht danh kinh vo i Lng, mt tn ngi dch, V Lng Pht y l V Lng Minh Pht. [15: i 14, No. 0425, tr. 0042c02: , ] [16: Op.cit. p.0047a01, p.0046b05 & p.0046b12.]

Trc y, F. Weller thc hin mt nghin cu so snh vi cc bn Sanskrit, Tng, Hn, Mng v Mn ca kinh Hin kip thin Pht danh[footnoteRef:17] ny v i n kt lun l V Lng Pht c th l hod dpag med: (Pht) V Lng Quang ca bn Ty tng[footnoteRef:18]. [17: Bn Hn: i 14, No. 0447a, p. 0376a06: (), Cf. i 14n0447b, p. 0383b24: (), . ] [18: Cf. F. Weller: Tausend Buddhanamen des Bhadrakalpa nach einer fnfsprachigen Polyglotte, Leipzig, 1928.]

Chi Lu Ca Sm khng nhng dch Ban chu tam mui kinh, thuc i Tng Kinh 13, s hiu 0418; Pht thuyt ban chu tam mui kinh, i Tng Kinh 13, s hiu 0417, m cn dch V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh 2[footnoteRef:19], thuc i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0361, y xut hin nhng t V lng , V lng gic [footnoteRef:20], V lng th tn[footnoteRef:21]. [19: i 12, No. 0361: ; u kinh ghi (Op.cit., 0279b05): , Cf. L Trng trong Tn Bin Hn Vn i i Tng Kinh Mc Lc (Trung quc trit hc s nghin cu tp san , 1980) kho chng, cho rng bn kinh ny c th c Ty Tn Trc Php H dch.] [20: Op.cit.p.0288a27: , p. 0288a29: , p.0288b02: , p.0288b04: , p.0288b29: .] [21: Ibid. p.0288b15: .]

Khng Tng Khi sng cng thi vi Php H, cng dch kinh di tn Pht thuyt V lng th kinh[footnoteRef:22], dng V Lng Gic v V Lng Tn gi c Pht A-Di-. [22: i 12, No. 0360, tr. 0265c03: ; ; Kinh c ni l do: To Ngy n Sa Mn Khng Tng Khi dch Lc Dng Bch M T, Vnh Gia t nin Nhm Dn ( , ). Nhng theo cc hc gi Nht bn kho chng, th phi l: ng Tn Pht--bt--la cp Lu Tng Bo Vn cng dch (ty nguyn 421 nin), (421 ).]

Khi so snh truy ng nguyn V Lng Gic hoc V Lng Tn trong bn Sanskrit Tng tng ng nh sau, tm thy nh sau:

-Bn Sanskrit Sukhvatvyha [Vistaramtk ][footnoteRef:23], c lu tr trong Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 17 , dng ch: Amitaprabha; [23: Cf. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 17. Cf. Mahyna-stra-sagraha (part 1), Vaidya, P.L, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, Darbhanga, 1961.]

-Bn Sanskrit sukhvatvyha ( sakiptamtk |) trong Mahyna-stra-sagraha[footnoteRef:24], dng ch mityu. [24: Mahyna-stra-sagraha, p.1, The Mithila Institute, 1961, p 221-253.]

-V i chiu vi bn Ty Tng Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo, m ni dung ca bn ny tng ng vi V lng th - Nh Lai ng hi, ca Kinh i Bo Tch Kinh[footnoteRef:25], Nam n , ng, B Lu Ch dch, thuc i Tng Kinh 11, s hiu 0310; cc hc gi pht hin nguyn bn Sanskrit ca n l: - arya-amitbhavyuha nama mhyana stra. Do hai dch gi n- l Jinamitra (C-na-m-a-lp) v Nadanasila (t-lp-n-d) v mt dch s Ty Tng tn l Ye ses sde (y-c-i), cng cng dch v hon thnh vo khong th k th chn, sau Ty Lch. Trong bn ny tng ng vi V Lng Gic hoc V Lng Tn l ch tshe dpag med v hod dpag med. [25: i 11, No. 0310, tr. 0091c02: , , ; Gin danh: V Lng Th Nh Lai Hi ; Phm ny cn c gi l Thnh A-di- Danh Trang Nghim i Tha Kinh.]

Vy, tuy phin m l A-di- v i khi cng dng dch ng V Lng, cc vn bn Trung quc gn nh ng nht ngha ca A-di- hay V Lng vi ngha V Lng Th v V Lng Quang.

I.2.3.Gii thch ch amita bng mityu v Amitaprabha

Vic gii thch A-di- bng V Lng Quang v V Lng Th xut hin mt cch r nt trong A-di- kinh. Bn Hn, i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0347, Cu Ma Thp dch, kinh vit: "Ny X-li-Pht! Pht y v sao gi l A Di ? Ny X Li Pht, nh sng Pht y v lng, ri n mi phng quc khng b chng ngi, nn gi l A Di . Li na, ny X Li Pht, th mng ca Pht v nhn dn y v lng v bin a tng k kip, nn gi l A Di ."[footnoteRef:26] [26: Cf. , (i 12, No 366, p. 0347a25): .]

i chiu vi bn Sanskrit ca Kinh A-di- hin tm c, tn l sukhvatvyha ( sakiptamtk |) c lu tr trong Mahyna-stra-sagraha[footnoteRef:27], ni dung tng ng vi on Hn dch ca La Thp trn, nh sau: [27: Mahyna-stra-sagraha, p.1, The Mithila Institute, 1961, p 221-253.]

tatki manyase riputra kena kraena sa tathgato'mityurnmocyate/tasya khalu puna riputra tathgatasya te ca manuymaparimitamyupramam/tena kraena sa tathgato'mityurnmocyate// tatki manyase riputratathgato'mitbho/ tathgatasybh apratihat sarvabuddhaketreu | tenatathgato'mitbho nmocyate |

Cn c vo on vn Sanskrit ny, ch A-di- trong bn Hn tng ng vi mityu v Amitaprabha trong bn Sanskrit, chng t amita (A-di-) l rt gn t mityu v Amitaprabha.

Ng nguyn Sanskrit Amityus c thnh lp t hai yu t: Amita + yus

T Amita thit lp t + [a -mita], tnh t: c ngha l v lng.

Tip u m A, cn c theo ng php Sanskrit n dng bin i ngha ca t. ngha phn theo cc dng ng php nh sau:

- a lm gii t: t khi, t lc ,

- a lm trng cch: va khi, xa hn na, n khi, ngay khi,

- a lm lin t: vt hn, tri hn, nhiu hn, ngay c.

ui t Mita lm phn t qu kh ca ng cn m: o, lng, so snh;

ui t Mita cng l qu kh phn t ca ng t cn mi: lm kt, lm ni, lm dnh

ui t Mita l Bin cch th 8. Vocative (H cch) s t, ca ng php Sanskrit, khi lm tnh t v c nhiu ngha nh: chnh l, tit kim, c nh, kin lp, hay c gn lin, c thnh lp v.v..

T yus: th mng, mng sng. yus c ng cn yu: nhn loi, dng di,..

I.2.3. Vn t ra

T s truy nguyn ng hc trn, vn t ra l c phi t nguyn y ch c tn A-di-, tc amita (v lng), ri s xut hin ca mityu (V Lng Th ) v Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) l nhng n lc nhm gii thch tn amita (A-di-/v lng) y?

Hay ngc li, t nguyn y mityu (V Lng Th ) v Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) l hai tn khc nhau, c th ch hai i tng khc nhau, ri sau do qu trnh bin ho v thm nhp m c s c rt ngn thnh tn amita (A-di-/v lng) ?

Trc y, ngi ta da vo hai l do di y, khng nh tn amita (A-di-/v lng) c trc, cn tn mityu (V Lng Th ) v Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) xut hin sau gii minh:

-Mt l, gi nh mityu (V Lng Th ) v Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) l nhng tn c t nguyn y, th ngha chng qu r rng ri, cn g phi gii thch thm.

-Hai l, nu mityu (V Lng Th ) v Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) l c t nguyn y, th c Pht y li c hai tn. Nhng mt v Pht m c hai tn, th hin khng thy mt in hnh no khc.

Ngoi ra, cc bn dch xa hin c trong i Tng Kinh nh i Tng Kinh 13, s hiu 0418 Ban chu tam mui kinh - ba quyn[footnoteRef:28] do Chi Lu Ca Sm dch nm 179 s.dl.; i Tng Kinh 13, s hiu 0417, Pht thuyt ban chu tam mui kinh mt quyn[footnoteRef:29] cng dch gi Chi Lu Ca Sm[footnoteRef:30]; i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0362, Pht Thuyt A Di Tam Da Tam Pht Tt Lu Pht n Qu Nhn o Kinh, 2 quyn[footnoteRef:31], do Ng Chi Khim dch vo u th k th III[footnoteRef:32]; i Tng Kinh 14, s hiu 0474, Duy-ma-ct kinh[footnoteRef:33] ca Chi Khim u cp danh hiu V lng hoc A Di , tc amita ch khng a ra danh xng mityu (V Lng Th ) v Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ). [28: i 13, No. 0418, tr. 0902c23, tt.,: ( ), ] [29: i 13, No. 0417, tr. 0897c24: , ] [30: Op.cit. p. 0899a11: ; p.0899a28: ] [31: i 12, No. 0362, tr. 0300a04: ,.] [32: Op.cit. p. 0301a17: ; p. 0302b15: ; p.0303a03: v.v..] [33: i 14, No. 0474: ().]

I.2.4. Nhn nh v danh hiu amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh )

Kt lun va nu v s c trc ca tn amita (A-di-/v lng) cng tr nn d chp nhn hn, khi ta nh n mt li ct ngha th ba na v ch y, l V Lng Thanh Tnh .

T V Lng Thanh Tnh xut hin ln u tin trong nhan bn dch V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh[footnoteRef:34], ngy nay c coi l ca Chi Lu Ca Sm[footnoteRef:35]. y l bn dch tng ng ca kinh i A Di , m bn dch ca Khng Tng Khi sng cng thi vi Php H, dch kinh di tn Pht thuyt V lng th kinh[footnoteRef:36]. S tng ng ny cho php ta c ti thiu mt nim rng V lng th ca bn Tng Khi l V lng thanh tnh ca bn Chi Lu Ca Sm. [34: i 12, No. 0361: ; Op.cit. p.0281a07: ; Op.cit.p0281a10:; Op.cit.p. 0281c23: ; Op.cit.p.0281c28: v.v..] [35: Cf. Cht.12 dn thng.] [36: i 12, No. 0360, tr. 0265c03: ; .]

Tuy nhin, phi i n khi so snh vi ba bn kinh trong i Tng Kinh 14: (1) s hiu 0559, Lo n nhn kinh[footnoteRef:37], Chi Khim dch ; (2) s hiu 0560, Pht Thuyt Lo Mu N Lc Anh Kinh, 1 quyn, Lu Tng Cu Na Bt La dch[footnoteRef:38]; (3) v s hiu 0561, Pht Thuyt Lo Mu Kinh, 1 quyn, mt tn ngi dch[footnoteRef:39], nim y mi tr thnh xc nh. [37: i 14, No. 0559, tr. 0911c22: ; .] [38: i 14, No. 0560, tr. 0912b18: ; .] [39: i 14, No. 0561, tr. 0912c20: ; ]

Lo mu n nhn kinh do Chi Khim dch k mt chuyn tin thn v c Pht n chng ngi n b gi s sinh v nc Pht A Di .

Cng chuyn tin thn y, bn dch Lo mu n lc anh kinh ca Cu Na Bt La li c Pht n chng ngi y "sinh v nc Pht V Lng Thanh Tnh".

Lu hnh cng thi vi Lo mu n lc anh kinh, Lo mu kinh, m ngi dch thi Tng Hu khng bit tn, k Pht Thch Ca n chng b "s sinh v nc Pht A Di ".

Vy th, ba bn dch ny xc nhn s kin l A-di-, tc amita cng c ngha l V Lng Thanh Tnh. i chiu vi bn Ty tng ca Lo mu n lc anh kinh, ta : Skyes- pa rabs- kyi gle- gshi[footnoteRef:40], do Ty Tng dch s i- ma rgyal- mtshan v n dch s nandar dch, th amita (A-di-/v lng) tng ng l tshe dpag med: tui th v lng. [40: Ty Tng i Tng Kinh (The Tibetan Tripitaka), Kyoto, No.32, 34Ka, p. 183a7- 250a5, (Skt. Jtakanidna); Cf. Vol. 33, p. 310-3-3, Vol. 32, p. 66-1-5.]

Do , khng ch V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh mi ng nht A-di- Pht vi V Lng Thanh Tnh Pht. Cho nn, cu hi ng nhin l do u xy ra s ng nht ?

Trc y, c ngi a ra gi thit V lng thanh tnh l do c hay chp sai nguyn vn Sanskrit ca Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) m ra, tc nguyn ng Devanagari nh sau: ---- - ---- - (amita-bha--- amita-subha / -ubha--- amitasuddha/-uddha).

Tuy nhin, cn vch ra ngay l V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh lun lun kt hp V Lng Thanh Tnh Pht vi "nh sng chiu khp nc v chiu sng cc phng nc Pht khc rt sng" v vi "th mng rt di".

Th nn, khng ch n thun v c hay chp sai - amita-bha thnh - - amita-subha / -ubha, m t Pht V Lng Quang, ta c Pht V Lng Thanh Tnh.

Ngoi ra, dch bn Ty tng Skyes- pa rabs- kyi gle- gshi (Bn sanh duyn kinh) tng ng vi Lo mu n lc anh kinh c tshe dpa med, tc t - mita-yu ca Sanskrit, trong khi cc bn Hn c ting A-di- Pht hoc V Lng Thanh Tnh.

Nh vy, v lng thanh tnh phi do mityu (V Lng Th ) m ra, tc amitauddha, ch khng phi do Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) m thit lp.

Du sao chng na, nu mt khi chp nhn amita hay A-di- l danh hiu nguyn y ca v Pht phng Ty v coi Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) v mityu (V Lng Th ) l nhng tn gii minh ngha ca amita hay A-di- , th khng c l do g m khng chp nhn thm amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh ) l mt tn gii minh th ba cho ngha ch amita.

