June 15, 1913 June 30

October 16-19

December

February, 1914

June 28-August 4

September 12

August 29, 1916

April6, 1917 November 7 March 21-

April5, 1918 September 2 9

October 28-November 5

November9

November 11 January 5-15, 1 91 9

Chronological List

Twenty-fifth Jubilee of Kaiser William II Extraordinary army and military budget bills Federated Youth Movement conclave at Hohe Meissner Zabern Affair: crisis of Prussian military intrusion into civilian rule Statistics indicate 1913 as the greatest year of German industrial production and trade Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdi­nand (Austria-Hungary) leads to out­break of First World War German advance on Paris stopped in Battle of the Marne Generals von Hindenburg and Luden­dorff take over Supreme High Com­mand: Kaiser overshadowed; totalitarian war economy launched United States declares war on Germany Soviet seizure of power in Russia Final German offensive in France

General Ludendor:ff urges Kaiser to sue for peace Mutinies in German navy and armies

Kaiser abdicates; Scheidemann proclaims German Republic Armistice ends First World War Ultra-left Spartacist revolt suppressed

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

February6 June 28 July 31

February 24, 1920

March 13-18

May5

June 6

April16, 1922

August 1922-November 1923

January 11, 1923

October

November 8-9

April9, 1924

February 28, 1925 April26

October 16

April24, 1926

September 8 August 1929

September 1929-May 1930

October 3

337

Weimar Constituent Assembly opens Germany signs Treaty of Versailles New republican constitution adopted at Weimar Hitler proclaims twenty-five points of National Socialist program in Munich Abortive conservative Kapp putsch m Berlin Germany receives reparations bill of 132 billion marks German Communist party first enters Reichstag with 600,000 votes Treaty of Rapallo normalizes relations between Germany and Russia Frenzied climax of German monetary in­flation French occupation of Ruhr industrial basin Communist disruption in Saxony, Ham­burg, and Thuringia Abortive Hitler-Ludendorff putsch in Munich Dawes Plan gives new stability to Ger­man economy Death of President Ebert Von Hindenburg elected second presi­dent of Weimar republic Conclusion of Locarno Treaties; triumph of Stresemann foreign policy Treaty of Berlin: expanded Soviet-Ger­man economic relations Germany enters League of Nations Visibility of German technology as liner "Bremen" recaptures Blue Riband of North Atlantic and "Graf Zeppelin" flies around the world French forces evacuate demilitarized Rhineland Death of Gustav Stresemann

338

October 24

December 22

March 27, 1930

September 14

March 21, 1931

May 11-July 15

July6

October 11

1931-1932

January 27, 1932 April10

May30 June 16-November 17 July9

July 20

November 6

December 2-January 28, 1933

January 30 January-February

February 27

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

Wall Street stock market crash signals onslaught of the Great Depression, 1929-1933 German referendum on Young Plan shows majority support for higher repara­tions payments Republican coalition fails; beginning of rule by Bruning minority cabinet and presidential decree Nazi election surge from 12 to 107 Reichstag seats Abortive Austro-German treaty for cus­toms union Collapse of Austrian and German bank­ing systems Hoover moratorium on reparations and war debts Harzburg Front: Hitler, Hugenberg, Schacht, and Seldte (head of "Stahl­helm") cooperate Sporadic Nazi-Communist cooperation to destroy the Weimar Republic Hitler address to the lndustrieklub Von Hindenburg re-elected president of Weimar Republic in contest with Hitler Chancellor Bruning dismissed Cabinet of Franz von Papen Final agreement on reparations for 3 bil­lion marks Von Papen coup against Socialist state government of Prussia Reichstag elections show major losses for Nazis Cabinet of General von Schleicher

Hitler named chancellor Expansion of Gestapo (secret political police) Reichstag fire: suspension of Bill of Rights; Nazi terror

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

March 5

March 21

March 23

April1

May1

July 14

July 20 October 14 January 26, 1934

February-September

March-April

June 14-15 June 30-July 1

July 25 August 2 August 19

March 16, 1935

June 18 September 15 October 3

March 7, 1936

July-August

September 14

339

Last Reichstag elections of Weimar re­public Conservative-Nazi patriotic ceremonies at Potsdam Reichstag votes suspension of Weimar constitution by giving Hitler dictatorial power till April1, 1937 Nationwide anti-Jewish boycott and demonstrations May Day taken over by Nazis; suppres­sion of unions Nazis force dissolution of all other politi­cal parties Nazi concordat with Vatican Germany leaves the League of Nations Nazi-Polish nonaggression and friendship pact Major reorientation of Soviet Russia to­wards Europe and against Nazi Germany German concentration camps under SS control; Rimmler to head of Gestapo First Hitler-Mussolini meeting in Venice Nazi "Blood Purge" of dissident storm­troopers and other enemies Abortive Nazi putsch in Vienna President von Hindenburg dies Plebiscite supports Hitler as "Fuhrer and Chancellor" instead of President Germany denounces military clauses of Versailles Treaty Anglo-German naval agreement Nuremberg anti-Jewish legislation Mussolini invades Ethiopia; growing de­pendence on Germany Germany destroys Locarno Treaties by reoccupation of demilitarized Rhineland Nazi propaganda exploits Olympic Games in Berlin Proclamation of four year plan to make Germany economically self -sufficient

340

October 25

November 5

November 25 February 4, 1938

March 12-13 September

March 15, 1939

April28

May23

June-August August 23

September 1-3 September

April9, 1940 May 10 June 10 June 23 Winter-Spring 1941

March-May June 22

December 5

December 11 January 20, 1942

April26

November7

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

ltalo-German treaty establishes Rome­Berlin Axis Fuhrer conference indicates "solution" of Germany's problems by 1943-1945 (Rossbach Memorandum) German-Japanese anti-Comintern pact Nazification of German military and dip­lomatic commands Nazi seizure of Austria Czechoslovak crisis culminating in Mu­nich Pact Destruction of Czechoslovakia; Hitler in Prague Hitler abrogates pacts with Poland and Britain ltalo-German Pact of Steel; Fuhrer's conference on imminence of war Intensifying Polish-Danzig crisis Nazi-Soviet nonaggression and neutrality pact Second W odd War begins Blitzkrieg against Poland; formation of SS combat divisions Invasion of Denmark and Norway Invasion of Belgium, Holland, and France Italy enters the war France surrenders at Compiegne Spectacular campaigns of General Rom­mel in North Africa Nazi conquest of the Balkans Opening of massive Nazi campatgn against Russia Leningrad under siege; farthest German penetration into suburbs of Moscow Hitler declares war on the United States Hitler authorizes "Final Solution" of German and European Jewish question Reichstag confers absolute wartime pow­ers on Hitler Allied landings in North Africa

