Chronic diseases

Non-communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases

• Non-Communicable Disease – a disease that is not transmitted by another person, environment, or vector (something that carries it like a mosquito, rats)

• Types of Non-Communicable Diseases– Cardiovascular Disease -- Cancer– Allergies -- Asthma– Diabetes -- Arthritis

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Allergies: a specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless substance

• Diagnosis: blood tests, skin tests, self diagnosis

• Risk Factors: being around substances that are allergens- pollen, dust, foods, mold, spores, chemicals, insect venom, animal dander, medications

• Short Term Effects: hives, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing or swallowing, swelling, drop in blood pressure

Allergies cont.

• Long Term Effects: can be life threatening if difficulty breathing or swelling isn’t under control.

• Treatment: take antihistamines (medications that help control allergy symptoms)

• Prevention Strategy: avoid the allergen that causes the problem, long term allergy shots

Asthma: condition in which the small airways in the lungs become narrowed and cause difficulty breathing

• Diagnosis: talk to your doctor about your symptoms, listen to the lungs, peak flow meter test (breathe into a machine and it can tell how much air you’re getting in and out of your lungs)

• Risk Factors: triggers include air pollen, exercise, pet dander, tobacco smoke, mold, pollen, & dust

• Short Term Effects: coughing, particularly at night or early in the morning, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, anxiety or restlessness

Asthma cont.

• Long Term Effects: permanent damage or changes to lung tissues• Treatment: The goals of asthma treatment include:

– few daytime symptoms– no nighttime awakenings due to asthma– able to keep up normal activity and exercise levels– normal lung function– prevent flare-ups and the need for emergency room visits or

hospitalization– minimize use of quick-relief medications– few to no side effects from medication

• Prevention Strategy: avoid triggers where possible, use a long acting medication to control asthma

Arthritis: diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in the joints

• Diagnosis: blood tests, X-rays• Risk Factors: can be genetic, repetitive

movements, constant use of the joint• Short Term Effects: aches and pain when

moving joints, inflammation, swelling, stiffness

Arthritis cont.

• Long Term Effects: joint deformity, loss of cartilage in joint, need for replacement surgeries

• Treatment: medication, exercise, rest, joint protection, physical therapy

• Prevention Strategy: control your weight, be active, prevent injuries

Cardiovascular Disease: disease that effects the heart and/or blood vessels

• Diagnosis: – Hypertension= high blood pressure, – Atherosclerosis= build up of plaque

on artery walls, – Angina Pectoris= chest pain from

lack of oxygen to the heart, – Arrhythmias= irregular heartbeats, – Heart Attack= reduced or blocked

blood supply damages heart muscle, – Congestive Heart Failure= heart gets

so weak it cannot continue to pump at the right speed or with enough force,

– Stroke= interrupted blood flow to the brain

• Risk Factors: – Controllable

• Tobacco Use• High Blood Pressure• High Cholesterol• Lack of Physical Activity• Excess Weight• Stress• Drug and/or Alcohol Use

– Uncontrollable• Heredity• Gender (Men have higher

risk)• Age (>65)

Cardiovascular Disease cont.

• Short Term effects: chest pain, clogged arteries, difficulty breathing, difficulty exercising, sweating, dizzy

• Long Term effects: irreversible damage to heart muscle and arteries, progression from one CVD to another, difficulty speaking or moving part of the body, need a pacemaker or surgery, death

• Treatment: diet, exercise, medication, surgery, physical therapy

• Prevention Strategies: eat right, exercise, get a yearly physical exam

• 61 million Americans have some form of the disease• Responsible for more than 40% of all deaths in the US• Approximately 1 million Americans die each year from the disease

– CVD kills 500,000 women and 450,000 men• # 1 killer of both men and women• 1 in 2 women die from CVD

– (1 in 23 women die from breast cancer)• Men: 30% chance of dying from 1st Heart Attack• Women: 50% chance of dying from 1st HA• Of those who survive their 1st heart attack:

– Men: 25% will die within the first year– Women: 38% will die within the first year

• Those disabled by heart failure after heart attack– Men: 22%– Women: 46%

Cardiovascular Disease Facts

Heart attack

• What cause a heart attack?– Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked– Usually caused by a blood clot– This happens because coronary arteries that supply blood to the

heart with blood, slowly become thicker and harder from buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances called plaque.

• Early signs of a heart attack– Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in the

center of your chest(lasts more than a few minutes)– Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, your back, neck, jaw, or

stomach– Shortness of breath with or without chest pain

Stroke

• 2 types of strokes– Ischemic (clots)

• Occurs as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. (87% of stroke cases)

– Hemorrhagic• Occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.• Most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke is uncontrolled hypertension

(high blood pressure)

• Signs of stroke– SUDDEN numbness or weakness in face, arm, leg – especially on

one side of the body– SUDDEN confusion, trouble speaking or understanding– SUDDEN trouble seeing in one or both eyes

Cancer: uncontrolled growth of mutated cells in the body

• Diagnosis: a blood test, self-exam, mammogram, x-ray, MRI, CT scan, biopsy (removal of a small piece of tissue to be examined under a microscope), PET scan, and other tests will show the existence of cancerous cells or a tumor (mass of tissue that has no natural function in the body.)– Benign Tumor – noncancerous– Malignant Tumor – cancerous

• Risk Factors: exposure to carcinogens (cancer causing substances), smoking, radiation, STI’s, poor diet, overexposure to the sun,

Cancer cont.