Tit 3. Lin h vi Kinh Php Hoa v Hoa Nghim

Gia ba tn gii minh ngha amita hay A-di- : (1) Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ), (2) mityu (V Lng Th ) v (3) amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh ) va trnh by trn, vn tng quan sau trc vi nhau ca chng khng phi d gii quyt g.

Ring v tn amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh ), v khng ph thng cho lm, ta khng cn phi quan tm nhiu. Ch cn ni l n xut hin rt sm khng km g hai tn Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) v mityu (V Lng Th ), nhng gp phi mt tr ngi l cho n nay khng mt tn no nh vy trong vn hc Pht gio Phn vn pht hin, nn khng th dt khot gi thit thi im ra i ca amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh ).

Cn hai tn Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) v mityu (V Lng Th ), tuy khng gp trong vn hc Pli v trong cc tc phm Sanskrit nh Lalitavistarav Mahvastu, ng mt vai tr t nhiu thit yu trong phn ln kinh in Sanskrit khc.

Nguyn in Sanskrit, kinh Php Hoa, c lu tr trong Buddhist Sanskrit Texts 6[footnoteRef:41], do Kerne v Najo -Fumio da vo cc bn Sanskrit cng nh cc on phin tm thy cc nc m so snh i chiu ri tp thnh Saddharmapuarkastra vo nm 1913, trong Prvayogaparivarta (phm vng c)[footnoteRef:42] c k n Pht mityu i chiu vi cc bn Hn dch tng ng nh sau: [41: , Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, No 6, P.189. Cf. Saddharmapuarka-stra c chuyn m La-tin do Prof.U.Wogihara v C. Tsuchida bin tp v hiu ch cn thn, Romanized and Revised Text, Tokyo, 1958. Tib.: dam chos pad-ma dkar po'i mdo. ] [42: Op.cit. 7 Prvayogaparivarta| Cf. Kern, H. Saddharma Pundarka or the Lotus of the True Law, Oxford 1884 (Clarendon Press) Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXI, New York 1963 (Dover), Delhi 1968; chapter vii. Ancient devotion: In the west, monks, is the Tathgata named Amityus, &c., and the Tathgata named Sarvalokadhtpadravodvegapratyuttrna]

- i Tng Kinh 9, s hiu 263, Chnh Php Hoa Kinh 4, do Php H dch ln cui vo nm th 7, nin hiu Thi Khang (286 TL.) i Ty Tn; Phm Vng C dch mityu l V Lng Th[footnoteRef:43]. [43: Cf. , (i 09, No. 0263, tr. 0092a28): .]

- i Tng Kinh 9, s hiu 262, Diu Php Lin Hoa kinh 3, do Cu Ma La Thp (Kumaraiva) dch vo nm Hong Th th 8 (406) i Diu Tn Phm Ho thnh d ca Diu php lin hoa kinh 3, th u phin m l A Di [footnoteRef:44]. [44: Cf. , (i 09, No. 0262, tr. 0025c01): .]

Kinh Hoa Nghim, phm Nhp php gii, thuc i Tng Kinh 10, s hiu 0295, bn dch ca a-b-ha-la[footnoteRef:45], cng k n tn Pht V Lng Quang [footnoteRef:46]; m bn Sanskrit tng ng ca Kinh Hoa Nghim hin c l: Gaavyha stram, trong phm Nhp Php Gii t tng vi V Lng Quang ca bn Hn l Amitbha[footnoteRef:47]. [45: i 10n0295, tr. 0876b03: ; .] [46: Op.cit. p. 0876b29: ] [47: Cf. Gaavyha stram, Vaidya, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit, Darbhanga, 1960.]

Cn s lin h vi Phm ph mn bn Sanskrit, Kinh Php Hoa v mt s phm ca Kinh Hoa Nghim bn Sanskrit s c ni sau

Tit 4. Nhng d danh

Nhng quan trng nht, d nhin V Lng Quang n xut hin trong cc kinh in lin quan n Tnh . Trong cc loi kinh in ny, tuy danh thng mang tn V Lng Th, nhn mnh n v gii minh chi tit tn V Lng Quang.

Chng hn, nh trong cc bn Hn, thuc i Tng Kinh nh: V lng th kinh, V lng th Nh Lai hi ca i bo tch kinh v i v lng th trang nghim kinh gi Pht V Lng Quang bng nhng tn khc nh V Bin Quang , V Ngi Quang v.v..., minh gii thm V Lng Quang c ngha g.

Khi i chiu vi nguyn bn Sanskrit hin c v bn Ty Tng, nhng tn gi ny cnhng tng ng, nhng khng nht thit l c cng mt th t v c cng mt s lng.

C th nh i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0360, V Lng th kinh, bn dch ca Khng Tng Khi, k ti mi hai danh hiu lin h vi nh sng, tc l V Lng Quang , V Bin Quang , V Ngi Quang, V i Quang , Dim Vng Quang , Thanh Tnh Quang , Hoan H Quang , Tr tu Quang , Bt on Quang , Nan T Quang , V Xng Quang v Siu Nht Nguyt Quang [footnoteRef:48]. [48: Cf. ; (i 12, No. 0360, tr. 0270a29 v tt.): .]

V Pht A-di- c gii minh bng mi hai danh hiu y, nn cng gi Thp Nh Quang Pht, tc c Pht ca 12 th nh sng. Nu cng thm danh hiu V Lng Th Pht, c Pht A-di- c 13 danh hiu, m thut ng Trung quc gi l A-di- Pht thp tam hiu.

Mi hai danh hiu ca V lng th kinh, bn dch Khng Tng Khi, n lc B Lu Ch dch, i Tng Kinh 11, s hiu 0310, V lng th - Nh Lai ng hi, ca Kinh i Bo Tch Kinh 17-18[footnoteRef:49] pht trin ln ti mi lm danh hiu: l V Lng Quang , V Bin Quang , V Trc Quang , V Ngi Quang , Chiu Vng Quang , oan Nghim Quang , i Quang , H Quang, Kh Kin Quang , Bt T Ngh Quang, V ng Quang , Bt Kh Xng Lng Quang, nh T Nht Quang , nh T Nguyt Quang v Ym ot Nht Nguyt Quang [footnoteRef:50]. [49: i 11, No. 0310: , , . Skt. - Arya-amitbhavyuha nama mhyana stra; Tib.: Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo.] [50: Op.cit. p. 0095c24,tt.: .]

Tuy nhin, trong i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0363, Pht Thuyt i Tha V Lng Th Trang Nghim Kinh[footnoteRef:51], 3 quyn, Tng Php Hin dch vo nm 991, bn danh hiu dch li gim xung cn mi hai nh sau: V Lng Quang , V Ngi Quang , Thng Chiu Quang , Bt Khng Quang , Li ch Quang , i Lc Quang , An n Quang , Gii Thot Quang , V ng Quang , Bt Th Ngh Quang , Qu Nht Nguyt Quang , ot Nht Thit Th Gian Quang v V Cu Thanh Tnh Quang [footnoteRef:52]. [51: i 12, No. 0363: ; .] [52: Op.cit.p. 0321c23,tt.: ]

Trong bn Sanskrit v bn Ty Tng k n mi tm danh hiu khc nhau ngoi danh hiu thng thng V Lng Quang.

Bn Sanskrit Amitbhavyha nma mahyna stra, thng c gi l Sukhvatvyha [ vistaramtk] k mi chnh danh hiu nh sau: (1) Amitbha (V Lng Quang);

(2) Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang);

(3) Amitaprabhsa (V Lng Minh);

(4) Asamptaprabha (V i Chiu Quang);

(5) Asaghataprabha (V Trc Quang);(6) Prabhikhotsaprabha (Dim Vng Quang); (7) Sadivyamaiprabha (Thin Chu Quang);

(8) Apratihataramirgaprabha (V Ngi Quang Minh Nhim Quang);

(9) Rjanyaprabha (M Quang);

(10) Premayaprabha (i Quang);

(11) Pramodanyaprabha (H Quang);

(12) Sagamanyaprabha (T Quang);

(13) upoayaprabha (An n Quang);

(14) Nibandhanyaprabha (Bt on Quang);

(15) - Ativrya-prabha (Cc Tinh Tn Quang);

(16) Atulyaprabha (V ng Quang);

(17) - Abhibhyanarendrmnnayendra-prabha (Siu Thin Vng Nhn Vng Quang?);

(18) - rntasacayendusryajihmkaraa-prabha (Khc p Tnh Mn Nguyt Nht Quang);

(19) - Abhibhya lokaplaakrabrahmauddhvsamahevarasarvadevajihmkaraa-prabha (Khc p H Th, Nhn La, Phm Thin, Tnh C, i T Ti, Nht Thit Thin Quang)[footnoteRef:53]. [53: Cf. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 17. Cf. Mahyna-stra-sagraha (part 1), Vaidya, P.L, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, Darbhanga, 1961: , (?) ( tadanennanda paryyea sa tathgato'mitbha ityucyate, amitaprabho'mitaprabhso'samptaprabho'sagataprabha prabhikhotsaprabha sadivyamaiprabho'pratihataramirgaprabho rjanyaprabha premayaprabha pramodanyaprabha sagamanyaprabha upoayaprabho nibandhanyaprabho'tivrya -prabho'tulya -prabho'bhibhyanarendrmnnayendra- prabha(?) rntasacayendusryajihmkaraaprabho'bhibhya lokaplaakrabrahmauddhvsamahevarasarvadevajihmkaraaprabha ityucyate)

]

Bn Ty Tng Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo, do hai dch gi n- l Jinamitra (C-na-m-a-lp) v Nadanasila (t-lp-n-d) v mt dch s Ty Tng tn l Ye ses sde (y-c-i), cng dch, c k mi chnh danh hiu gn tng t vi bn Sukhvatvyha [ vistaramtk], va k trn:

(1) Hod dpag tu med pa (V Lng Quang);

(2) Shan ba dpag tu med pa (V Lng Chiu);

(3) Hod thug pa med pa (V i Quang);

(4) Hod chags pa med pa (V Trc Quang);

(5) Hod thogs pa med pa (V Ngi Quang);

(6) Hod rtag tu gtoba (Thng Phng Quang);

(7) Lhai nor bai od (Thin Chu Quang);

(8) Thogs pa med pai hod zer gyi rgyal poi od (V Ngi Quang Minh Vng Quang);

(9) Chags par hgyur poi od (Thnh i Quang);

(10) Dpabar hgyur poi od (Hoan H Quang);

(11) mchog tu dpabar hgyur poi od (Ti Thng Hoan H Quang);

(12) Tshimpar hgyur poi od (Tho Mn Quang);

(13) Lta bar hgyur poi od (Kh Kin Quang);

(14) brel bar ghyur poi od (Ho Hip Quang);

(15) Bsamgyis mikhyab poi od (Bt Kh T Ngh Quang);

(16) Mtshus pa med poi od (V ng Quang);

(17) Mihi dban po dan lhahi dban po zil gyis gnon poi od (Khc p Nhn Vng Thin Vng Quang);

(18) Ni ma dan zla ba zil gyis gnon shin mog mog por byed pahi hod (Khc p Nht Nguyt Lnh m Mui Quang);

(19) jig rten skyon ba dan brgya byin dan tshanspa dan gnas gtsan mapa dan dban phyig chen po dan lha thams cad zin gyis gnon cin mog mog por byed poi od (Khc p H Th, Nhn La, Phm Thin,Tnh C, i TTi, Nht Thit Thin, Lnh m Mui Quang).

Nh vy, k t khi Khng Tng khi dch V Lng Th Kinh vo nm 252 tr i, Pht A Di c xem nh mt v Pht ca nh sng trong c ba truyn thng Sanskrit, Tng v Hn bn. iu ny chng t tn ngng A-di- t nguyn y r rng thin trng kha cnh nh snh, m xem nh kha cnh th mng.

Tnh hnh dn n nhng kt lun kh li cun v ngun gc ca tn ngng A Di , m ta s bn di y. Lc ny ch cn nhn mnh l trong truyn thng Sanskrit, quan nim A-di- nh mt c Pht nh sng lu hnh mnh m.

Hu ht nhng kinh mang tn V Lng Th nh: V Lng Th Kinh, V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh, i A-di- kinh, i tha v lng th trang nghim kinh, V lng th Nh Lai hi ca i bo tch kinh v.v... Tuy mang tn V Lng Th, u nhn mnh kha cnh nh sng ca amita hay A-di- .

Do , yu t Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) ng mt vai tr quan trng v c th xut hin trc yu t mityu (V Lng Th ).

S thc, bn Sanskrit v Tng bn ca nhng bn dch Hn vn va nu u mang tn V lng quang, tc Amitbhavyha (= Amitaprabha hay V Lng Quang ).

Vic dch thnh V lng th trong Hn tng t y ch th hin mt xu th mun Trung Quc ho Pht gio, nhm p ng kht vng trng sinh bt lo c hu ca ngi Trung quc.

Tm li, theo truyn thng th tn A-di- c th hiu l phin m ch amita c ngha: v lng. Ri t , ngi ta tm cch gii minh V lng c ngha l g, bng cch a vo nhng yu t: Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ), mityu (V Lng Th ) v amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh ), nh thy.

Ngoi ra, n cng c gii minh bng nhng yu t khng ni ting khc nh v lng quang vinh v v lng chng, nh bn Sanskrit Amitbhavyha nma mahyna stra, tc bn Sukhvatvyha [ vistaramtk] thc hin:

amitbhasya bh amit ca tej

amita ca yramitaca sagha

nh sng ca V Lng Quang l v lng, quang vinh l v lng, th mng l v lng, chng hi l v lng.

Nhng yu t - amit tejs (v lng quang vinh) v - amit-sagha

(v lng chng hi), khng c pht trin v nhc nh n nhiu.

S kin ny, mt ln na, chng thc cho quan im coi A-di- l mt phin m ca amita, ri sau c gii thch bng Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ), mityu (V Lng Th ) v amitauddha (v lng thanh tnh ), - amit tejs (v lng quang vinh), - amit-sagha (v lng chng hi)

Tit 5. Nhng dng bin th

T lu ngi ta bit ngoi tn Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ), mityu (V Lng Th ). Pht A Di cn c mt tn th ba l Cam L i Minh Vng hay Kim Cng Cam L Thn.