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

January 3 1, 1 94 3

May7 July 21

July 24-August 3

July 25

June 6, 1944 July 20 January 1945

April30 May7-8

341

Massive German defeat and surrender at Stalingrad Defeat of German armies in North Africa Announcement of Soviet-sponsored Free Germany National Committee Destruction of Hamburg by intensified air raids Fall of Mussolini after Allied invasion of southern Italy Allied landings in Normandy Failure of German plot against Hitler Russian and Allied forces invade Ger­many from East and West Suicide of Hitler in Berlin German forces capitulate at Rheims (France) and Karlshorst (near Berlin)

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Mann, G. The History of Germany since 1789. New York, 1968. Meinecke, F. The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollec­

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Empire and World War I

Brandenburg, E. From Bismarck to tbe World War. . . . London, 1927.

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1935.

The Revolution and Weimar Republic

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Bretton, H. L. Stresemann and the Revision of Versailles. Stanford, Calif., 1953.

Coper, R. Failure of a Revolution: Germany 1918-1919. Cam­bridge, 1955.

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Gay, P. Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider. New York, 1968.

Halperin, S. W. Germany Tried Democracy, 1918-1933. New York, 1946.

Kosok, P. Modern Germany: A Study of Conflicting Loyalties. Chicago, 1933.

Luehr, E. TheN ew German Republic. New York, 1929. Quigley, H., and Clark, R. T. Republican Germany. New York,

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Waldman, E. The Spartacist Uprising of 1919 . ... Milwaukee, Wise., 1958.

Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. Wooden Titan: Hindenburg in Twenty YearsofGermanHistory 1914-1934. New York, 1936.

The Emergence of National Socialism

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National Socialism, 1933-1939

Allen, W. S. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Small Town, 1930-1935. Chicago, 1965.

Brady, R. A. The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism. New York, 1937.

Fest, J. C. The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership. New York, 1970.

Hoover C. B. Germany Enters the Third Reich. New York, 1933. Lehmann-Haupt, H. Art under a Dictatorship. London, 1954. Lochner, L. Tycoons and Tyrant: German Industry from Hitler to

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Pollock, J. K. The Government of Greater Germany. New York, 1940.

Roberts, S. H. The House That Hitler Built. New York, 1938. Roussy de Sales, R. de., ed. Adolf Hitler: My New Order. New

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Nazi Germany, 1933-1939. New York, 1966. Shirer, W. L. Berlin Diary, 1934-1941. New York, 1941. Speer, A. Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs. New York, 1970. Tolishus, 0. They Wanted War. New York, 1940. Wheaton, E. B. Prelude to Calamity. The Nazi Revolution, 1933-

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The Emergence of the SS State

Hohne, H. The Order of the Death's Head . ... New York, 1970. Kersten, F. The Kersten Memoirs. London, 195 6. Kogon, E. The Theory and Practice of Hell. New York, 1951. Krausnick, H. et al. Anatomy of the SS State. New York, 1968. Reidinger, G. The Final Solution . ... London, 1953. ---,.The S.S., Alibi of a Nation, 1922-1945. London, 1956. Trevor-Roper, H. R. Hitler's Secret Conversations, 1941-1944.

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Youth and Education

Becker, H. German Youth: Bond or Free. London, 1946. Ebeling, H. The GermanY outh Movement. London, 1945. Hartshorne, E. Y. German Youth and the Nazi Dream of Victory.

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versities. New York, 1948. Ringer, F. K. The Decline of the Mandarins: The German Aca­

demic Community, 1890-1933. Cambridge, Mass., 1969. Scholl, I. Students against Tyranny. Middletown, Conn., 1970. Ziemer, G. Education for Death . ... New York, 1941.

346 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Women in Germany

Kirkpatrick, C. TtVomeninNaziGermany. Indianapolis, 1937. Puckett, H. W. Germany's Women Go Forward. New York, 1929,

1967.

German Conservatism

Dorpalen, A. Hindenburg and the Politics of the Weimar Republic. Princeton, 1964.

Klemperer, K. von. Germany's New Conservatism: Its History and Dilemma in the 20th Century. Princeton, 1957.

Rauschning, H. The Revolution of Nihilisrn. New York, 1939. ---. The Conservative Revolution. New York, 1941. Stern, F. The Politics of Cultural Despair. Berkeley, Calif., 1961. Waite, R. G. L. Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement

in Postwar Germany, 1918-1923. Cambridge, Mass., 1952.

The German Working Classes

Anderson, E. Hammer or Anvil: The Story of the German Work­ing Class Movement. London, 1945.

Berlau, A. J. The German Social Democratic Party, 1914-1921. New York, 1949.

Maehl, W. H. German Militarism and Socialism. Lincoln, Neb., 1968.

Roth, G. The Social Democrats in Imperial Germany. Totowa, N.J., 1963.

Schorske, C. German Social Democracy, 1905-1917. Cambridge, Mass., 19 55.

Sturmthal, A. The Tragedy of European Labor, 1918-1939. Lon­don, 1944.

Valtin, J. Out of the Night. New York, 1941.

Germany and Russia

Carr, E. H. German-Soviet Relations between Two World Wars. Baltimore, 19 51.

