Chpt.2.1
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Transcript of Chpt.2.1
Chapter 2 - Principles of Ecology
2.1 Organisms & Their Relationships
What is Ecology?
Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments
Reveals interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world
Combines information from math, chemistry, physics, geology, other branches of biology
Ecology Video
Biosphere
bio = life, sphere = areathe portion of Earth that supports
lifeextends from high in the
atmosphere to the bottom of the ocean
Biotic factors
bio = life, tic = relating toall living organisms that inhabit an
environmentexamples: animals (humans),
Plants, Protists, Bacteria, fungi
Abiotic factorsa = notnonliving parts of the environment
that effect living thingsexamples: air currents, water
currents, temperature, water pressure, rocks, sand, soil, moisture, light
Abiotic Factors Video
Levels of Organization (p. 36)OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiomeBiosphere
Organisms
an individual living thing
Populations group of organisms of one species living in
the same place at the same time that interbreed, compete with one another for food, water, mates, and other resources; a change in one population will affect other populations
No population of organisms of one species lives independently of other species.
Communities
made up of several populations interacting with each other
Ecosystem
all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area
the interactions among the populations in a community and the community’s physical surroundings, or abiotic factors
Terrestrial Ecosystems
located on land examples:
ForestsMeadowsDesert
Aquatic Ecosystems
fresh water ecosystemsexamples: ponds, lakes, and streams
salt water (marine) ecosystemsexamples: oceans, seas, large lakes
“Great Salt Lake”
Biome
Ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities
Ex. Marine biome
Biosphere
the entire planet and all its living and nonliving parts and how everything interacts
Habitat
Place where an organism lives its life
Can change or even disappearOrganisms must adapt to the
changes or they will die.
Niche p. 38
the role a species plays in a community
although several species may share a habitat, the food, shelter, and other resources are divided into separate niches
Niche examples:
coyotes in a grassland community help keep down the rodent population
fungi in a forest helps breakdown of organic matter contained in the bodies of dead organisms to recycle nutrients
Symbiosis
“living together”the relationship in which there is a
close and permanent association between organisms of different species
different kinds of symbiosis:
Commensalism
one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
Commensalism
example: large trees such as oaks provide a habitat for Spanish moss
Remoras live very close to sharks. The shark does not bother the remora, but the remora eats the leftover food the shark drops or does not eat.
Mutualism
both species benefit
Ants and Acacia Tree
Mutualism
An unidentified crab that carries a venomous sea urchin for protection. The crab uses its rear legs to hold the urchin in place. The urchin receives transportation.
The Sponge Crab is wearing a "hat" that consists of a living sponge colony. The sponge gains transportation while the crab gains a disguise.
The Tomato Anemone Fish lives among the Sea Anemone. It gains protection from predators while the anemone gains dinner.
Parasitism
one species is harmed, but usually does not kill the host
examples: tapeworms, roundworms, ticks, fleas
Isopods are crustaceans, some of which are parasites. Isopods known as "fish lice" attach themselves to their host and feed on its body fluids.