Nhng tn ny xut hin thng xuyn trong cc kinh in Mt gio. i Tng Kinh 18, s hiu 0889. Nht Thit Nh Lai i B Mt Vng V Tng Hu Ti Thng Vi Diu i Mn Noa La Kinh 4[footnoteRef:54], Tng Thin Tc Tai dch, gii thch s lin quan gia V Lng Th vi Cam L i Minh Vng nh sau: "Tng n c Pht Nh Lai V Lng Th c nh sng pht xut t gia bch ho ti ni gia mi mt, trong nh sng c nh chiu gi l Cam L i Minh Vng, c sc tng nh Pht T L Gi Na, thn thun mu vng, tay cm mt ci u lu trong c cha y nc cam l mu vng..."[footnoteRef:55]. [54: i 18, No 0889, p. 552c.: ; ] [55: Op.cit.p. 0553a: ]

i Tng Kinh 20, s hiu 1193, Diu Ct Tng Bnh ng Du Gi B Mt Qun Thn Thnh Pht Nghi Qu, 1 quyn, Tng T Hin dch[footnoteRef:56], kinh ni: "A-di- Nh Lai kim cng cam l thn"[footnoteRef:57]. [56: i 20, No. 1193, tr. 0930a19: ; ] [57: Op.cit. p.0932b16: .]

Ngoi ra, A-di- thn ch , tc Aparimitagunuasnmadhran, Ty Tng l Yon tan bsnags pa dpag tumed pa shes bya bahi gzuns; v c k ra mi th cam l ( amta a- mt- lt-a) nn trong vn hc Pht gio cng thng gi l Thp cam l chn ngn v bn dch i ng ca Tht Xoa Nan gi n l ch Cam l la ni ch v.v[footnoteRef:58] [58: D danh: A Di i ch , A Di i thn ch , A Di i la ni , A Di Pht thuyt ch , Bt nht thit nghip chng cn bn c sinh tnh thn ch , A Di Pht i tm ch , V Lng Th Nh Laicn bn tm kinh , Bt nht thit khinh trng nghip chng c sinh tnh la ni , Bt nht thit nghip chng cn bn c sinh tnh ch , Vng sinh tnh ch , Vng sinh tnh thn ch , Vng sinh quyt nh chn ngn , V lng cng c la ni , V lng th Nh Lai la ni , V lng th Nh Lai cn bn la ni , V Lng th Nh Lai cn bn chn ngn , A Di Pht ch , A Di NhLai la ni , Vng sinh ch , Cn bn la ni , A Di Pht cn bn b mt thn ch , Amta i la ni , Bt nht thit nghip cn bn vng sinh tnh chn ngn ]

Vy, c mt xu th trong vn hc Pht gio, ch yu l ca mt gio, hiu A-di- c ngha l Cam l. Cam l tc liu thuc bt t, lm cho ngi ta sng mi khng cht.

Do th, ng nht A Di vi Cam l, tc nhn nhn amita khng c ngha V lng nh thng thng hiu, m l mt bin dng sai ca amta.

Th th, amita phi chng l do ch amta bin dng?

Trc y, Wogihara trong khi truy nguyn ngun gc ca tn ngng A Di t tn ngng Vinu, ngh amita l dng tc ng ca amta (Cam l, bt t) ting Sanskrit, ch khng phi l dng tiu chun amita (V lng), nh ngi ta thng ngh, bng cch da vo lut bin mu m Sanskrit thnh i trong tc ngv trong Pli.

Nhng trong trng hp amta th cc tc ng ta hin bit v Pli ch cho ta dng amuda ( amudu), amaya ( amiya, amuya) v amata.

Ly Dhammapada 21 v Dhammapada 25 ting Gndhr so vi Hn bn

Php c kinh th s kin s r ngay:

Bn Pli

Apramadu amatapada

pramadu mucuno pada

apramata na miyati

ye pramata yadha mutu

appamdo amatapada

pamdo maccuno pada

appamatt na myanti

ye pamatt yath mat

Bn Hn

Gii vi cam l o

Phng dt vi t knh

Bt tham tc bt t

Tht o vi t tng

V cui cng ca chnh c va dn, bn Sanskrit Udnavarga c: ye pramatt sad mt. Nh vy, y trn nguyn tc bin thin ng hc ca Sanskrit thnh tc ng v cc phng ng, hin khng c nhng chng c cho php kt lun amita l o xut t amta, ch tr mt trng hp duy nht l tn ca Cam L Phn.

Cam L Phn theo Mahvastui. 352 v 355 (i s) c dng Amtodana, trong khi Mahvamsa viii.18 (i s) li c dng Amitodana. y l trng hp duy nht hin bit v s quan lin ng hc gia amta ting Sanskrit v amita ting Pli.

Song v tnh cht duy nht y, trng hp tn Cam L Phn khng tiu biu cho s quan lin ng hc va ni. C th Cam L Phn c mt tn no , chng hn tn amitodana, t nguyn y, nn khi chuyn qua ting Pli n cn gi nguyn c dng hnh nguyn thy amitodana, V Lng Phn trong khi chuyn qua Sanskrit, ngi ta ngha ho thnh amtodana vi ngha Cam L Phn.

Qu trnh ngha ha tn ngi tn t ny xy ra kh thng xuyn trong vn hc Sanskrit. Trng hp tn sng A chi la b l mt th d. N bin t ajiravat trong Ng php tm chng ca Pani qua aciravat trong kinh in Pli ri ajitavat trong i ng ty vc k ca Huyn Trng.

Cho nn, t amitodana vi ngha V lng phn, m truyn thng Pli cn gi li c, vn bn Sanskrit ngha ho tr thnh amtodana, nh xy ra.

Du sao chng na, s ng nht gia amitodana Pli vi amtodana Sanskrit v qu n c nn khng c nhiu gi tr ng hc cho php ta kt lun A Di l mt phin m ca amta qua trung gian tc ng amita. Tt nhin, y l chng ta khng k n trng hp mt kinh c tn Amtauddha, trong khi cc d bn v dch bn ca n li c amitoubha. Chng hn nguyn in Sanskrit bn kinh Bi hoa v cc dch bn Hn v Tng ca n.

Tt nhin, vic tc Aparimitagunuasnmadhran kt hp 10 ch amta mt phn no ni ln nt c bit ca Pht A-di-, t nhiu phn nh mt xu th coi amita l do amta bin th. V xu hng ny chim mt v tr quan trng trong lch s ttng Pht gio, n ni sau ny mi khi ni ti Pht A Di , ngi ta phi hiu l Cam l, ngoi hai ngha thng thng l V lng quang v V lng th.

Chnh ba ngha l ba tn gi khc nhau ca c Pht y m thut ng Pht gio Trung quc gi l A-di- Pht tam danh. Trong ba tn y,V Lng Th v V Lng Quang l nhng tn thuc hin gio, cn Cam L hay Cam L Vng l tn mt gio lu hnh trong cc kinh in phi chn ngn.

CHNG II. LUN THUYT NGUN GC

TN NGNG A-DI- NGOI PHT GIO

____________________________________________

Tit 1. LUN THUYT BA T

Nh thy chng I, c Pht A Di c nhn mnh nh mt c Pht nh sng. Trong nhng danh hiu ca c Pht ny, yu t nh sng xut hin mt cch kh thng xuyn.

Do , vo nhng nm u ca th k XX, nhng ngi nghin cu hu nh nht tr i tm ngun gc ca tn ngng A Di trong tn ngng v thn thoi ca dn tc Iran.

Tiu biu c mt s kin nh sau:

- Hc gi ngi Anh Laurence Austine Waddell (1854-1938), cho rng tn ngng A Di l mt pht trin ca thn thoi mt tri trong tn gio Iran[footnoteRef:59]. [59: Cf. Emmerick, RE, "Buddhism amongst Iranian peoples" in: Yarshater, Ed, Cambridge History of Iran, vol 3.2, Cambridge, CUP, 1983; Foltz, R, Religions of the Silk Road: Overland trade and Cultural exchange from Antiquity to Fifteenth Century, New York: St. Martins Press, 1999]

- Nh ngn ng, hc gi ngi Anh Joseph Edkins (1823 - 1905), coi n xut pht t tnh ngng Ormazd, trong khi Beal li tm thy V Lng Quang n t v thn nh sng Mithrsa, cn V Lng Th th t v thn thi gian v lng Zurvana Akarana ca tn gio Zarathustra[footnoteRef:60]. [60: Cf. Boyce, Mary (1957), Some reflections on Zurvanism, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies; Frye, Richard (1959), Zurvanism Again, The Harvard Theological Review, London, Cambridge.]

-Pelliot v Lvi cng ng tnh ngh rng, tn ngng A Di c mt lin h no vi tn ngng by t trong thnh in Avesta ca Zarathustra.

Thuyt ngun gc Iran ny ngy nay khng c ch trng my, mt mt v nn vn hin Avesta khng c nhiu gi tr bo chng ngn ng, v mt khc v c nhng chng c cho php tm hiu ngun gc n ca chnh bn thn Pht A Di .

V nn vn hin Avesta, tuy c ni n nh sng v i sng th mng nh hai c tnh ca Ormazd, v thn sng to rami th tt lnh, n khng cho ta mt slin hngn nghc no gia Ormazd v A Di , trong khi nhng nhng t liu n li cung cp nhng chng c cho s lin h gia A Di vi nhng v thn ca V .

TIT 2.

LUN THUYT TRONG TN GIO N

2.1. Thuyt thn Vinu

c Pht A Di thng c kt hp vi s vng sinh ca nhng ngi cht. Cho nn, Kern v Matsumoto Bunzabro tm ngun gc ca A Di trong tn ngng Yama ca Veda.

Nhng phi i n khi Wogihara cng b nhng kt qu nghin cu lin h gia tn ngng Di v Vinu, ta mi c mt quan im r rng v ngun gc ca A Di .

Vinu l mt v thn mt tri. im cao nht ca bu tri (pada parama) c mt ngun sui amta (cam l) l th ru soma. Cc v thn ung vo u tr thnh bt t. Yama l k u tin sinh vo ci y[footnoteRef:61]. [61: Cf. A History of Indian Philosophy by Surendranath Dasgupta, cambridge at the university press, 1922.]

Vy th, Vinu va l v thn nh sng, va l v thn bt t, hai c tnh hon ton thch hp vi Pht A Di . amita l mt dng tc ng ca amta, tc Cam l bt t.

Do , tn ngng A Di c th xut pht t tn ngng Vinu, mt v thn xut hin t thi Veda.

Theo Wogihara th t nguyn y, A Di c quan nim nh sng lu khng lng, tc mityu (V Lng Th ), ri sau do nh hng ca tn ngng mt tri, c quan nim thm l mt v Pht nh sng khng lng, tc Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ).

Thuyt ngun gc n ny khng phi khng c t nhiu gi tr. Tuy nhin, nu ngh rng tn ngng A Di thc s xut hin t tn ngng Vinu th t ra qu n gin, bi v nu ch cn tm ngun gc ca nhng c tnh gn cho Pht A Di th n cng cha gii quyt c vn ngun gc ca chnh tn ngng y trong Pht gio.

2.2. Thuyt thn Vara v Varana

Trong V , thn mt tri gi l Vara th gii pha ty c tn Sukha. Vara cng l v thn bt t. Nh vy ch Vara thi cng hi hai iu kin Amitaprabha (V Lng Quang ) v mityu (V Lng Th ).

Trong Avesta, Vara tr thnh Varana v thn ca nh sng v th mng v lng.

T , khi Vara bin thnh v thn ti cao trong tn ngng ca ngi n v Iran, th khng th no khng c nhng nh hng nht nh trn Pht gio, c bit l Pht gio min ty bc n lc y ang chu quyn cai tr ca ngi Iran qua trung gian vng quc An tc.

Nhng kinh in ni v Pht A Di D hin nay nh V lng th kinh bc l kh nhiu du vt nh hng Iran va ni.

Nhng trc khi bn rng vn ny, ta phi nghin cu thm cc truyn thuyt v Pht A Di trong kinh in Pht gio. Cho nn, mt quan im khc xut thuyt ngun gc n trong Pht gio.

CHNG III.LUN THUYT A-DI- TRONG PHT GIO

______________________________________________________________

TIT 1LUN THUYT A-DI- TRONG PHT GIO

Thuyt ny cho rng tn ngng A Di l mt pht trin c tnh cht tt yu trong qu trnh truyn b Pht gio. C s ca pht trin nm ngay trong tn ngng c Pht lch s Thch Ca Mu Ni.

Sau khi c Thch Tn nhp nit bn, mt tro lu tn ngng mang t nhiu tnh cht bnh dn v thn thoi xut hin nhm ph cp ha Pht gio ti nhiu lp ngi khc nhau.

Chnh t tro lu ny khai sinh ra nn vn hc Bn sinh cng nh t tng b tt, tm cch l tng ha cuc i cng nh s nghip ca c Thch Tn.

c Thch Tn by gi khng phi ch l c Thch Ca Mu Ni lch s, m cn l mt v Pht ca chn l thng cn v mi mi thng cn (php thn) cng nh mt v Pht ca hng th sung sng (bo thn).

Chnh quan nimbo thn ny l c s cho tn ngng Pht A Di . ch yu l quan im ca Yabuki Koiki v Mochizuki Shinky.

Trc ht, tn ngng A Di l mt pht trin ni ti ca qu trnh truyn b Pht gio.

Vai tr ca vn hc Bn sinh cng nh t tng Pht thquan ng nhin gp mt phn quan trng vo s hnh thnh ra tn ngng y.

ng thi khi ni n l kt qu ca mt qu trnh, ta tt phi gi thit s tip thu tt yu nhng yu ttn ngng ngoi Pht gio, bi v nu khng c s tip thu , qu trnh pht trin khng th xy ra c.

S tip thu xy ra trn hai mt nh sau:

- Mt th nht l qu trnh tip xc gia Pht gio vi ton b vn ha v tn ngng n trong lch s tn ti ca mnh.

- Mt th hai, l qu trnh tip xc gia Pht gio vi cc nn vn ha v tn ngng ngoi n , ch yu l nn vn ha v tn ngng Iran.