Dallin, A. German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945. New York, 1957. Fischer, R. Stalin and German Communism. Cambridge, Mass.,

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Hilger, G., and Meyer, A. G. The Incompatible Allies-A Memoir­History of German-Soviet Relations, 1918-1941. New York, 1953.

Laqueur, W. Z. Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict. Lon­don, 1965.

Weinberg, G. L. Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939-1941. Lon­don, 1944.

Nazi Foreign Policy

Deakin, F. W. The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler . ... Lon­don, 1962.

Presseisen, E. L. Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Di­plomacy. New York, 1958.

Robertson, E. M. Hitler's Prewar Policy and Military Plans, 1933-1939. New York, 1963.

Seabury, P. The Wilhelmstrasse: A Study of German Diplomats under theN azi Regime. Berkeley, Calif., 1954.

Wiskemann, E. The Rome-Berlin Axis. London, 1949.

German Military-Political Relationships

Craig, G. A. The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945. New York, 1955.

Goerlitz, W. History of the German General Staff, 1657-1945. New York, 1953.

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Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics. New York, 1954.

Church and State inN azi Germany

Cochrane, A. C. The Church's Confession under Hitler. Philadel­phia, 1962.

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348 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Micklem, N. National Socialism and the Catholic Church. London, 1939.

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against Tyranny. New Y ark, 19 58.

Population Transfers and Migration

Koehl, R. L. RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945. Cambridge, Mass., 1957.

Kulischer, E. M. Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917-1947. New York, 1948.

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Germany in Ruin

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Index

Abel, Theodore, research on Nazi movement, 118-128

Abshagan, Karl-Heinz, on inflation and corruption in the Weimar Republic, 128-137

Ackerman, Anton, 302 Afrikakorps, 300. See also Rommel,

General Ernst Albania, 263 Allenstein, 321-322 Alsace-Lorraine

after World War I, 7, 111 French population of, 2

Amexima Company, 135-136 Arendzee, Martha, 302 Auschwitz, concentration camp at,

275,299 Austria, 112, 133

Custom union with Germany, 15, 338

and Hitler's plans for European domination, 254-255

Nazi occupation of, 22, 346 Nazi putsch in Vienna, 20. See

also Austro-Hungary Austro-Hungary, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55,

106 invasion of Serbia by, 51 relations with Germany before

World War I, 4, 5. See also Austria

Baden, Prince Max von, 6, 71 Balkans

in German foreign policy before World War I, 49-51,55

Nazi conquest of, 340 Barmat, Julius, 135-136 Bauer, Gustav, 116, 135 Becher, Johannes R., 302-303

in Free Germany National Com­mittee, 301

on Nazi regime, 1945, 327-331

Beck, Ludwig, objectives of anti­Nazi conspiracy of 1944, 303-311

Belgium economy of, 133 and Hitler's plans for European

domination, 254, 265 Locarno Treaty, 11 Nazi invasion of, 340 and Versailles Treaty, 107, 109,

112 violation of in World War I, 5

Bell, Doctor Hans, 116 Berlin, Treaty of, 11, 145-146, 337 Berlin, University of

burning of books at, 220-221 Berliner Tageblatt, 45-49, 72, 220

occupation of Tageblatt building during Spartacist Revolution, 86-90

Bernhard,Georg,220 Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 56 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von,

3, 47, 58, 61, 133 memorandum on German foreign

policy toward Great Britain and Russia, 54-56

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 51 Parliamentary structure of, 4, 176 and war against Austria and

France, 253 and William II, 46-47

Bismarck League. See German Na­tional Peoples party

Blitzkrieg, against Poland, 340 Blomberg, Werner von, 251, 255,

256 "Blood-purge," of Stormtroopers

by ss, 20, 273 Blunck, Hans, 241, 242 Bohemia, 22, 122 Brauchitsch, Walther von, 271, 274 Braun, Otto, 73

350

Brecht, Arnold, on the Weimar Re­public and democracy, 91-102

Bredel, Willy, 303 Breuer, Hans, 29 Briand, Aristide, 145 Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, 103,

104 and reactions of German delega­

tion to Versailles Treaty, 109-114

speech at Versailles, 1919, 105-108 Bruning, Heinrich, 14-15, 155, 171,

173, 174, 195 dismissal of, 16, 152-153, 338

Buchenwald, concentration camp at, 288,299

Bulgaria, 53 in World War I, 6

Biilow, Bernhard von, 3, 43

Catholic Center party. See Center party

Center party, 12, 63, 176, 177, 178 and elections of 1932, 173 meeting of, disrupted, 128 under William II, 4, 46 youth division of, 34. See also

Germany, youth movement of

Chamberlain, Austin, 137 China, 156 Christianity, 306-307

and Nazism, 194-195 views of Nazis on, 282

Clark, Professor R. T., on Weimar government, 147-151

Clausewitz, Karl von, 328 Clemenceau, Georges, at Versailles

conference, 103, 104, 133 Communist party of Germany, 16,

152,171,229 alleged cooperation with Nazis,

160-164 in elections of 1930, 15 in elections of 1932, 173 in elections of 1920, 337 Munich, seizure of power in, 71 under Nazism, 199, 207-208 and post-Nazi era, 300-303

INDEX

and United Front against Fascism, 158-159

and 1923 uprisings, 10, 137, 337 youth movement of, 33

Concentration camps, 22-23, 24, 284-299, 339. See also Ausch­witz; Buchenwald; Kaiser­wald

"Conservative Revolution, The," 180-191

Mohler, Armin, on, 180-183 Rauschning, Hermann, on the

ideals and aims of, 183-191 Crimea, 283 Czechoslovakia, 109, 133

and Hitler's plans for European domination, 254, 256, 258-259, 270

and Locarno Pact, 14 3 Nazi occupation of, 263, 340 partition of, 22

D'Aberon, Viscount Edgar Vin­cent, on Sttesemann and the Locarno Pact, 137~146

Danzig, 183,264,268,340 made a "free city," 7, 109, 111 Nazi demands to Poland over,