• Short Term effects: fever, pain, discoloration of the skin, unusual bleeding or discharge, indigestion, cough, trouble swallowing, sores that won’t heal, lumps

• Long Term effects: Metastasis – spread of cancer from it’s origin to other parts of the body forming new tumors. This growth interferes with normal function of the organs and body tissues.

• Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy

• Prevention Strategies: wear sunscreen, avoid tobacco and alcohol, exercise, conduct regular self exams, have a regular medical check up, practice abstinence

TYPES OF CANCERORGAN AFFECTED (new cases/yr)

RISK FACTORS SYMPTOMS EARLY DETECTION METHODS

Skin (1 million)Most common type of

cancer in the US

UV Radiation, tanning beds

Change in Moles, Sore that won’t heal

Physical Exam, Biopsies

Breast (267,000)Second leading cause of cancer death in women

Genetic, Obesity, Alcohol Use, Inactivity

Lumps in Breast, Discharge from breast

Self Exam, Mammogram

Prostate (232,090)Mostly in men

Possible Heredity, Possible High Fat Diet

Painful Urination, Interrupted Flow of

Urine

Blood Test

Lung (173,000)Leading cause of cancer

death in the US

Cigarette Smoke, Asbestos

Cough, Shortness of Breath, Coughing up

Blood

Chest X-Ray

Colon/Rectum (146,000)Second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US

Age Blood in Feces, Frequent Stomach Cramps, weight

Loss

Colonoscopy, test for blood in the stool

Mouth (30,000) Use of tobacco, chewing tobacco, alcohol

Sore lump in mouth, unusual pain or numbness in lip

Oral Exam

Cervix (10,520) Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Unusual Vaginal Bleeding, Increased Vaginal Discharge

Pap Test

Testicle (7,000) Family History, Undescended Testicle

Lump on Testicle, Testicular Pain

Self-Exam

Cancer

The CAUTION method for Detecting Cancer

• C – change in bowel or bladder habits• A – a sore that does not heal• U – unusual bleeding or discharge• T – thickening or lump in the breasts or elsewhere• I – indigestion or difficulty in swallowing• O – obvious change in wart or mole• N – nagging cough or hoarseness

Protect yourself from skin cancer

• Choose your cover– Seek Shade

• Whenever possible, avoid the midday sun when UV rays are the strongest and do the most damage.

– Use your head• Not all sun protection comes in a bottle. So it’s smart to use your head when

you’re out in the sun. Up to 80% of skin cancers occur on the head and neck. Use a wide brimmed hat.

– Shield your skin• Use a shirt, beach cover-up, pants to cover yourself when outside. Keep in

mind t-shirts usually have an SPF that is much lower than the recommended SPF 15

– Grab your shades• Sunglasses protect the tender skin around the eyes and reduce the risk of

developing cataracts.

Diabetes- a disease in which the body is unable to process

the sugar in foods in normal ways. • Type 1 diabetes: the pancreas produces little to no insulin, must have daily

injections of insulin• Type 2 diabetes: the pancreas produces some insulin, but the body cells are not

able to properly use it. People control this type of diabetes with diet and exercise. Some take oral medication.

• Diagnosis: several different kinds of blood tests to test your insulin levels, oral glucose test where you drink a special sweet drink and have a blood test 2 hours later.

• Risk Factors: Type 1: age, family history, pancreas disease. Type 2: weight, diet, lack of activity

• Short Term Effects: – Frequent urination– Abnormal thirst– Weakness– Fatigue– Drowsiness– Blurred vision– Tingling and numbness in hands and feet– Slow healing of cuts

Diabetes cont.

• Long Term Effects: – Glaucoma- eye disease– Kidney failure– Poor circulation to hands and feet leading to amputation– Heart disease– Increased risk for stroke

• Treatment: eat right, exercise, monitor your blood sugar regularly, take the medications you’re prescribed

• Prevention Strategy: Type 1 cannot be prevented. Type 2 can be prevented by eating right, exercising, and losing weight

Famous people with diabetes

• Halle Barry• Elizabeth Taylor• Aretha Franklin• Nick Jonas• Joe Fraizer• Thomas Edison• Dick Clark• Jerry Lewis• Larry King• Andrew Lloyd Webber

• Joe Gibbs• Art Shell• Jay Cutler• Randy Jackson• Salma Hayek• Bret Michaels• Mary Tyler Moore• Elliot Yamin• Patti LaBelle