Chnh qu trnh tip xc lm c s cho s tip thu tt yu ni trn, t xy dng nn hnh nh c Pht A Di vi nhng yu t nh nh sng, sng lu, quang vinh, thanh tnh v.v...

Pht A Di nh mt biu tng tn ngng xut hin kh sm trong cc kinh in thuc Tnh gio, v ty s du nhp ca cc kinh in y vo cc nc khc nhau m nhng biu tng mang nhiu sc thi ring bit chng t kh nng vn dng c th ca tng dn tc.

Tt nhin ngi ta c th ng trn nguyn tc vi quan imcho rng tn ngng A Di l pht trin tt yu ca tn ngng ni b Pht gio. Nhng trong vn hc Pht gio, ngoi tn ngng A Di , cn song hnh mt s tn ngng khc c dng hnh tng t kiu tn ngng A S B v tn ngng Dc S.

Cho nn, khng th ch da vo qu trnh pht trin ca vn hc Bn sinh cng t tng Pht th quan gii thch ngun gc ca tn ngng A Di .

TIT 2LUN THUYT A-DI-TRONG KINH IN PHT GIO N 2.1. C s t tng

Ngun gc tn ngng A Di xut pht hin nhin l t n . Nhng khng phi kinh in no lu hnh n cng cp n A Di .

S thc, mt b phn ln nhng kinh in y hon ton im lng, khng ni g n c Pht A Di , mt s khc th ch ni pht qua, trong khi cp nhng vn tng qut lin quan n nim Pht.

Th d, trong i Tng Kinh 15, s hiu 0643, Pht Thuyt Qun Pht Tam Mui Hi Kinh 9[footnoteRef:62], ng Tn Pht Bt La dch, k chuyn ba t kheo cng l bi tng bch ho ca Pht Khng Vng m thnh Pht, trong mt v tr thnh Pht A Di . [62: i 15, No. 0643, tr. 0687b02: , ]

Truyn ny cng vi truyn t kheo Php Tng, truyn vua V Trnh Nim v truyn mi su vng t cu to nn nhm truyn gii thch qu trnh thnh o ca Pht A Di , m thut ng thng gi l A Di thnh o nhn qu.

Mt b phn th ba bao gm cc kinh in cp n c Pht A Di trong mt chng mc no , nhng sau ny c mt nh hng su rng trong gii Tnh gio.

Cui cng l nhm kinh in lm c bn cho tn ngng A Di . Chng bao gm ba b kinh thng c gi l tnh tam b kinh, tc l: cc kinh A Di , Qun v lng th v Vlng th.

Trong on bn vtn ngng A Di ti n y, chng ta s khng bn n nhm kinh in cui cng va ni, m s tp trung vo cc kinh in nhm th ba, ch yu l cc kinh Hoa nghim, Php hoa v Bt nh cng cc trc tc ca cc lun s m cc nh Tnh gio v sau tha nhn l nhng ngi tin phong.

2.2. Vn hc Bt-nh, i Tr Lun v Trung Qun Lun

Trong cc kinh in Bt nh, t tng tnh tuy c gii thiu rng ri, nhng ch yu l ci tnh ca c A Sc phng ng, ch khng phi th gii Cc Lc ca Pht A Di phng ty.

Nguyn in Sanskrit ca Ma ha bt nh ba la mt kinh bn Hn[footnoteRef:63], tr licu hi B tt thc hnh Bt nh ba la mt, th sau khi cht u vng sinh y, hay sau khi cht y th vng sinh u, vit: [63: Skt. Pacaviati-shasrik-prajpramit, Nh vn ng thin tng Bt-nh Ba-la-mt, bn Sanskrit ca Kinh ny hin c 8 phm, do N. Dutt ch trng bin tp v xut bn, 1934. Tib.: Shes- rab kyi pha-rol- tu-phyin- pa stong phrag nyi- shu-lnga- pa, 76 phm. Bn Hn, i 8, No 0223, Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh, 27 quyn, Hu Tn Cu Ma La Thp dch. Tng ng vi hi th 2, 78 quyn, 85 phm, i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Kinh, 600 quyn, ng Huyn Trang dch, i 8, No. 0220. Cf. i 8, No 0221, Phng Quang Bt Nh Kinh, 20 quyn, Ty Tn V La Xoa dch; i 8, No 0222, Quang Tn Kinh, 10 quyn, Ty Tn Trc Php H dch. ]

(.....) (Yo bhagavan bodhisattvo mahsattvo'nena prajpramitvitharea viharati sa kuta cyuta ihopapadyate / ito v cyutah kutropapatsyate (.....) santi riputra bodhisattv mahsattv sa abhijn lbhinas te tbhir abhijbhir vikroanto buddhaketrea buddhaketra sakrmanti yeu buddhaketrev amitam yu//)[footnoteRef:64] [64: Ibid., p. 63-4.]

C nhng B tt chng c su thn thng, bng cc thn thng y h du hnh vt qua mt quc Pht ny n mt quc Pht khc, m trong cc quc Pht y tui th l v lng

on vn ny, nh th, tuy khng ni r l c Pht A Di , nhng ni n nhng ci Pht c tui thv lng, do vy cng m ch xa gn n c Pht y.

Thm vo , n li cp n phm tr vng sinh.

Gii thch phm tr vng sinh ca i Bt Nh ni trn, i Tng Kinh 25, s hiu 1509, i Tr Lun 38[footnoteRef:65], phm Vng Sinh, Long Th B Tt to, Hu Tn Cu Ma La Thp dch, vit: Ni n nhng th vng sinh, Pht php khng chp c, khng chp khng, c khng cng khng chp, chng c chng khng cng khng chp, khng chp cng khng chp. Nh vy ngi ta khng gp phi nhng thc mc. [65: i 25, No. 1509, tr. 0336b0: , (), .]

Ri dn hai bi tng t Trung lun minh gii. Mt t chng Qun Php th mi tm ca Mlamadhyamakakrik, bn Ty Tng tng ng l Dbu-ma tsa-bai tshig-leur byas-pa es-rab ces-bya-ba ni rng:

[footnoteRef:66] [66: Cf. Louis de la Valle Poussin, Madhyamakavtti Mlamadhyamakakriks (Mdhyamikastras) de Ngrjuna avec la PrasannapadCommentaire de Candrakrti, Bibliotheca Buddhica IV, St. Ptersbourg, 1903-1913.]

Sarva tathya na v tathya caitat yam eva ca /

naivtathya naiva thayam etad buddhnu sanam

"Tt c l tht l khng tht, cng tht, cng khng tht, cng khng tht cng khng khng tht, l li dy ca c Pht" [footnoteRef:67]. [67: Cf. MK. XVIII. 8.]

V mt t chng Qun Nit Bn th hai mi lm:

Nirvasya ca y koih koih samsaraasyaca/

natayor antara kicit susksmam apividyate[footnoteRef:68] [68: Cf. Louis de la Valle Poussin, Madhyamakavtti Mlamadhyamakakriks (Mdhyamikastras) de Ngrjuna avec la PrasannapadCommentaire de Candrakrti, Bibliotheca Buddhica IV, St. Ptersbourg, 1903-1913.]

Bin gii ca Nit Bn l bin gii ca sinh t, gia hai bin gii y khng c mt my may tch ri[footnoteRef:69]. [69: Cf. MK. XXV. 20.]

Qua hai bi tng ny, i tr lun xc nhn bin gii ca sinh t chnh l bin gii ca Nit bn, nn ni dung ca vng sinh l rt ro trng vng.

Nhng cng v tnh rt ro trng vng nn n khng ph nhn nhn duyn ca nghip sinh t, do m ni c vng sinh. L gii vng sinh nh th, tc gi i tr lun t nn mng cho thuyt thn Pht tc thn ta ca Trn Thi Tn, thuyt vng sinh tc thnh Pht ca Thn Loan, thuyt tnh u bt nh ca Liu m, v.v... sau ny.

Ni chung, vn h Bt nh tuy khng a ra l gii r rng v c Pht A Di , nhng l bc u t nn tng cho nhng thnh tu v sau kt tinh trong t tng Long Th vi thuyt d hnh.

2.3. Vn h Php Hoa

Song song vi vn h Bt nh l vn h Php hoa. Trong vn h ny, qu kh cng nh bn nguyn c Pht A Di c m t mt cch cng nhin.

V qu kh ca c Pht y, i Tng Kinh 09, s hiu 0262, Diu Php Lin Hoa Kinh 3, Diu Tn Cu Ma La Thp dch, phm Ha thnh d[footnoteRef:70]; S hiu 263, Chnh php hoa kinh 4, phm Vng c[footnoteRef:71], Ty Tn Trc Php H dch; s hiu 264, Thim phm diu php lin hoa kinh 3, phm Ha thnh d[footnoteRef:72], Ty X Na Qut a cng Cp a dch; v Nguyn in Sanskrit kinh Php Hoa phm 7. Tin s (7 prvayogaparivarta)[footnoteRef:73], v bn Ty Tng Dam-pai chos pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo thuc tng Peking No 0781, v Derge No 0113[footnoteRef:74], phm k chuyn Ngi l mt trong mi su v vng t ca c Pht i Thng Tr Thng, tng th tr ging dy kinh Php hoa, v sau thnh Pht c hiu l A Di th gii phng ty. [70: i 09, No. 0262, tr. 0022a1: .] [71: i 09, No. 0263, tr. 0088b19: , , .] [72: i 09, No. 0264, tr. 0156c18: .] [73: Cf. , , 7 prvayogaparivarta, Vaidya, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning , Darbhanga , 1960. P. 106-132.] [74: Cf. Peking [P. No.] 0781, mdo sna tshogs, chu, 1b1-205a5 (vol.30, p.1); Derge [D. No.] 0113, mdo sde, ja 1b1-180b7; Narthang [N] ja 1-281b5; Kinsha [Kinsha] ? Mdo- ma (ja) 1b-212b.]

Quan im Php hoa y l kt np tn ngng A Di vo t tng nht tha, theo s xut hin v gio ha ca c Pht Thch Ca, Pht A Di cng cc c Pht th gii khc l ty theo cn c ca chng sinh, lm nhng nh hng o dn h qua sa mc ca sinh t him ngho.

Theo t tng Php Hoa, Th gii Cc lc ca Pht A Di cng nh th gii ca cc v Pht khc, ch l nhng c o ngc ng, m kinh gi l mahratnadvpa; gy n tng an n cho tt c, trc nhng him nguy ca sa mc. Nhng ch l ni an ngh tm thi. Nh hng o cui cng s dn tt c n ch nh bi k kt thc phm y vit:

etd deana nyakn

virmaheto pravadanti nirvtim|

virnta jtvna ca nirvtye

sarvajajne upanenti sarvn||109||[footnoteRef:75] [75: Cf. Saddharmapuarka-stra, Prof.U.Wogihara and C. Tsuchida, Romanized and Revised Text, Tokyo, 1958. Kern, H. Saddharma Pundarka or the Lotus of the True Law, Oxford 1884 (Clarendon Press) Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXI, New York 1963 (Dover), Delhi 1968. Translation from Sanskrit, Ch. 7: 109. Such is the teaching of the Leaders: in order to give quiet they speak of repose, (but) when they see that (the creatures) have had a repose, they, knowing this to be no final resting-place, initiate them in the knowledge of the all-knowing.]

S gio ha ca cc bc o s l nh th. Cc Ngi ni n s tch dit l mi chng sinh an ngh. Khi bit rng chng i n ch tch dit vn khng phi l ni an ngh cui cng, cc Ngi dn tt c vo Nht thit tr"

Trong t tng Php hoa, th gii Cc lc nh th ch l mt ha thnh, mt ni an ngh tm thi. Tuy vy, phm Tin s ca Dc Vng thuc Nguyn in Sanskrit kinh Php Hoa , phm 22 bhaiajyarjaprvayogaparivarta, tng ng vi bn dch Ty Tng Dam-pai chos pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba, phm 22. ; Bn Hn: i Tng Kinh 09, Diu php lin hoa kinh 6 phm Dc Vng b tt bn s[footnoteRef:76], Chnh php hoa kinh 9, phm Dc Vng b tt[footnoteRef:77], v Thim phm Diu php lin hoa kinh 6, phm Dc Vng b tt bn s[footnoteRef:78], li cp n s vng sinh v th gii Cc Lc ca nhng ngi tr tng kinh y, ngay c nhng ngi n. Kinh vit nh sau: [76: i 09, No. 0262, tr. 0053a04: .] [77: i 09, No. 0263, tr. 0125a08: .] [78: i 09, No. 0264, tr. 0187c13: .]

(ya kacinnakatrarjasakusumitbhija ima bhaiajyarjaprvayogaparivarta pacimy pacaty rutv mtgrma pratipatsyate sa khalvatacyuta sukhvaty lokadhtvupapatsyate yasy sa bhagavnamityustathgato'rhan samyaksabuddho bodhisattvagaaparivtastihati dhriyate ypayati| sa tasy padmagarbhe sihsane niaa upapatsyate)

Sau khi Nh Lai dit nm trm nm, nu c ngi n nghe kinh in ny, ng nhli tu hnh, th khi mnh chung y, lin vng sinh qua th gii An lc, tr x ca c Pht A Di , c cc chng i B tt vy quanh, m sinh ra trn ta bu hoa sen

y, s tu hnh theo kinh Php hoa c coi nh mt h tr c lc cho c nguyn vng sinh. T tng nht tha nh th c kt hp cht ch vi tn ngng A Di .

n phm Ph Mn, l phm th hai t, bn Sanskrit Kinh Php Hoa, ta 24 samantamukhaparivarta, tng ng vi phm 24. ca bn Ty Tng, c nm bi chnh c ca ngi c Pht A Di v ni r v tr ca B tt Qun Thm i vi c Pht y. Cc bn dch ch Hn khng c nm bi k ny. Duy ch c bn Sanskrit v bn dch Ty Tng Dam-pai chos pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba l thy chng xut hin.

Ni dung nm bi chnh c nh sau:

*Sanskrit Devanagari

[footnoteRef:79] [79: Cf. , 24 samantamukhaparivarta, Vaidya, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning , Darbhanga , 1960.]