263,269 David, Eduard, 60, 116 Dawes Plan, 11, 337

role of Stresemann in formulat-ing,-139, 143

Delbriick, Clemens von, 61 Denmark, Nazi invasion of, 340 Der Angriff, 203 Deutsche Rundschau, 331 Dimitrov, Georgi, 161, 162, 164

Ebert, Friedrich, 57, 73, 135, 337 appeal to German people, 115-116 death of, 11 and declaration of World War I,

57, 58-59 repression of general strike by, 95 and Revolutions of 1918-1919, 7,

81, 85, 88 Eichhorn, Emil, 84, 95 Eichmann, Adolf, 275 Einsiedel, Heinrich von, 302 Einstein, Albert, 13

works of, burned, 243

INDEX

Eisner, Kurt, 84-85 assassination of, 95

Enabling Act, 216 attacked by Social Democrats,

218-219 England. See Great Britain Epp, Franz von, 212 Erzberger, Matthais, 116, 133

assassination of, 10 Estonia, 283 Eydtkuhnen, 312

"Final Solution of the Jewish Ques-tion, The," 21,275, 340

Foren, Wilhelm, 302 Forster, Friedrich Wilhelm, 220 France,263

and evacuation of Rhineland, 3 3 7 and Germany before World War

I, 4, 5ln, 52, 53 and Hitler's plans for European

domination, 22, 254, 255, 256, 264,265,268,270

liberation of, 300 and Locarno Treaty, 107, 109,

112, 113 Nazi invasion of, 22, 337 occupation of Ruhr by, 1923, 9-

10, 133, 337 rejection of Young Plan, 15-16 at Versailles Conference, 103-105 and Versailles Treaty, 107, 109,

112, 113 after World War I, 8

Franco, Francisco, 20, 269 Frank, Hans, 274 Free Corps, 9, 10, 117, 118-121

and repression of Spartacist Rev­olution, 89

Free Germany National Committee, 23, 301-303, 32~ 341

Freischar (Free Troops), 34. See also Germany, youth move­ment of

Freud, Sigmund, works of, burned, 220,243

Frick, Wilhelm, 175,227 Friedberg, Dr. Robert, 83 Fritsch, Werner von, 251,256

351

George, Stephan, 30 German Boy Scout Federation, 34.

See also Germany, Youth movement of

German Democratic party, 93 in elections of 1919, 94 meeting of, disrupted, 163

German Democratic Republic, 301, 327

German National party, 128, 191, 194

German National Peoples party, 128, 193

youth division of, 34. See also Germany, youth movement of

German Peoples party, 94 youth division of, 34. See also

Germany, youth movement of

Germans living outside Germany, 17

emigration of, after World War II, 311-326

speech about, by Rimmler, 278-281,283-284

Germany, 1 culture of, under Nazis, 239-244 economy of,

and collapse of banks, 1930, 338 and four year plan, 339, 246-250 in Great Depression, 14-16,

152-157, 165 and inflation after World War

I, 129-137, 337 and Nazis in early thirties, 20-

21,247-250,252-253 Germany

after World War I, 10-11, 337 before World War I, 2-3

education in, under Nazis, 227-229

foreign policy of, Anglo-German Naval Treaty,

20,22, 263,339,346 anti-comintern pact with Japan,

340 Berlin Treaty of 1926, 11, 145-

146

352

Germany (cont'd) Customs union with Austria,

338 ltalo-German "Pact of Steel,"

340 and League of Nations, 11, 20,

144-145, 146, 148, 337, 339 and Locarno Treaty, 11, 137-

144, 146, 148, 339 and Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggres­

sion Treaty, 22, 270, 340 under Nazis in early thirties, 20,

246-247,251-256,263-271 and Poland Pact, 263, 3 36, 340 and Rapallo Treaty, 144, 337 and Versailles Treaty, 8, 115-

116, 142 after World War I, 11 before World War I, 3, 49

minority nationalities within, 1-2 and Nazi power, 19-21 Press of, under Nazis, 257-263 during Weimar Republic, 9-16 and World War I

contribution by Germany to, 5, 105-106

effect of, upon Germany, 5-7, 63-70

and working class, 6 and youth movement, 31

and World War II, 22-24,246-250, 300

flight of ethnic Germans in 1945, 311-326

invasion by Soviets and Allies, 341

Nazi preparation for, 246-250 post-World War II, 327-335 surrender in World War II,

301, 341 youth movement of, 27-39, 121,

336 Communist wing of, 3 3 pre-World War I romanticism

of, 29-30 post-World War I, 31-37 post-World War II, 37-39, 333-

335 Gernk, Edwin, 302 Gessler, Otto, 195 Gestapo. See SS

INDEX

Gide, Andre, works of, burned by Nazis, 243

Giesberts, Johann, 16 Glaser, Ernst, works of, burned by

Nazis, 220 Goebbels,Joseph, 19,176,177,178,

203-216,220,305 on anti-Jewish Boycott, 213-214 death of, 24, 301 on election of Hitler, 1933, 204-

206 on Enabling Act, 212-213 on Nazi "May Day," 214-216 as Nazi Minister of Culture, 239,

240,241,243 on Potsdam Garrison Church

ceremony, 211-212 on Reichstag fire, 207-208 and repression of 1944 plot to

assassinate Hitler, 300 Goerdeler, Carl, objectives of anti­

Nazi conspiracy of 1944, 304-311

Goering, Hermann, 74, 175, 176, 251, 256, 268, 271

and four year plan, 246 and Reichstag fire, 207 speech to Reichstag, 212

Goring, Hermann. See Goering, Hermann

Gradnauer, Dr. Georg, 135 Great Britain, 156, 245

and Anglo-German Naval Treaty of 1935, 20, 22, 263, 339, 340

and German foreign policy be­fore World War I, 4, 50, 51-54, 55-56

and Hitler's plans for European domination, 22, 254, 255, 256, 264,265,266,268,269,270

and Locarno Treaty, 142-143, 145-146

at Versailles Conference, 103-105 in World War II, 300, 302

Great Depression, the, 10, 16, 117, 152-157, 165, 338

Greece, 263 Grey, Edward, Sir, 52, 55-56 Groener, General Wilhelm, 177, 178 Gropius, Walter, 13