Phin m Latin

sthita dakiavmatastath

vjayanta amitbhanyakam|

myopamat samdhin

sarvaketre jina gatva pjiu||29||

dii pacimata sukhkar

lokadhtu viraj sukhvat|

yatra ea amitbhanyaka

saprati tihati sattvasrathi||30||

na ca istria tatra sabhavo

npi ca maithunadharma sarvaa|

upapduka te jinoras

padmagarbheu niaa nirmal||31||

so caiva amitbhanyaka

padmagarbhe viraje manorame|

sihsani saniaako

larajo va yath virjate||32||

so'pi tath lokanyako

yasya nsti tribhavesmi sda|

yanme puya stavitva sacita

kipra bhomi yatha tva narottama||33|| iti||[footnoteRef:80] [80: Saddharmapuarka-stra, Prof.U.Wogihara and C. Tsuchida, Romanized and Revised Text, Tokyo, 1958.]

Bn Ty Tng

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

[footnoteRef:81] [81: Cf. Dam-pai chos pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen- Peking No 0781, v Derge No. 0113, phm - ]

Bn dch Sanskrit Anh ca Kern

29. At one time standing to the right, at another to the left of the Chief Amitabha, whom he is fanning, he, by dint of meditation, like a phantom, in all regions honours the Gina.

30. In the west, where the pure world Sukhkara is situated, there the Chief Amitabha, the tamer of men, has his fixed abode.

31. There no women are to be found; there sexual intercourse is absolutely unknown; there the sons of Gina, on springing into existence by apparitional birth, are sitting in the undefiled cups of lotuses.

32. And the Chief Amitbha himself is seated on a throne in the pure and nice cup of a lotus, and shines as the Sla-king.

33. The Leader of the world, whose store of merit has been praised, has no equal in the triple world. O supreme of men, let us soon become like thee![footnoteRef:82] [82: Ch. 24, H. Saddharma Pundarka or the Lotus of the True Law, Kern,Oxford 1884 (Clarendon Press) Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXI, New York 1963 (Dover), Delhi 1968.]

Nh vy i chiu bn Sanskrit-Ty Tng-Anh chng ta c ni dung nm bi chnh c ny nh sau: "B tt Qun Th m c khi ng bn phi c khi ng bn tri c o s V Lng Quang m hu qut, ng thi bng tam mui nh huyn, phng s ng Ti Thng y trong tt cmi quc . phng Ty c ci Cc lc th gii hoan lc v nhim, c c o s V Lng Quang, v iu ng ca chng sinh, an tr v tn ti. khng c ngi n sinh ra, v cng hon ton khng c s dm dc; nhng ngi con ca ng Ti Thng ha sinh ngi gia lng hoa sen khng cu nhim. V chnh c o s V Lng Quang ngi trn ta s t bng hoa sen thun khit kh i, rng ngi sng chi nh Sa-la vng. ng o s ca th gian nh th, trong ba ci khng aisnh bng. Knh ng Siu nhn! Sau khi tn dng t phc c ca Ngi, mong cho con chng c nh Ngi".

V s kin nm bi chnh c ny vng mt trong cc bn dch ch Hn Kinh Php Hoa, m bn cui cng l thuc i Tng Kinh 09, s hiu 264 ca X Na Cp a dch[footnoteRef:83], vo nm 601, thuc; m ch xut hin trong bn Sanskrit v bn dch Ty Tng, chng t t th k th by v sau vic kt lin B tt QunTh m vi c Pht A Di tr thnh mt yu cu trong tn ngng A Di n . [83: Cf. i 09, No. 0264, tr. 0191b24: .]

Tt nhin, khng th da hon ton vo s vng mt trong nhng bn dch ch Hn, m khng quyt nm bi chnh c y ra i sau bn dch ca X Na Cp a, bi v, c th cc bn dch ch Hn y c vo cc truyn bn khc vi truyn bn Sanskrit: hin tm c.

Hn na, trong i Tng Kinh, s hiu 0362, Pht Thuyt A Di Tam Da Tam Pht Tt Lu Pht n Qu Nhn o Kinh[footnoteRef:84], 2 quyn, do Ng Chi Khim dch gia nhng nm 223-253, thy xut hin c Qun Th m v i Th Ch nh hai B tt th gi c Pht A Di v s kv c Pht ny th gii Cc Lc. [84: i 12, No. 0362: , .]

Cho nn, s kt lin c Qun Th m vi c Pht A Di trong on vn dn trn ca kinh Php hoa v bn Sanskrit ch l mt s tip thu, nu qu c s tip thu, mt truyn thng tn ngng c t trc ri.

Vy th t c s t tng nht tha, tn ngng A Di xut hin nh mt tr lc thit yu cho nhng hnh gi i v qu v gic ng ti thng. Kha cnh trlc ny ni bt kh r nt trong mi quan h ca Pht A Di vi hai v B tt Dc Vng v Qun Th m. Mt v nh l mt ngi bn ng thit yu trong nhng ni thng kh ca bnh tt, v mt v trong nhng tai ha bt trc ca cuc i.

Ni tm li, c mt n lc l gii tn ngng A Di trong kinh Php hoa v qui nh v tr v vai tr ca tn ngng ny trong ton b h thng t tng nht tha ca n.

2.4. Vn h Hoa Nghim

Nu kinh Php hoa coi th gii Cc lc nh mt ha thnh, mt ni an ngh tm thi, th nhng m t v th gii y trong kinh Hoa nghim cng khng c g c o lm.

Mt mt nu v khng gian, th gii Cc lc c nhng hng cy bu, c ao sen by bu vi lng ao ri bng ct vng, trn y nc trong c tm c tnh, c nhng loi chim ht ting lu lo nh nhc tri, c ting gi thi qua cc hng cy pht ra nhng m thanh vi diu v.v..., th nhng m t ny cng thy xut hin ni khu vn Ph trang nghim ca b Hu X, m trong Kinh Hoa Nghim bn Sanskrit hin c l gaavyhastram[footnoteRef:85] v i Tng Kinh 09, s hiu 0278, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 47[footnoteRef:86], bn 60 quyn, ng Tn Pht Bt La dch; i Tng Kinh 10, s hiu 0279, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 63[footnoteRef:87], bn 80 quyn, ng Tht Xoa Nan dch, v i Tng Kinh 10, s hiu 0293, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 7[footnoteRef:88], bn 40 quyn, ng Bt Nh dch ghi nhn. [85: Cf. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 5; Vaidya, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, Darbhanga, 1960.] [86: i 09, No. 0278, tr. 0695b08: , .] [87: i 10, No. 0279, tr. 0337b19: , ] [88: i 10, No. 0293, tr. 0844b16: , ]

Mt khc v thi gian th s lng thi gian ca thgii Cc lc ch c quan nim di hn th gii Ta b, cn so vi cc th gii khc th n qu ngn. i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 45 (bn 80) phm Th lng v i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 29 (bn 60) phm Th mng, i Tng Kinh 10, s hiu 0289, Hin V Bin Pht Cng c Kinh, 1 quyn, ng Huyn Trang dch v s hiu 0290, Pht Thuyt Gio Lng Nht Thit Pht St Cng c Kinh, 1 quyn, Tng Php Hin dchni nu ly thi gian th gii Ta b ca Pht Thch Ca lm chun, th mt kip ca ci ny ch di bng mt ngy mt m th gii Cc lc ca Pht A Di , ri mt kip ca th gii Cc lc ch di bng mt ngy mt m ca th gii Ca sa trng ca Pht Kim Cang Kin. Con s thi gian di nht ca th gii trong s mi th gii c k n trong phm y l ca th gii Knh quang ca Pht Nguyt Tr. Nhng thi gian ca th gii Knh Quang cng cha ng k nu so vi thi gian ca th gii Lin hoa ca Pht Hin Thng.

Nh vy, vi nhng xc nh n v thi gian va thy, vic ni c Pht A Di c tui th v lng cng cha xc nh c nh mt nt c th v phng din thi gian.

Tuy vy, c nguyn vng sinh v th gii Cc Lc y vn c nhn mnh trong phm 56 Ph Hin Hnh Nguyn, ca Kinh gaavyhastram bn Sanskrit vi nhan : samantabhadracarypraidhnam, phn ny khng c trong cc bn dch Hn ca Kinh Hoa Nghim thuc i Tng Kinh 09, s hiu 0278, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh, bn 60 quyn, ng Tn Pht Bt La dch; s hiu 0279, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh, bn 80 quyn, ng Tht Xoa Nan dch m ch c trong phn cui ca i Tng Kinh 10, s hiu 0293, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 40, bn 40 quyn, ng Bt Nh dch v bn dch Ty Tng sdong po bkod pa

c nguyn vng sinh y c quan nim nh mt h tr c lc thnh tu nhng i nguyn ca Ph Hin:

klakriy ca aha karamo

varan vinivartiya sarvn|

samukha payiya ta amitbha

ta ca sukhvatiketra vrajeyam||57||[footnoteRef:89] [89: Cf. Gaavyha Stram Vaidya, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit, Darbhanga, 1960]

Nguyn khi ti lm chung,

Mi chng ngi u c tiu tr,

Ti i v quc Cc Lc

V thy tn mt c Pht A Di "

i chiu vi bn Ty Tng chng ta c nh sau:

[footnoteRef:90]. [90: Cf. sdong po bkod pa, Tng Peking.]

c mong khi ti lm chung,

Trnh xa tt c cc chng ngi,

Trc mt thy c c V Lng Quang

V vng sinh v ci Cc lc ca Ngi.

i chiu vi bn Hn i Tng Kinh 10, s hiu 0293, i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh 40, bn 40 quyn, ng Bt Nh dch:

[footnoteRef:91] [91: T10n0293, tr. 0848a09.]

Nguyn ng lm dc mng chung thi,

Tn tr nht thit ch chng ngi,

Din kin b Pht A-di-,

Tc c vng sanh an lc st.

V on tip sau trong bi k ny thuc phm samantabhadracarypraidhnam kinh ni tip nm bi chnh c sau:

Sanskrit Devanagari

[footnoteRef:92] [92: Gaavyha Stram Vaidya, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit, Darbhanga, 1960, p. 420. Cf. i 10, Np0293, tr. 0848a11- 0848b09.]

Phin m la-tin

tatra gatasya imi praidhn

mukhi sarvi bhaveyyu samagr|

tca aha pariprya aen

sattvahita kari yvata loke||58||

tahi jinamaali obhani ramye

padmavare rucire upapanna|

vykaraa ahu tatra labheyy

samukhato abhitbhajinasya||59||

vykaraa pratilabhya ta tasmin

nirmitakoiatebhiranekai|

sattvahitni bahnyahu kury

diku daasvapi buddhibalena||60||

bhadracaripraidhna pahitv

yatkuala mayi sacitu kicit|

ekakaena samdhyatu sarva

tena jagasya ubha praidhnam||61||

bhadracari parimya yadpta

puyamanantamatva viiam|

tena jagadvyasanaughanimagna

ytvamitbhapuri varameva||62||

Khi vng sinh v ri, tt c nhng bn nguyn ny lc y c hin tin, v sau khi hon thnh chng trn vn ti xin lm li ch cho chng sinh th gian. ti o trng sng chi y hoan lc ca ng Ti Thng, ti sinh ra trong a sen hng tuyt diu, tip nhn sthk trc sc mt ca ng ti thng V Lng Quang. Sau khi tip nhn c s th k , bng v s trm c triu ha thn, ti c th lm nhng iu li ch cho chng sinh trong c mi phng bng sc mnh ca gic ng. Sau khi tng c bn nguyn ca Ph Hin, bt c tt lnh no m ti cha nhm c, tng st na mong cho tt c thnh tu, do m bn nguyn sng ngi i vi th gian c thnh tu. Sau khi thnh thc hnh vi ca Ph Hin, vi v bin phc c th thng t c, mong cho thgian ang chm m trong ging l ca bt hnh, i v quc tuyt vi ca c V Lng Quang.

c nguyn vng sinh ca Ph Hin nh th tht tha thit v cm ng, nn v sau c bit Trung Quc c mt nh hng rt ln lao. Chnh mt bi chnh c trn tr thnh kinh nht tng ca cc nh Tnh gio.

Du vy, ngha vng sinh khng c n thun quan nim nh mt hnh vi chuyn ng trong khng gian. Tri li, vng sinh c l gii trn c s t tng duy tm ca chnh kinh Hoa nghim.

Bn Sanskrit, phm th 8. muktaka, ca Kinh gaavyha, k rng: Khi Thin Ti ng t n tham bi trng gi Gii Thot Tr lm c dy cho mn gii thot ca Nh Lai c tn V Trc Trang Nghim. Sau khi gii thiu cho thy v lng ci Pht c th c thm ving, v lng hnh vi s nghip ca cc c Pht c chng kin bng vo kh nng ca V Trc Trang Nghim, v trng gi y ni:

, , , , , , , , , , , , (na ca te tathgat ihgacchanti, na cha tatra gacchmi| yasy ca velymicchmi, tasy vely sukhvaty lokadhtvamitbha tathgata paymi| candanavaty lokadhtau vajrbha tathgata paymi|.so'ha kulaputra na kutacidgamanat tathgatn prajnan, na kvacidgamanat svakyasya prajnan, svapnopamavijapti ca tathgatn prajnan, svapnasamavicravijapti svacittasya prajnan, pratibhsasamavijapti ca tathgatn prajnan, acchodakabhjanavijapti ca svacittasya prajnan, myktarpavijapti ca tathgatn prajnan, myopamavijapti ca svacittasya prajnan, pratirutkgirighonuravaat ca tathgataghoasya prajnan, pratirutksamavijapti ca svacittasya prajnan, evamanugacchmi evamanusmarmi svacittdhihna bodhisattvn sarvabuddhadharma iti.)[footnoteRef:93] [93: Ibid., tr. 66.]

Cc c NhLai y khng i n y, v ta cng khng i n . Khi no ta mun th khi y ta lin thy Nh Lai V Lng Quang th gii Cc Lc (...) Ny thin nam t, chnh ta khng quan nim cc NhLai t u n y, hay t thn ta i n u. Ta quan nim snhn thc vcc Nh Lai l nh mng, hnh vi v nhn thc ca t tm l nh mng. Ta quan nim s nhn thc vcc c NhLai l nh tng vsnhn thc ca t tm l nh nc trong mnh. Ta quan nim s nhn thc vcc c Nh Lai l nh huyn ha v nhn thc ca t tm l nh huyn thut. Ta quan nim m hng ca cc Nh Lai nh ting vang trong hc ni v nhn thc ca t tm nh ting vang. Ta quan st nh vy, ta suy nim nh vy rng ht thy Pht php ca cc B tt u do t tm, s thanh tnh ca ht thy ch Pht u do t tm ..."

Gii thch php mn V trc trang nghim nh th, Hoa nghim kinh t c s cho thuyt t tnh Di duy tm tnh , t xc nhn ni dung vng sinh chnh l bn thn con ngi ch khng u xa.

iu ny hon ton nht tr vi quan im vng sinh ca vn h Bt Nh, tm tt trong tuyn b ni ting ca Long Th Trung lun: "Bin gii ca Nit bn cng l bin gii ca sinh t".

TIT 3.LUN THUYT A-DI-V LUN S N 3.1. B-tt Long Th

Tuy, qua ba vn h trn, tn ngng A Di d manh nha v pht trin ti mc c th, nhng vn cha thot ra khi c s l lun ca cc vn h y n . Phi i n Long Th vi s ra i ca Thp tr t b sa lun 5[footnoteRef:94], thuc i Tng Kinh 26, s hiu 1521, 17 quyn, Thnh Gi Long Th to, Hu Tn Cu Ma La Thp dch, mi xc lp tn ngng A Di nh mt b phn c lp trong h thng Pht gio. Phm D hnh[footnoteRef:95] ca b lun y nu ln cu hi: Thc hnh i tha nh c Pht dy, l pht nguyn cu Pht o, s kin ny cn nng n hn c vic nng ln ba nghn i thin th gii. ng ni A duy vit tr a l php su xa kh t n, v hi c con ng d i no nhanh chng n A duy vit tr a hay khng, th l li ni khip nhc thp hn, khng phi l li ca bc i nhn c ch cao c. Nhng nu ng mun nghe con ng d i y, th ti s ni.[footnoteRef:96] [94: i 26, no. 1521, tr. 0040c24: ,.] [95: Op.cit. tr. 0040c28: .] [96: Op.cit. p.0041a27- p.0041b02: ]

Con ng d i m Long Th ha hn l s xng nim danh hiu cc c Pht trong mi phng. Sau khi lit k danh hiu cc c Pht trong mi phng y, Long Th gii thiu thm mt trm l nm v Pht khc, m ng u l c Pht V Lng Th[footnoteRef:97]. [97: Op.cit. p.0042c14: .]

Tip , Long Th gii thiu bn nguyn ca c Pht A Di : Nu ngi no xng nim danh hiu ca ta v nng ta vo , chc chn s t c a nu a la tam miu tam b [footnoteRef:98]. [98: Op.cit. p.0043a11: ]

Ri chnh mnh sng tc ba mi hai bi k ca ngi c Pht A Di , m sau ny cc nh Tnh gio rt li thnh mi su bi v gi l Long Th B tt nguyn vng sinh l tn k, m i Tng Kinh 47, s hiu 1982, Tp Ch Kinh L Sm Nghi[footnoteRef:99], 2 quyn, ng Tr Thng son v i Tng Kinh 47, s hiu 1980, Vng Sinh L Tn K[footnoteRef:100], 1 quyn, ng Thin o tp k, u ghi li. [99: i 47, No. 1982: , .] [100: i 47, No. 1980, tr. 0438b13: , .]

Trong ba mi hai bi k ny c mi bn bi cha ng ni dung mi su nguyn trong s bn mi tm nguyn ca Pht A Di .

Ngoi ra, ni dung bi k th mi tm mt phn no lin h n trng hp vng sinh ca ba hng ngi thng gi l tam bi. Trong ba hng ngi ny, tr hng thng bi, hai hng cn li l trung bi v h bi u c nhng ngi v sau thi ch, hng hi, mt tin tng.

D vy, h vn c vng sinh. Ni dnh cho h l bin cnh Cc Lc, h ha sinh t hoa sen, sng trong mt thnh ln tri qua nm trm nm mi thy c Pht A Di . i A Di kinh v V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh u c ni v trng hp y.

M bi k th 18 ca Long Th vit: Nhng ai trng thin cn m nghi th hoa khng n.

Th n cng ni n nhng hng ngi trung bi h bi va thy. Phn tch 32 bi k ca Long Th nhm cho thy vo thi mnh, Long Th bit n mt s truyn bn ca ba b kinh c s ca Tnh gio l A Di kinh, V lng th kinh v Qun v lng th kinh. iu ng ngc nhin l trong ton b trc tc ca mnh, bao gm lun c Tr lun, Long Th khng ch danh cp ti ba b kinh y v thm ch khng ch trng tn ngng A Di nh mt phng php duy nht.

Tuy th, vic phn bit cc phng php thc hnh Pht gio thnh hai loi kh lm v dlm m thut ng Trung quc gi l nan hnh o v d hnh o, bc u thit nh c s l lun cho Tnh gio, cung cp cho Tnh gio mt cng c n nh cc kinh in Pht gio. Bn thn Long Th qua ba mi hai bi kni trn ca ngi c Pht A Di nhmt T ti gi, mt Thanh tnh nhn, mt V lng c, nh th biu l t nhiu cm tnh tn gio, xc nh c Pht y nh mt biu tng tn ngng trn vn.

3.2. B-tt Th Thn

Biu tng tn ngng ny cui cng t nh cao Th Thn. Trong bi k hi hng ca Nhip i tha lun thch 15[footnoteRef:101], thuc i Tng Kinh 31, s hiu 1595, 15 quyn, Th Thn B Tt thch, Trn Chn dch Hn; Th Thn by t tn ngng A Di qua li: Nguyn cho tt c u thy Pht A Di [footnoteRef:102]. [101: i 31, No. 1595, tr. 0263a02: ; , ] [102: Op.cit. p.0270a28: ]

Nhng chnh trong V lng th kinh u b x nguyn sinh k, quan im ca ThThn nh mt nh Tnh gio mi biu l mt cch trn vn. y l ln u tin V Lng Th kinh c s dng nh mt vn bn nguyn y s gii.

Qua nghin cu kinh y, Th Thn t c hai kt qu.

Th nht v mt phng php, ng a ra thuyt nm nim mn;

Th hai, v l lun ng ln thuyt t lc v tha lc.

C hai thnh tu ny sau c nhng nh hng cc k to ln trn qu trnh pht trin ca Tnh gio Trung quc v Nht bn. Phng php nm nim mn khai sinh cho mt lot nhng phng php Tnh gio khc nh A Di sm php, phng php qun tng hai mi chn nc;

Thuyt t lc v tha lc t nguyn y xut hin trong Thp tr t b sa lun 5, phm D hnh ni rng: Pht php c v lng php mn nh ng x th gian c kh c d, ng b i chn th kh, ng thy i thuyn th sng.

V xa hn na, n c th truy ln hnh nh tng v chic thuyn trong Nhng cu hi ca Di Lan . Nhng cu hi ca Mi Lan [footnoteRef:103] yu t mi c a vo: [103: nh c Pli, Cf. Kinh Mil. 80.]

Yo vassasata akusala kareyya maraakle ca eka Buddhagata sati patilabheyya so devesu uppajjeyyti

l mt ngi, d lm c sut i, m nh n Pht vo lc sp cht, th vn c sinh v th gii l tng. Mi Lan a ra thc mc v trng hp , v c Na Tin tr li qua hnh nh mt hn d nh cch my, m khng trn thuyn th cng chm, trong khi mt tng , d nng c trm xe vn ni trn mt nc, nu ch trong thuyn[footnoteRef:104]. [104: Cf. Milindapanha and Nagasenabhikshu Sutra - A Comparative Study, by Bhikkhu Thich Minh Chau, through Pali and Chinese sources, 1964. ]

Bn thn ca Th Thn trong V Lng Th Kinh u Ba X, 1 quyn[footnoteRef:105], thuc i Tng Kinh 26, s hiu 1524, bn dch Hn ca Nguyn Ngy B Lu Chi dch, th khng cng nhin dng nhng t t lc- tha lc, nhng ni dung ca nhng t th qu r rt. [105: i 26, No. 1524, tr. 0230c13: , , ]

Cho nn, khi sch y c B Lu Chi dch ra ting Trung quc, i Bc Ngy-m Loan, vit V Lng Th Kinh u B X Nguyn Sinh K Ch[footnoteRef:106], 2 quyn, thuc i Tng Kinh 40, s hiu 1819, chnh thc s dng nhng t t lc v tha lc, xc nh lp trng Tnh gio ca mnh. [106: i 40, No. 1819: (), .]

T V Lng Th Kinh u B X Nguyn Sinh K Ch, m Loan rt ra kt lun v v tr v vai tr ca Pht lc i vi con ngi. V v tr v vai tr ny, Th Thn xc quyt trong bi chnh c u tin ca mnh:

[footnoteRef:107] [107: T26n1524, tr. 0230c17tt.]

Th Tn ng nht tm,

Qui mng tn thp phng,

V Ngi Quang NhLai,

Nguyn sinh An lc quc.

Qua bi chnh c y, cn ch thm l Th Thn dng danh hiu V Ngi Quang ,m c th c on t nguyn ca n l Amitaprabha, mt trong mi hai danh hiu lin h vi nh sng ca c Pht A Di [footnoteRef:108]. [108: Xem thm chng I, tit 4. Nhng d danh.]

i Tng Kinh 26, s hiu 1521, Thp tr t b sa lun 5 tuy c dng danh hiu V Lng Quangv V Lng Minh, nhng danh hiu c lin h vi nh sng, nhng vn cn dng danh hiu V Lng Th.

Th Thn nh vy r rng ng v pha nhng ngi xc nhn c A Di thun ty l mt v Pht ca nh sng. S kin ny cng c nhng nh hng quyt nh i vi m Loan Trung quc cng nh Thn Loan Nht bn.

Trong i Tang Kinh 47, s hiu 1978, Tn A Di Pht K[footnoteRef:109], 1 quyn, Hu Ngy m Loan son, m Loan dng danh hiu Bt Kh T Ngh Quang[footnoteRef:110] , gia ba mi by danh hiu khc ca ngi c Pht A Di . [109: i 47, No. 1978, tr. 0420c13: ; .] [110: Op.cit. p.0424a26: ]

Cn Shinran (Thn Loan) vit Tnh ha tn dng li nhng danh hiu do m Loan a ra. S tht, l cu: Qui mng tn thp phng V Ngi Quang Nh Lai"[footnoteRef:111] c Thn Loan qui nh nh mt bn tn cho nhng ngi Tnh gio v gi n l Thp t danh hiu, nh Bin thut danh th sao, Ci t sao B v Tn hiu chn tng minh vn B chp. [111: Cf. (), (i 40, No. 1819, tr. 0827a03): .]

Thp t danh hiu hay danh hiu mi ch ny sau cng vi lc t danh hiu, tc cu Nam m A Di Pht v cu t danh hiu, tc cu Nam m Bt Kh T Ngh Quang Nh Lai tr thnh nhng danh hiu c vit ln m th, nh Chn tn c tht truyn lai sao ghi.

Nh th, n tn ngng A Di tuy c nhiu kinh in cp n, m A Di Pht thuyt lm lit k c hn hai trm b, vn cha chim u th ca mt tn ngng.

Ngay c i vi Long Th, tn ngng A Di chl mt b phn gia cc tn ngng cc c Pht khc m thi. n ThThn, tuy n tin ln chim mt a vni bt, nhng ri sau th khng cn thy mt lun s no cp n na.

Du vy, nhng cng trnh ca Long Th v Th Thn tr thnh nn mng vng chc cho nhng pht trin v sau khi tn ngng y du nhp vo cc nc khc.

CHNG IV. TRUYN T KHEO PHP TNGV V TRNH NIM

TIT 1.KHI QUT

V ngun gc ca Pht A Di , kinh in Pht gio c nhiu truyn thuyt. Trong vn hc Bn sinh, ch c nht c truyn t kheo Th t v Duy Tin trong i Tng Kinh 03, s hiu 0154, Sinh Kinh 5, Ty Tn Trc Php H dch, c ni ti.

Do tnh hnh t liu qu t oi ny, n khng cung cp cho ta mt mu hnh no v ngun gc bn sinh ca Pht A Di . Trong i Tng Kinh 09, s hiu 0274, Pht Thuyt T Ch Phng ng Hc Kinh[footnoteRef:112], 1 quyn, cng do Ty Tn Trc Php H dch, nhc li chuyn nhn qu bo ng gia t kheo Tnh Mng v t kheo V Php rt tng t vi chuyn trn. [112: i 09, No. 0274: , .]

Tuy nhin, y l nhng truyn ni ln quan h gia Pht Thch Ca vi Pht A Di , gii thch v sao Pht Thch Ca sinh ra trong ci Ta b trc v khuyn thnh mi ngi tn nim Tnh , ch cha phi cp n chnh bn thn Pht A Di .

V loi truyn Bn sinh cp chnh bn thn Pht A Di , t liu hin cn rt phong ph. C hn 19 ct truyn khc nhau m quan trng nht d nhin l truyn t kheo Php Tng v truyn vua V Trnh Nim.

TIT 2TRUYN T KHEO PHP TNG

Truyn t kheo Php Tng rt ph bin, hin c ba mi quyn kinh k ti vi t nhiu sai khc nhau. Nhng ct li c th tm tt nh sau: Trong thi qu kh cch y lu c c Nh Lai Th T Ti Vng ra i. By gi c t kheo Php Tng pht nguyn v c c Pht n chng l s thnh Pht A Di trong ci Tnh .