INDEX

Haase, Hugo, 58,81-82 against Sozialdemokratische

Partei Deutschlands voting for war credits in 1914, 59, 60, 61

Haber, Dr. Fritz, 2 Haldane, Richard Burdon, Lord,

51-53 Hale, William Harlan, on Weimar

Germany, 153-157 Hamburg

bombing of, 300, 341 Communist uprising in, 3 3 7

Hanfstaengl, "Putzi," 207 Haniel, von, 114 Hardie, Keir, 58 HarzbergFront, 338 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 30 Hegemann, Werner, 220 Heilmann, Ernst, 135 Helfferich, Karl, 13 3 Hetz, Carl, 302 Reuss, Theodore, on the deteriora­

tion of the Weimar Republic, 171-178

Heydrich, Reinhardt, 272, 275 assassination of, 276

Hierl, Konstantin, 230-231, 235 Hiller, Kurt, 79 Rimmler, Heinrich, 172, 339

and concentration camps, 22-23 on Germany's expansion, 277-284 in charge of Gestapo, 272, 273-277

Hindenberg, General Paul von, 15, 16,165,172-173,203,336,337

appearance with Hitler, 204-205, 209, 211, 214

consents to Nazi presence in cabinet, 17, 198

death of, 20, 339 dismisses Bruning, 153 elected president of Weimar Re-

public, 11-12 · repudiates war guilt, 148 in World War I, 6

Hindenberg League. See German Peoples party

Hinkel, Hans, 240-241 Hitler, Adolf, 16, 18, 156, 178, 183,

187,192,194,204-216,217,

353

227, 228, 230, 283, 284, 285, 302, 303, 337, 338

anti-Semitism of, 223 address to Industrieklub, 165-171,

338 attempt at European domination,

22,253-256 attempt on life of, 23, 300-301,

303-311, 341 attitude of his followers toward

Hitler, 122, 123, 126, 128, 315 made Chancellor, 17,204-205 his cooperation with conserva­

tives, 198-199 death of, 24, 301, 341 disagreements with Ludendorff,

173 elections of 1932, 173, 199-203,

338 made Fiihrer, 20 influence upon youth and women,

18-19 Munich putsch, 10, 134, 137, 337 Munich trial, 141-142 plans for European domination,

246-272 popularity with the rich, 165, 179-

180 in Potsdam Garrison Church

ceremony, 211-212 rearmament of Germany under,

245

Reichstag fire, 207-208 and Rhineland, occupation of, 245 special powers of, 1942, 276 and SS, 274

Hitler-Youth, 32, 34, 36,204,206. See also Germany, youth movement of

Roesch, Leopold von, 145 Hoffman, Adolf, 81 Hofmannsthal, Hugo, 181 Holland

and Hitler's plans for European domination, 254-255, 264, 265,270

Nazi invasion of, 340 Hoover Moratorium on Repara­

tions, 16, 338

354

Rossbach Memorandum, 250-256 Hugenberg, Alfred, 187, 213

and collaboration with Nazis, 179 and election of 1932, 173 on Harzburg Front with Hitler,

338 Hungary, 254

Independent Socialists, 7, 81, 84,94-95

in elections of 1919, 94 lndustrieklub, Hitler's address to,

165-167, 338 Inflation. See Germany, economy of International Commission on Rep­

arations, 110-111 International Socialist Bureau, 58 Iron Front. See Sozialdemokratische

Partie Deutschlands Italy, 146, 267, 269, 270

and Czechoslovakia, partition of, 22,255

Germany's ally in World War I, 50

invasion by Allies of, 300, 341 invasion of Ethiopia by, 339 Italo-German "Pact of Steel," 340 Rome-Berlin axis, 263 and World War II, 340

Japan, 53, 156, 255, 267 anti-comintern pact with Ger­

many, 30, 340 bombing of Hiroshima, 300 at Versailles conference, 103

Jaures,Jean, 58,59 Jews, 2, 172, 175,305, 333

anti-Jewish boycott, 339 attitudes toward Jews after World

War I, 8, 17, 121, 131-132, 136

genocide of, 275-276, 284-299, 300

under Nazis, 21, 199,213-214 Nuremburg laws, 21, 339

Joos, Joseph, on the causes of Ger­man defeat in World War I, 63-70

Junkers, 43, 46 J iinger, Ernst, 180

INDEX

Kahr, Doctor Gustav von, 142 Kaiser, Georg, 13 Kaiserwald, concentration camp at,

292-296 Kampf, Hermann, 61 Kapp putsch of 1920, 9, 120, 337 Kardoff, Siegfried von, 94 Karelia, 283 Kastner, Erich, works burned by

Nazis, 220 Kautsky, Karl, works burned by

Nazis, 220 Kautz, Heinrich, 67 Keller, Helen, works burned by

Nazis, 243 Kerr, Alfred, works burned by

Nazis, 221 Kiderlen-Wachter, Alfred von, on

German policy in the Balkans, 1912, 49-51, 52, 53

Kiel, 119 naval rebellion in 1918, 77

Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von, on the menace of National Socialism, 191-197

Koenigsberg, 111 Kordt, Erich, on the SS, 273-276 Kramer, Walter, experience of Jews

under Nazis and in con­centration camps, 284-299

Kreisau circle, 304 Kurland, 120 Kutisker, Ivan, 135

Labor Service, 21,226,230-235 Landsberg, Otto, 81, 82, 85 Lansing, Robert, 103, 107 Latvia, 283 Law, Bonar, 103, 104 League of Nations, 108, 111, 113,

148 German entry into, 11, 144-145,

146, 337 German withdrawal from, 20,

245, 339 Lebdebour,Georg,59-60 Lehndorff, Hans von, journal of the

westward retreat of German civilians, 1944-45, 311-326

Leningrad, siege of, 340 Lettow Vorbeck, Paul von, 163

INDEX

Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max von, on German relations with Great Britain, 1912, 51-53, 54