Truyn ny c hin c tm thy trong nguyn in Sanskrit: Amitbhavyha nma mahyna stra, thng c gi l Sukhvatvyha [ vistaramtk][footnoteRef:113], bn Ty Tng: Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo v cng c k trong cc bn dch Hn vn nh: i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 360, Pht thuyt V lng th kinh[footnoteRef:114], i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0364, i A-di- kinh[footnoteRef:115], i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0361, V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh[footnoteRef:116], i Tng Kinh 11, s hiu 0310, V lng th - Nh Lai ng hi, ca Kinh i Bo Tch Kinh[footnoteRef:117] v i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0363, Pht Thuyt i Tha V Lng Th Trang Nghim Kinh[footnoteRef:118] v.v.. [113: Cf. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 17. Cf. Mahyna-stra-sagraha (part 1), Vaidya, P.L, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, Darbhanga, 1961] [114: i 12, No. 0360, tr. 0265c03: ; .] [115: i 12, No. 0364, .] [116: i 12, No. 0361: , .] [117: i 11, No. 0310: , , . Skt. - Arya-amitbhavyuha nama mhyana stra; Tib.: Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo.] [118: i 12, No. 0363: , .]

i chiu cc vn bn ny chng ta thy mt vi im nh sau:

Trong s cc bn vn ny, V lng th kinh, i A Di kinh v V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh t Nh Lai Th T Ti nh l v Pht cui cng ca mt lot nhng c Pht qu kh m ng u l Pht Nhin ng hay cng gi l nh Quang.

Cn bn Amitbhavyha nma mahyna stra ( Sukhvatvyha [ vistaramtk]), bn Ty Tng: Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo, cng bn dch Hn V lng th Nh Lai hi, i tha v lng trang nghim kinh th t Nh Lai Th T Ti Vng l v Pht u tin ca lot c Pht y m v Pht cui cng l Nhin ng (Dpakara).

l sai khc th nht; Sai khc ny xy ra trong cc kinh c k chuyn Pht A Di .

Mt mt ta c nhng kinh nh: i Tng Kinh 15, s hiu 0632, Pht Thuyt Tu n Tam Mui Kinh, 1 quyn, Ng Chi Khim dch[footnoteRef:119]; i Tng Kinh 15, s hiu 0634, Pht Thuyt i Tha Tr n Kinh[footnoteRef:120], 5 quyn, Tng Tr Ct Tng ng dch, t Pht nh Quang nh l v Pht u tin ca mt lot cc v Pht m v cui cng l Hu Thng. [119: i 15, No. 0632, p.0460c: , .] [120: i 15, No. 0634: , .]

Mt khc, i Tng Kinh 15, s hiu 0633, Pht Thuyt Nh Lai Tr n Kinh[footnoteRef:121], 1 quyn, mt tn ngi dch, t nh Quang l v Pht cui cng, cn Hu Khi l v Pht u tin. [121: i 15, No. 0633: , .]

Thm ch i Tng Kinh 19, s hiu 1011, Pht Thuyt V Lng Mn Vi Mt Tr Kinh[footnoteRef:122], 1 quyn, Ng Chi Khim dch, coi Nhin ng l thy ca thi tV Nim c Th, tin thn ca Pht A Di , tc Pht Nhin ng l v thy ca Pht A Di . [122: i 19, No. 1011, tr. 0680b03: () , .]

Khng nhng c s sai khc nhau v v tr ca c Nh Lai Th T Ti Vng, hai nhm kinh trn cn khc nhau khi ni v ngun gc ca t kheo Php Tng.

Nhm trc ni r Php Tng nguyn l mt v vua, sau khi nghe gio ha ca c Th T Ti Vng bn b ngi i xut gia.

Ngun gc vng gi ny, nhm th hai khng ni ti, m xc nh ngay Php Tng, hay cng gi l Php S, hay cng gi l Tc Php, m tn trong bn Sanskrit l dhammakara, l mt t kheo trong chng hi ca c Th T Ti Vng.

Ssai khc v ngun gc ny cho thy, t nguyn y, hnh trng ca Php Tng t ra khng r rng cho lm v cn phi m phng theo hnh trng v hnh nh ca c Thch Ca Mu Ni nh c quan nim trong nn vn hc Bn sinh cng nh trong nhng truyn thuyt lch s v cuc i c Pht.

y l mt du hiu kt lin ngun gc c Pht A Di vi c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni. Cn s sai khc v v tr ca c Th T Ti Vng a ra mt s vn .

Trc ht, nhm kinh th nht tuy ng t Nhin ng l v Pht u tin ca mt lot cc c Pht, nhng s lng ca lot Pht y gm bao nhiu v, th li khng ng nht. Sai khc ny c lin hvi s sai khc sl ng li nguyn ca A Di m cc bn vn y ghi li.

Tip n, hai nhm trn cn sai khc v th t c Pht Nhin ng ng u hay ng cui cc c Pht qu kh.

S kin ni ln hai lp trng khc nhau v quan h gia c Pht A Di v c Pht Thch Ca. Ai cng bit vn hc Bn sinh c mt cu chuyn rt p v hnh ng qun mnh ca c Pht Thch Ca i vi c Pht Nhin ng nn c n chng thnh Pht. T tr v sau, hai c Pht y thng c gn lin vi nhau mt cch kh thng xuyn, ty theo quan im v lin htrc sau gia hai c Pht Thch Ca v A Di , m c s thay i v v tr ca hai c Pht Nhin ng v Th T Ti Vng.

Nhm th nht coi Th T Ti Vng l v Pht cui cng ca lot cc v Pht qu kh trn m ng u l Pht Nhin ng, bc l r rng xu th chung l coi c Pht A Di l mt v Pht tr hn Pht Thch Ca.

im ny ta thy xut hin trong hai truyn Bn sinh dn trc trong i Tng Kinh 03, s hiu 0154, Sinh Kinh 5, Ty Tn Trc Php H dch[footnoteRef:123] v v i Tng Kinh 09, s hiu 0274, Pht Thuyt T Ch Phng ng Hc Kinh[footnoteRef:124], 1 quyn, cng do Ty Tn Trc Php H dch. N chng t hnh trng Pht A Di c m phng theo hnh trng ca Pht Thch Ca. [123: i 03, No. 0154, tr. 0100c02: , .] [124: i 09, No. 0274: , .]

Trong khi , nhm th hai lt ngc li th t trc sau ca hai v Pht Nhin ng v Th T Ti Vng chng t c Pht A Di l mt v Pht c s, xut sinh cng nh thnh Pht trc c Pht Thch Ca rt nhiu, lm in hnh cho s nghip tm o v chng o ca chnh Pht Thch Ca.

y qu trnh pht trin tt yu ca tn ngng A Di dn dn th hin sc mnh ca n v dn dn chim lnh v tr ca chnh tn ngng ca c PhtThch Ca. c Pht Thch Ca by gi ch l ngi tuyn thuyt cho tn ngng ca Pht A Di .

S tnh ny mt phn no gii thch cho s sai khc s lng cc c Pht qu kh gia hai c Pht Nhin ng v Th T Ti Vng, bi v nu Pht A Di c mt s u vit no , th cng gi thit l c mt qu kh huy hong hn. T tt nhin khng th c cng chung mt Pht khai sng l Nhin ng.

Ngoi nhng sai khc v s lng v th tca cc c Pht trong qu kh cng nh v ngun gc ca Pht A Di , cc vn bn thuc hai nhm trn li khc nhau v s lng, v i khi th t, ca cc li nguyn ca c Pht A Di .

V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh v i A Di kinh ch ghi c 24 li nguyn, trong khi V lng th kinh v V lng th nh lai hi c ti 48. Bn Sanskrit, ch c 46 i nguyn, Tng bn pht trin ln 49 li nguyn, trong khi i tha v lng trang nghim kinh ch c 36 i nguyn

S sai khc nhau v s lng ny a ra nhiu vn rt li cun trong lch s t tng bn nguyn ca Pht gio, trc khi bn n nhng vn chng tip sau, phi xt qua mt s nhng truyn Bn sinh khc m ch yu l truyn vua V Trnh Nim.

TIT 3. TRUYN VUA V TRNH NIM

Truyn Bn sinh vua V Trnh Nim k ra trong i Tng Kinh 03, s hiu 0157, phm i Th, Kinh Bi Hoa 2, Bc Lng m V Sm dch[footnoteRef:125], tr li cu hi ca Tch v vic ti sao c Thch Tn ra i trong mt th gii trc, trong khi cc c Pht khc xut hin trong nhng th gii thanh tnh. [125: i 03, No. 0157, tr. 0174b26,ff. : , , .]

Lc truyn nh sau: cch thi Pht lu, c mt v chuyn lun vng tn V Trnh Nim, c mt i thn tn Bo Hi thuc dng di b-la-mn. Bo Hi c mt ngi con i xut gia v thnh o hiu l Bo Tng Nh Lai. Khi Nh Lai Bo Tng n thnh ph A-chu-la[footnoteRef:126], V Trnh Nim v cc vng t n thm v cng dng ba thng. Sau Bo Hi khuyn vua pht b tm vt qua kh hi cu chng sinh. V Trnh Nim pht nguyn v c Pht Bo Tng n chng s thnh Pht A Di v lm gio ch ci Cc lc phng ty. [126: Skt. Ajura / majura, Tib.: gron khyer yidhohn hdzin.]

Trong nguyn in Sanskrit ca Kinh Bi-Hoa, hin c, vi ta : Karupuarka stram[footnoteRef:127], phm - III dna-visargas ttya, tm thy tng ng vi tn V Trnh Nim l raemin. [127: Cf. Mahakarunapundarika Sutra , Yamada, School of Oriental and African Studies, London , 1968 ,p. 1-420.]

Tng ng vi Karupuarka stram l bn Ty Tng: phags-pa si-rje-chen-poi pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo, thuc Ty Tng i Tng Kinh, s hiu 111[footnoteRef:128], do Ty Tng dch s Ye-es sde v n dch s Jinamitra, lendrabodhi cng dch; v bn Tng ng th hai: phags-pa si-rje pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo, thuc Ty Tng i Tng Kinh, s hiu 112[footnoteRef:129], do Ty Tng dch s Ye-es sde , v ba n- dch s: Jinamitra, Surendrabodhi v Prajvarma cng dch. Ni dung, chi tit ca hai bn ny kh tng t nhau, nhng th t v cch sp xp c nhiu ch d bit. Trong hai bn dch Tng ng ny, tm thy tn tng ng vi t raemin v V Trnh Nim, u c dng l Rtsibs kyi Mu Khyud, c ngha l: vnh tm bnh xe. [128: Cf. Ty Tng i Tang Kinh, Kyoto, No.111, 50Cha , p. 56a1-128b7; Cf. Peking: Mdo-sna-tshogs (cu)63a-149a; Mdo (cha)76a-187b; Mdo-sde (cha)56a-128b; Mdo (cha)86a-209b; Mdo-ma (cha)66a-159a.] [129: Cf. Ty Tng i Tang Kinh, Kyoto, No.112, 50cha, 129a1-297a7; Cf. Peking: Mdo-sna-tshogs (cu)149a-296b; Mdo(cha)187b-443; Mdo-sde (cha)129a-297a; Mdo-sde (cha)209b-474a; Mdo-ma (cha)159a-350a.]

Cn V Trnh Nim[footnoteRef:130], l tn m V Sm dng trong i Tng Kinh 03, s hiu 0157, phm i Th, ca Kinh Bi Hoa 2; cn i Tng Kinh 3, s hiu 0158, i Tha Bi Phn Li Kinh 3[footnoteRef:131], mt tn ngi dch, th gi l Ly Trnh[footnoteRef:132]. [130: i 03, No. 0157, , , , p. 0174c20ff. : .] [131: i 03, No. 0158 : , , .] [132: Op.cit. p. 0249b15: .]

Hai bn dch Hn trn hiu l: V Trnh v Ly Trnh , l xut pht t cch hiu v phn tch ng php ca t raemin, tc l do tin t ph nh t a (khng) + raa (=u tranh, chng i), nn raemin c ngha l khng c u tranh chng i.

Trong khi bn Ty Tng dch raemin thnh Rtsibs kyi Mu Khyud, l do tch Sandi khc nhau, tc bn Tng ng hiu raemin, l thit lp do ara (tm) + nem (vnh bnh xe). Nn dch nem = (vnh bnh xe), cn ara dch = (tm/cm), do raemin hay Rtsibs kyi Mu Khyud: c ngha vnh tm bnh xe.

Ngoi ra, i Tng Kinh 55, s hiu 2154, Khai Nguyn Thch Gio Lc 2, ng Tr Thng son[footnoteRef:133], c ghi Nhn c kinh mt quyn, l ca Trc Php H ri chua thm nh sau: "ng bn d dch ca kinh Bi hoa ln u tin dch ra, xem Tng hu lc"[footnoteRef:134]. [133: i 55, No. 2154: , .] [134: Op.cit.p. 0495b18(00): ()]

Kho cu i Tng Kinh 55, s hiu 2145, Xut Tam Tng K Tp - 2, Lng Tng Hu son[footnoteRef:135], th c chp Nhn c kinh 1 quynl ca Trc Php H,[footnoteRef:136] nhng khng ni g v lin quan ca n vi kinh Bi hoa. [135: i 55, No. 2145: , .] [136: Op.cit.p. 0008c12ff.]

Ngy nay, Nhn c kinh 1 quyn , l mt b phn ca Sinh Kinh 2[footnoteRef:137], Ty Tn Trc Php H dch, thuc i Tng Kinh 03, s hiu 0154, vi nhan : Pht thuyt nhn c kinh[footnoteRef:138], v ni dung khng dnh dng g n kinh Bi hoa. [137: i 03, No. 0154: , .] [138: Op. cit. p. 0079a29: ]

V i Tng Kinh 49, s hiu 2034, Lch i Tam Bo K[footnoteRef:139], 15 quyn, Ty Ph Trng Phng son, phn ra hai b: Nhn c kinh, mt b mt quyn v thuc vo Sanh kinh[footnoteRef:140], cn b kia mi quyn l "ng bn d dch d danh ca i bi phn li kinh"[footnoteRef:141]. [139: i 49, No. 2034: , .] [140: Op.cit. (), p.0064b1: ().] [141: Op.cit. (), p. 0109c01: ().]