Liebknecht, Karl, and the Spartacist Revolution, 73, 78, 87-88

Literarisches Echo, 331 Lithuania, 283, 312 Lloyd-George, David, 103, 104 Locarno, Treaty of, 11, 137-144,

146, 148, 337 German violation of, 20, 245 importance of, 143-144 role of Streseman in creation of,

139 London, Jack, works burned by

Nazis, 243 Ludendorff, Erich von, 136

disagreement with Hitler, 173 in election of 1925, 122 Munich putsch with Hitler, 337 Munich trial of, 141-142 in World War I, 6, 336

Ludwig, Emil, works burned by Nazis, 220, 243

Luftwaffe, 265-266 Liittwitz, General Walther von, 89 Luxemburg, Rosa, 73

Maginot Line, 267,270 Male, Hans, 303 Mann, Heinrich, 13

works burned by Nazis, 220, 243 Mann, Thomas, 13

works burned by Nazis, 243 Marx, Karl, 30, 119

vulgarization of the ideas of, 93 works burned by Nazis, 220, 243

May Day, taken over by Nazis, 214-216, 339

Mein Kampf, 123, 242, 272 Mellon, Andrew, 157 Memel, 9, 111, 312 Michaelis, Paul L., on the reign of

William II, 45-49 Mohler, Armin, on the "Conserva-

tive Revolution," 180-183 Moltke, Helmuth von, 304 Muller, Hermann, 59, 62, 116 Munich

conference over Czechoslovakia, 22,256-257, 271

Hitler putsch in, 10, 337 revolution in 1918, 85

355

Munich Pact, 340. See also Munich, conference over Czechoslo­vakia

Mussolini, Benito and Czechoslovakia, partition of,

255 fall of, 300, 341 Hitler, meeting with, 339 Hitler's evaluation of, 268-269 invasion of Ethiopia by, 20, 339 and Rome-Berlin axis, 263

National Liberal party, 82, 83 in elections of 1919, 94

National Socialists. See Nazi party Naumann, Friedrich, 99, 171 Nazi party, 15, 16, 152, 168-171, 174,

175,176, 17~ 178,245,33~ 338, 339

anti-communism of, 17-18, 165 anti-Nazi conspiracy of 1944, 303-

311 anti-Semitism of, 17, 136-137, 172,

203,221-225,285-299 appeal to Germans, 17-19, 118-

128 and Christianity, 194-195, 282 collapse of power, 300-326 Communist party, alleged co-

operation with, 158, 160-164 conservative opposition to, 191-

197 and the "Conservative Revolu­

tion," 179, 182-191 consolidation of power by, 19-20,

21, 203, 226-244 in elections of 1925, 1 7 3 in elections of 1930,115,165,335 in elections of 1932, 17, 338 enters Hindenberg's cabinet, 17 the press under the regime of, 257 seizure of power by, 198-219

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 22,270, 340

Neumann, Heinz, 161 Neurath, Konstantin von, 251 New York Times, 198,301-303

356

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 30, 180-181

Normandy, Allies landing at, 341 Norway, Nazi invasion of, 340 Noske, Gustav, 95, 116

and Spartacist Revolution, 84, 88-89

Nuremberg laws of 1935, 21, 339 Nuremberg trials, 245 Nuschke, Otto, 81

Olympic games of 1936, 245, 339 Ossietzsky, Carl von, works burned

by Nazis, 221 Osterode, 321-323

Papen, Fritz von, 19, 180, 338 made ambassador by Hitler, 180 dismisses government of Prussia,

16 and Reichstag fire, 198 becomes vice-Chancellor, 17

Pareto, Vilfredo, 177, 188 Paris Peace Conference. See V er­

sailles Conference Pechel, Rudolf, on Germany after

World War II, 331-335 Pieck, Wilhelm, 301, 302 Poland, 143

blitzkrieg against, 221, 340 and Hitler's plans for European

domination, 254-255, 263, 264, 266,268,269,270,271

Non-Aggression Pact with Ger-many, 1934,20,22,263,340

after World War I, 7, 109, 111 Polish corridor, 7, 263, 269 Pomerania, 120, 121, 154 Potsdam, Garrison Church cere-

monies in 1933,203,211-212, 339

Pravda, 302 Preuss, Doctor Hugo, 97-98 Protocols of Zion, 222 Proust, Marcel, works burned by

Nazis, 243 Prussia, 1, 9, 254, 283

conservative traditions of, 3, 4 coup against Socialist government

of, 16, 338 suffrage in, 4, 47-48, 69

IND£X

and Versailles Treaty, 109 in Weimar Constitution, 9 after World War I, 7

Priitzmann, Hans, 277

Quigley, Hugh, on Weimar govern­ment, 147-151

Rapallo Treaty, 144, 337 Rathenau, Walter, 122, 222

assassination of, 10 Rauscher, Ulrich, 78 Rauschning, Hermann, on the

"Conservative Revolution," 183-191

Reformation, the, 1, 329 Reichsbank, and post-World War I

inflation, 130, 133-134 Reichbanner Black-Red-Gold, 158-

159 youth division, 34. See also Ger­

many, youth movement of Reichstag, 96, 97, 152, 171, 172, 174

elections of 1930, 15 elections of 1932, 198, 338 elections of 1933, 339 fire in, 19, 198, 203, 207, 338 Heuss, speech given in, 174-178 under Hitler, 19, 212, 276, 340 in Weimar Constitution, 9, 100-

101 Weimar Constitution suspended

by, 19,339 Otto Wels, speech given in, 216-

219 under William II, 4. See also

Weimar constitution Reichswehr, 211

after World War I, 12 Reinhardt, Max, 13 Remarque, Erich Maria, works

burned by Nazis, 221,242 Reparations, 9, 14, 15, 20, 338. See

also Versailles, Treaty of; Hoover Moratorium on Rep­arations; Young Plan

Revolution of 1918, 72-86, 90-91, 127. See also Spartacist Rev­olution of 1919

INDEX

Rhineland, 11, 144,219, 245,270 French evacuation of, 15, 337 German re-occupation of, 20, 339 separatist movement in, 10, 137 and Versailles Treaty, 109

Ribbentrop, General Joachim von, 271

Roberts, Stephen H. on Labor Service, 230-235 on Nazi culture, 239-244 on Nazi education, 227-229 on "Strength through Joy," 235-

239 Rome-Berlin axis, 263, 340 Rommel, General Erwin, 22, 300,

304, 340 Rosenberg, Alfred, 242, 274 Ruhr, 264

French occupation of in 1923, 9-10, 133, 137, 337

Rumania, 53, 263 Russia

and Germany before World War I, 4, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54-55

in World War I, 6, 106. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Re­publics

Rust, Bernard, 228-229

S. A., The. See Stormtroopers Saar, 107, 112 Saxony, Communist rising in, 1923,

10, 337 Schacht, Hjalmar, 82, 134, 180

in Harzburg Front with Hitler, 338

Scheidemann, Philip, 40 proclaims German republic, 3 36 and the Spartacist Revolution, 81,

82,88 World War I, beginning of, 56-

63 Schelsky, Helmut, on German

youth movement, 28-39 Schirach, Baldur von, 36, 242 Schleicher, Kurt von, 16, 17, 198,

338 Schlieffen plan, 5 Schmitt, Robert, 116 Schnitzler, Arthur, works burned

by Nazis, 243

Seeckt, Hans von, 12 Seldte, Franz, 3 38 Serbia, 5 Severing, Carl, 73, 95 Seysz-Inquardt, Arthur, 274 Silesia, 9, 109, 254, 283

357

Simons, Doctor Walter, letters about Versailles Conference, 102-105

Sinclair, Upton, works burned by Nazis, 243

Social Democrats. See Sozialdemo­kratiscbe Partei Deutschlands

Sorel, Georges, 1 77 Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutsch­

lands, 56,92-93, 176, 177, 178, 192

and Communist party, 161-164 corruption in, 135, 136 in elections of 1919, 94-95 in elections of 1930, 15 in elections of 1932, 173 in elections of 192 5, 12 in German government after

World War I, 73, 77, 78 ideology of, 74 "Iron Front against Fascism,"

158-159 under Nazism, 199,207-208,216-

219 and Revolution of 1918,73 Spartacist Revolution, suppression

of, 7 and William II, 4, 40, 42-44, 46,

47 and World War I, opening of, 6,

57-63 Spain, 269 Spanish Civil War, 20 Spartacist Revolution of 1919, 7, 72,

86-91, 336. See also Sparta­cists

Spartacists, 84. See also Spartacist Revolution of 1919

Speer, Albert, 246 Spranger, Edward, 29 ss, 211

combat units, 23, 273-274, 346

358

SS (cont'd) and genocide of Jews, 275-276,

286,287,289,290-291,294, 296, 300, 3 39

in German occupied territory during World War II, 22, 274,277-284

Germany, control over, 23, 273-276

Himmler in charge of, 272 Stahlbelm, 125-126, 128, 173, 191,

210,338 Nazi attacks upon, 224-225 takes part in Potsdam Garrison

Church ceremonies, 211 Stalin, Joseph, 271, 302 Stalingrad, German defeat at, 341 Stauffenberg, Claus von, 304 Stimson, Henry Lewis, 157 Stinnes, Hugo, 134 Stormtroopers, 177, 178, 192,209,

212,221 in Potsdam Garrison Church

ceremonies, 211 purge of, 272, 339 and Reichstag fire, 207-208. See

also "Blood purge" Strasser, Gregor, 174, 176, 178 Streicher, Julius, 221 "Strength through Joy," 21, 226,

235-239 Stresemann, Gustav, 12, 94, 117,

138-139, 141, 147, 148 and Berlin Treaty, 146 and Dawes Plan, revision of, 139 death of, 139-140 and Hitler-Ludendorff trial, 141-

142 and the Locarno Pact, 11, 139, 337 personal character of, 140-141 and Rhineland, allied evacuation

of, 15 during World War I, 83, 138 after World War I, 83-84, 138-

139 Der Sturmer, 221-225, 285 Siidekum, Doctor Albert, 60 Switzerland, 270

Thalmann, Ernst. See Thaelmann, Ernst

INDEX

Thaelmann, Ernst, 161, 173, 235 Thirty Years War, 328 Thuringia, 337 Thyssen, Fritz, 165, 180 Treaty of Berlin. See Berlin, Treaty

of Treaty of Locarno. See Locarno,

Treaty of Treaty of Versailles. See Versailles,

Treaty of Treitschke, Heinrich von, 56 Treviranus, Gottfried, 187 Triple Alliance, 55 Triple Entente, 40, 55 Tucholsky, Kurt, works burned by

Nazis, 221 Turkey,49-51, 53

Ulbricht, Walter, 301, 302 Union of Soviet Socialist Republic§,

152, 339 Berlin Treaty with Germany,

1926, 11, 145-146, 337 Bolshevik Revolution, 3 36 and Hitler's plans for European

domination, 246-247, 254-255 invasion by Germany of, 22, 340 under Nazis, 274, 277-279

Non-Aggression Pact with Ger-many,22,271, 340

and post-World War II Ger-many, 302

Stalin's purges, 301 after World War I, 8 in World War II, 24, 298-301,

313-323 United States of America, 13, 107,

156 stock market crash in 1929, 14 at Versailles Conference, 102-104 in World War I, 6, 336 in World War II, 300, 302, 340

V altin, Jan, on the German Com­munist party, 158-164

Vatican, Nazi Concordat with, 19, 339

Versailles, Treaty of, 71, 174-175, 245, 311, 337

German acceptance of, 114 German renunciation of, 339

INDEX

Versailles, Treaty of (cont'd) German violation of, 20 effect upon Germany of, 8, 115-

116, 142 and the Nazis, 17. See also Ver­

sailles Conference Versailles Conference, 102-116 Volkische Beobachter, 122, 178, 208,

241 Volksdeutsche. See Germans, living

outside Germany V olkszeitung, 81 V ortwarts, 42-44, 58, 60 Vossische Zeitung, 220

W affen-SS. See SS, combat units Wahnschaffe, 75-77 W andervogel, 12 1, 12 2 Warsaw, 7 Weber, Professor Alfred, 83 Weber,h1ax, 100 Wehrmacht, 247,271,307 Weimar Constituent Assembly, 7,

336 Weimar Constitution, 8-9, 70, 337

making of, 91-102 proportional representation in,

98-100 suspension of, 19, 339

Weimar Republic, 63, 182-183 consolidation of, 117-151 cultural achievements under, 13 death of, 16-17 democracy, efforts to develop, 11 and the Great Depression, 14-16,

152-157 and inflation, 132-133 instability in early years, 9-10 military and conservative atti-

tudes towards, 8 political conditions in, 148-151,

158-164 waning of, 171-178

Weinert, Erich, 302 Wells, H. G., works burned by

Nazis, 243 W els, Otto, 60, 212-213

speech in Reichstag against En­abling Act, 216-219

White Russia, 283

359

William II, king of Prussia and em­peror of Germany, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 51n, 52n, 53n, 336

abdication of, 78 flight of, 75-78 German foreign policy, memo­

randum on, 53-54 liberal-bourgeois commentary on

reign, 45-49 Silver Jubilee message, 40-42 Socialist answer to Silver Jubilee

message, 42-44 Wilson, Woodrow, 6, 103, 104, 107

Fourteen Points, 8 Windthost League. See Center

party Wolf, Friedrich, 303 Wolff, Theodor

on the Revolution of 1918 and the Spartacist Revolution, 72-91

works burned by Nazis, 220 World War I, 336

and German working class, 6 and German youth movement, 31 effect upon Germany, 5-7, 63-70 Germany's contribution to the

outbreak of, 5, 105-106 ·world War II, 22-24

American role in, 300, 302 beginning of, 22, 340 British role in, 300, 302 France's liberation, 300 Nazi preparation for, 246-250 Nazi surrender, 301 Soviet role in, 298-301, 313-323

Young Plan, 15, 139, 165 German referendum on, 338

Young Stahlhelm, 34. See also Ger­many, youth movement of; Stahlhelm

Youth movement. See Germany, youth movement of

Yugoslavia, 143

Zabern affair, 336 Zentrum, 94, 213 Zeppelin, 3, 13, 337 Zola, Emile, works burned by Nazis,

243 Zuckmayer, Carl, 273

DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION Edited by Eugene C. Black and Leonard W. Levy

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE WEST

Morton Smith: ANCIENT GREECE*

A. H. M. Jones: A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY

Vol. I: The Republic Vol. II: The Empire

Deno Geanakoplos: BYZANTINE EMPIRE *

Marshall W. Baldwin: CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

Bernard Lewis: ISLAM TO 1453 *

David Herlihy: HISTORY OF FEUDALISM

William M. Bowsky: RISE OF COMMERCE AND TOWNS*

David Herlihy: MEDIEVAL CULTURE AND SOCIETY

EARLY MODERN HISTORY

Hanna H. Gray: CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE*

Florence Edler de Roover: MONEY, BANKING, AND COMMERCE, THIRTEENTH THROUGH SIXTEENTH CENTURIES *

V. J. Parry: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE *

Ralph E. Giesey: EVOLUTION OF THE DYNASTIC STATE *

J. H. Parry: THE EUROPEAN RECONNAISSANCE: Selected Documents Hans J. Hillerbrand: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

John C. Olin: THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION*

Orest Ranum: THE CENTURY OF LOUIS XIV *

Thomas Hegarty: RUSSIAN HISTORY THROUGH PETER THE GREAT -If

Marie Boas Hall: NATURE AND NATURE's LAWS

Barry E. Supple: HISTORY OF MERCANTILISM*

Geoffrey Symcox: IMPERIALISM, WAR, AND DIPLOMACY, 1550-1763*

Herbert H. Rowen: THE LOW COUNTRIES *

C. A. Macartney: THE HABSBURG AND HOHENZOLLERN DYNASTIES

IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

Lester G. Crocker: THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Robert and EJborg Forster: EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789-1848

Paul H. Beik: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

David l. Dowd: NAPOLEONIC ERA, 1799-1815 *

Rene Albrecht-Carrie: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE

John B. Halsted: ROMANTICISM

R. Max Hartwell: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION * Mack Walker: METTERNICH'S EUROPE

Douglas Johnson: THE ASCENDANT BOURGEOISIE*

John A. Hawgood: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 *

NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM, AND SOCIALISM, 1850-1914

Eugene C. Black: VICTORIAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Eugene C. Black: BRITISH POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Denis Mack Smith: THE MAKING OF ITALY, 1796-1870

David Thomson: FRANCE: Empire and Republic, 1850-1940

Theodore S. Hamerow: BISMARCK'S MITTELEUROPA * Eugene 0. Golob: THE AGE OF LAISSEZ FAIRE *

Roland N. Stromberg: REALISM, NATURALISM, AND SYMBOLISM:

Modes of Thought and Expression irt Europe, 1848-1914

Melvin Kranz berg: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY * Jesse D. Clarkson: TSARIST RUSSIA: Catherine the Great to Nicholas II *

Philip D. Curtin: IMPERIALISM*

Massimo Salvadori: MODERN SOCIALISM

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Jere C. King: THE FIRST WORLD WAR*

S. Clough, T. and C. Moodie: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF EUROPE:

Twentieth Century W. Warren Wagar: SCIENCE, FAITH, AND MAN:

European Thought Since 1914

Paul A. Gagnon: INTERNATIONALISM AND DIPLOMACY BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919-1939 *

Henry Cord Meyer: WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY*

Michal Vyvyan: RUSSIA FROM LENIN TO KHRUSHCHEV * Charles f. Delzell: MEDITERRANEAN FASCISM, 1919-1945

Donald C. Watt: THE SECOND WORLD WAR*

* In preparation