Ni r ra, vo khong nm 597, k t lc Ph Trng Phng vit xong Lch i tam bo k, ngi ta c nhc ti mt bn d dch ca kinh Bi hoa mang tn Nhn c kinh. Khoan ni ti tnh chnh xc ca thuyt y, ch cn xt xem, nu Nhn c kinh qu c mt lin h ti kinh Bi hoa th lm sao n li mang ta nhn c?

Nhn c ph thng l mt dch phm ca t Sanskrit: raya, m thng thng cng c phin m A-lan-nh. Vy, Nhn c kinh, nu qu l d bn ca kinh Bi hoa, th hn phi do c lch tn raemin thnh raya.

Vy th, raemin c th hiu theo ba cch:

(1) Hoc a (khng) + raa (=u tranh, chng i) cho ta tn Ly Trnh hoc V Trnh. Cn ch Nim trong V trnh nim l mt phin m ca emin.

(2) Hoc hiu l do ara (tm) + nem (vnh bnh xe), cho tn Ty tng Rtsibs kyi Mu Khyud, c ngha l: vnh tm bnh xe.

(3) Hoc hiu raemin c lch thnh raya vi ngha nhn c.

Nh th, ba cch hiu va nu c quan h g vi nhau khng?

u ht, gia nhn c v v trnh cng nh ly trnh, tuy c th ngh quan h gia chng xut pht t vic vit sai raemin thnh raya, nhng trn thc t cng tng c nhng kt ni gia hai t vi nhau. Th d nh i Tng Kinh 19, s hiu 1009, Xut Sinh V Bin Mn La Ni Kinh, 1 quyn, ng Bt Khng dch[footnoteRef:142] vo gia th k th VIII, trong khi trnh by 4 phng thc t n la ni y, k cch u tin l: "Tp a lan nh v cc v trnh x"[footnoteRef:143]. R rng, trong vn hc Pht gio Sanskrit c mt n lc truy tm ng nguyn ca raya n t a (khng) + raa (=u tranh, chng i). V th, gia V trnh hay Ly trnh v Nhn c khng phi l khng c nhng lin quan. [142: i 19, No. 1009, tr. 0675c05: , .] [143: Op.cit. p. 0677c20: ]

V Trnh Nim hay raemin ph thng c gii thch l mt tn phi hp gia hai yu t: raa: dch l v trnh, v emin: phim m l nim; tuy nhin, ch nim c th l tn d nh hng ca tn thi t V Nim c Th , tin thn ca Pht V Lng Th trong i Tng Kinh 19, s hiu 1011, Pht Thuyt V Lng Mn Vi Mt Tr Kinh, 1 quyn, Ng Chi Khim dch[footnoteRef:144]. [144: i 19, No. 1011: (), , p. 0681c29ff.: () ]

V i Tng Kinh 19, s hiu 1012, Pht Thuyt Xut Sinh V Lng Mn Tr Kinh[footnoteRef:145], 1 quyn, ng Tn Pht Bt La dch, c tn V Nim c o[footnoteRef:146]; trong khi , i Tng Kinh 19, s hiu 1013, A Nan Mc Kh Ni A Ly Kinh[footnoteRef:147], 1 quyn, Lu Tng Cu Na Bt La dch ch gi V nim [footnoteRef:148]. [145: i 19, No. 1012, tr. 0682b10: , .] [146: Op.cit. p.0684b05: ; p. 0684b18: .] [147: i 19, s hiu 1013, tr. 0685a09ff.: ,.] [148: Op.cit. p. 0687b23: .]

Chv nim y l do dch ch Sanskrit: acintya, bi v cc bn dch khc ca kinh va ni, tc i Tng Kinh 19: s hiu 1014, V Lng Mn Ph Ma La Ni Kinh[footnoteRef:149], 1 quyn, Lu Tng Cng c Trc, Huyn Sng dch; s hiu 1015, Pht Thuyt A Nan Mc Kh Ni A Ly Ln Ni Kinh[footnoteRef:150], 1 quyn, Nguyn Ngy Pht Phin a dch; s hiu 1017, Pht Thuyt Nht Hng Xut Sinh B Tt Kinh[footnoteRef:151], 1 quyn, Ty X Na Qut a dch; s hiu 1009, Xut Sinh V Bin Mn La Ni Kinh[footnoteRef:152], 1 quyn, ng Bt Khng dch v s hiu 1018, Xut Sinh V Bin Mn La Ni Kinh, 1 quyn, ng Tr Nghim dch[footnoteRef:153] u dch l bt t ngh. [149: i 19, No. 1014, tr. 0688a22: , .] [150: i 19, No. 1015, tr. 0692a07: , .] [151: i 19, No. 1017, tr. 0698b03: , .] [152: i 19, No. 1009, tr. 0675c05: , .] [153: i19, No. 1018: , .]

V lin h gia hai bn Tng dich: phags-pa si-rje-chen-poi pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo[footnoteRef:154], v bn Tng ng th hai: phags-pa si-rje pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo; hai bn c t tng ng vi raemin thnh l t: Rtsibs kyi Mu Khyud, y l do phn tch raemin thnh ara (tm) + nem (vnh bnh xe). Cch phn tch ny ny hin khng thy xy ra trong cc dch bn Hn vn, nhng cng a n nhiu gi kh li cun: [154: Cf. Ty Tng i Tang Kinh, Kyoto, No.111, 50Cha , p. 56a1-128b7; Cf. Peking: Mdo-sna-tshogs (cu)63a-149a; Mdo (cha)76a-187b; Mdo-sde (cha)56a-128b; Mdo (cha)86a-209b; Mdo-ma (cha)66a-159a.]

Mt mt, t ara (tm) l do ng t cn: /, vi ngha chuyn ng, i ti, khiu khch. ng t cn /, o xut ara vi ngha mu vng lt, mt tri, nh bnh minh, nh sng. Nh trong i Tng Kinh 01, s hiu 0001, Trng A Hm Kinh, 22 quyn, Hu Tn Pht Da X cng Trc Pht Nim dch, Kinh i Bn chp: c Pht Thi-kh c cha tn Minh Tng[footnoteRef:155]; [155: Cf. , , i 01, No. 0001, tr. 0003b11: V lp li cu tip sau ca bi chnh c (Op.cit.p.0003b13): Thi kh, cha Minh Tng.]

So snh im ny vi cc bn dch tng ng:

-i Tng Kinh 01, s hiu 0002, Tht Pht Kinh, 1 quyn, Tng Php Thin dch, dng ch: A-r-Ta[footnoteRef:156]; [156: Cf. , , i 01, No. 0002, tr. 0150c16ff: (...) : (... ) Thi kh nh lai , cha tn A-r-ta, m ng tn A-r-ta. V lp li bi chnh c pha sau (Op.cit.p.0151a02): .]

-i Tng Kinh 01, s hiu 0004, Tht Pht Ph Mu Tnh T Kinh, 1 quyn, mt tn ngi dch, dng ch A-lun-Ta[footnoteRef:157]; [157: Cf. i 01, No. 0004: , , p. 0159b26: .]

V li em i chiu vi Kinh i Bn, ca Trng B Kinh[footnoteRef:158] Kinh chp nh sau: [158: D.14.1 Mahpdnasuttanta.]

, , (Sikhissa, bhikkhave, bhagavato arahato sammsambuddhassa aruo nma rj pit ahosi.)[footnoteRef:159] [159: Dghanikyo, Mahvaggapi 1. (14.) Mahpadnasutta, PTS.]

Ny cc T-kheo, ph vng Th Tn Thi-kh, bc A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic tn l Arua

Vy vua Arua, ph thn ca Pht Thi Kh c tn lin h no vi vua raemin, tin thn ca Pht A Di .

i Tng Kinh 21, s hiu 1340, i Php C La Ni Kinh 17[footnoteRef:160], Ty X Na Qut a dch, i k chuyn vo thi qu kh ca i kip Thin Hnh L, sau khi Nh Lai Sn Thng nhp dit, c v B tt tn Minh Tng pht i nguyn mun tt c chng sinh c an lnh. By gi cch thgii ca Minh Tng ti c ngn c ci nc, c c Pht hiu Sa La vng, bn n chng cho Minh Tng: Trong tng lai tri qua bn mi a tng k kip s c thnh chnh gic tn Nh Lai V Lng Th[footnoteRef:161]. [160: T21n1340, tr. 0735c02: , ] [161: Ibid., tr. 0740a07 : Lc dn: Op.cit. p. 0739c10- p.0740a08.]

Nh th, B tt Minh Tng phi c tn Sanskrit l Arua, tc ng vi Pli. Quan h gia Arua v raemin qua trung gian ng t cn /, do vy, v tt l khng c ngha. Cho nn, Tng bn dch raemin thnh t: Rtsibs kyi Mu Khyud, khng phi l khng c c s.

Ngoi ra, quan h raemin - Arua xut hin thm mt chi tit khc l trong hai ngui t ca Pht Thi Kh th mt ngi c tn ging nh t ca Pht A Di k ra trong kinh Bi Hoa. iu ny cng c ni trong Trng A-hm v cc n hnh bn ca n:

- i Tng Kinh 01, s hiu 0001, Trng A Hm Kinh 1, Hu Tn Pht Da X cng Trc Pht Nim dch, Kinh i Bn, k l: A-t-ph , Tam-b-b [footnoteRef:162]. [162: i 01, No. 0001: , , p. 0003a08 : ]

-i Tng Kinh 01, s hiu 0002, Tht Pht Kinh, 1 quyn, Tng Php Thin dch, dng ch: B, Tam-b-ph [footnoteRef:163]; [163: Cf. , , i 01, No. 0002, p. p0151a29-b01: .]

-i Tng Kinh 01, s hiu 0004, Tht Pht Ph Mu Tnh T Kinh, 1 quyn, mt tn ngi dch, dng ch: t s mt l A-t-v , s hai l Tam-tham [footnoteRef:164]. [164: i 01, No. 0004, , , p.0160a02: .]

V so snh vi Kinh i Bn, ca Trng B Kinh[footnoteRef:165] , kinh chp: Sikhissa, bhikkhave, bhagavato arahato sammsambuddhassa abhibhsambhava nma svakayuga ahosi agga bhaddayuga: Ny cc T-kheo, hai v hin s, nht t ca Th Tn Sikh, bc A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic, tn l Abhibh v Sambhava[footnoteRef:166]. [165: D.14.1 Mahpdnasuttanta.] [166: Cf. Dghanikyo, Mahvaggapi 1. (14.) Mahpadnasutta, PTS.]

Kinh Karupuarka (Bo Tch), phm th t, ta : -- bodhisattva-vykaraa-parivartacaturtha[footnoteRef:167], nguyn in Sanskrit hin c, c k chuyn Pht mityu (V Lng Th ), dn dt ngi con th hai ca Bo Hi tn sabhava thnh Pht hiu l vairocana (i Nht). trong bn Ty Tng ca Kinh ny, phags-pa si-rje-chen-poi pad-ma dkar-po shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo, thuc Ty Tng i Tng Kinh, s hiu 111[footnoteRef:168], cng cp truyn k tng t. [167: Cf. Mahakarunapundarika Sutra , Yamada, School of Oriental and African Studies, London , 1968 ,p. 1-420.] [168: Cf. Ty Tng i Tang Kinh, Kyoto, No.111, 50Cha , p. 56a1-128b7; Cf. Peking: Mdo-sna-tshogs (cu)63a-149a; Mdo (cha)76a-187b; Mdo-sde (cha)56a-128b; Mdo (cha)86a-209b; Mdo-ma (cha)66a-159a.]

Qua nhng bn ci trn, tn V Trnh Nim vi nhng lin h raemin - Arua- acintya (V Trnh Nim / Minh Tng / V Nim) cho chng ta thy thy truyn Bn sinh c Pht A Di n su nh th no vo truyn Bn sinh ca cc c Pht khc v bin th nh th no qua nhng th tch, vn bn khc nhau. S thm thu v vay mn ln nhau chng t xu th pht trin ca tn ngng tng thi i, tng a vc t ngun gc chung.

Cho nn cng mt nhn vt trong cng mt ct truyn m y th c ng nht vi c Pht ny v kia th li ng nht vi c Pht khc.

Chng hn, chuyn Bn sinh vua Dpal Gyi gji Brjid (Thng Oai/ Oai c), th trong i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0371, Qun Th m B Tt Th K Kinh, 1 quyn, Tng m V Kit dch, th ng nht vi Pht A Di [footnoteRef:169]; cn trong i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0372, Pht Thuyt Nh Huyn Tam Ma a V Lng n Php Mn Kinh[footnoteRef:170], 3 quyn, Tng Th H ng dch,th li ng nht vi Pht Thch Ca. [169: T12n0371, tr. 0353b06ff.: , .] [170: Cf. T12n0372, tr. 0357c22: , ]

y l nhng im chng ta cn ch khi tm hiu ngun gc ca tn ngng A Di .

Chng IV. I CHIU BN NGUYNCA PHT-A- TRONG KINH TNG

TIT I. GII THIUBN NGUYN CA PHP TNGV V TRNH NIM VNG

Truyn Bn sinh Php Tng c ghi trong Amitbhavyha nma mahyna stra, tc Sukhvatvyha [ vistaramtk][footnoteRef:171], bn Ty Tng: Hphas pa hod dpag med kyi bkod pa shes bya ba theg pa chen pohi mdo, cng nhiu Kinh Hn Tng nh: i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 360, Pht thuyt V lng th kinh[footnoteRef:172], i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0364, i A-di- kinh[footnoteRef:173], i Tng Kinh 12, s hiu 0361, V lng thanh tnh bnh ng gic kinh[footnoteRef:174], i Tng Kinh 11, s hiu 0310, V lng th - Nh Lai ng hi, ca Kinh i Bo Tch Kinh[footnoteRef:175] v.v.. u c ghi li rng Php Tng by t bn nguyn ca mnh trc c Nh Lai Th T Ti Vng. [171: Cf. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 17. Cf. Mahyna-stra-sagraha (part 1), Vaidya, P.L, The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, Darbhanga, 1961] [172: i 12, No. 0360, tr. 0265c03: ; .] [173: i 12, No. 0364, .] [174: i 12, No. 0361: , .] [175: i 11, No. 0310: , , . Skt. - Arya-amitbhavyuha nama mhyana stra; Tib.: