CHP300:Community Health Program-l Mohamed M. B. Alnoor NUTRITION AND HEALTH.
CHP 200: Community Health Program-l Mohamed M. B. Alnoor
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Transcript of CHP 200: Community Health Program-l Mohamed M. B. Alnoor
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CHP 200: Community Health Program-lMohamed M. B. Alnoor
SAFETY and INJURY PREVENTION
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Characterize injury as a public health problem
Detail the impact of injury Identify control strategies Highlight the key elements of effective
programs Address obstacles and catalogue
resources Identify provider’s role in prevention
Purpose
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Injury: Physical damage due to transfer of energy
kinetic thermal chemical electrical radiant Over a period of time, “exposure”
that is either acute or chronic
Definition:
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KSA Traffic accidents > 275,000 persons (men,
women and children) 6,000 deaths ( 16 per day )
- 60% : reckless driving- 34 % : speeding
1/3 of all hospital beds SR26 billion
The toll:
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In USA 80% blunt, 20% penetrating Motor vehicle, gunshot, falls etc.. Drowning, poisonings 5th leading cause of death (1996) First, age 1 through 44 (1996)
Mechanism, Outcomes
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Disability far exceeds death rate
First, age 1- 44 “Years of life lost” (YLL) concept:
-Life expectancy for young shortened by death from injury
-Comparable with heart disease and cancer
-Young and productive members of society!
Disability, Outcomes
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Accident: An unexpected occurrence, happening by chance
Injury: A definable, correctable event, with specific risks for occurrence
A result of risk poorly managed “Disease of injury” concept Injury can be prevented!
Injury, Not Accident!
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Epidemiologic Triangle
“Prevention is the vaccine for the disease of injury”.
Environment Host
AGENT
A causalrelationship
!
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The 4 E’s: Education Enactment/Enforcement Engineering Economic incentives/ penalties
General Principles
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ENVIRONMENT VEHICLE HUMAN
VISIBILITYPAVEMENTSIGNALSCONSTRUCTION
DEFECTSBREAKSTIRESAVOIDANCE SYSTEMS
AGEEXPERIENCEALCOHOL DRUGSSPEED
PRE EVENT
GUARD RAILSMEDIANSBREAKAWAY POSTS
AIR BAGSAUTOMATIC BELTSCRASHWORTHINESS
BELT USE HELMET USETOLERANCE
EVENT
EMS SYSTEMFIRST RESPONDERBYSTANDER CARE
FUPOST-CRASH FIRE
EL LEAKS
AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION
POST EVENT
Factors influencing Road Injuries ,The Haddon Matrix
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Public Health ApproachFive steps:
What is the problem?SurveillanceWhat is the cause?Risk
identificationWhat works?Intervention
How do you do it?Implementation
Did it work? Outcome measurement
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Categories of injury prevention:
Primary prevention:
Secondary prevention:
Tertiary prevention:
Eliminate the event
Diminish effect
Improve outcomes
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Examples of effective injury prevention: National highway speed limits
Apartment window guards
Smoke detectors
Child passenger restraint laws
“Cycle” helmet laws
Strategies of injury prevention:
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Direct Costs• Medical Costs (including worker’s comp)• Indemnity Payments
Indirect Costs• Time Lost (by worker and supervisor)• Schedule delays• Training new employees• Cleanup time / equipment repairs• Legal fees
Cost of Accidents
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The Iceberg Effect
Cost of Accidents
On average, the indirect costs of accidents exceed the direct costs by a 4:1 ratio
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Causes of AccidentAccidents are caused by:
Unsafe conditions Unsafe acts
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Unsafe Conditions Easiest to correct (and very cost
effective) Easiest to prevent
• Safety audits• Safety inspections• Maintenance schedules for equipment
• Encouraging employee reporting• Good housekeeping
Causes of Accident
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Unsafe Acts Most difficult to address
• Changing behavior isn’t easy Best prevented by developing a “safety culture”
Causes of Accident
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Establish accountability for safety
Define safety responsibilities
Safety Cultures
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Establish accountability for safety
Employees should be evaluated on their safety performance Doing a job correctly includes doing it safely
Safety Cultures
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Define safety responsibilities Employee responsibilities include
Safety Cultures
Maintaining good housekeeping Recognizing and reporting safety hazards
Using personal protective equipment (PPE)
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Define safety responsibilities
Employer responsibilities include
Safety Cultures
Providing access to information Providing personal protective
equipment Providing training
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Preventing Sports InjuriesEquipment / Field Changes
Rule Changes / Coaching
Individual Preparation
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Equipment Changes to prevent injuriesAdd equipment :
Chin protectors
Field/Equipment Changes
Helmets
Preventing Sports Injuries
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Field modifications to prevent injuries Avoid :
Potholes
grates Anchoring soccer goals
Field/Equipment Changes
Preventing Sports Injuries
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Rule Changes/Coaching Rule changes to adjust for injury
patternsExample = “spearing” in football
Officials Must enforce the established rules
Coaches Teach the appropriate techniques
Preventing Sports Injuries
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Learn about the game prior to signing up Is this sport appropriate for your child? Does your child wish to participate? Who will be supervising practices/games?
Purchase the recommended equipment
Pre-participation physical examPreseason conditioning
Individual Preparation Prior to Participation
Preventing Sports Injuries
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Practice within your limitsStay well-hydratedKnow and follow the rules of the
game
Preventing Sports InjuriesIndividual Preparation
At Participation
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If injured Seek medical attention prior to
returning to play Adequate rehabilitation is essential
Preventing Sports InjuriesIndividual Preparation
At Participation
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ENVIRONMENT VEHICLE HUMAN
PRE EVENT
EVENT
POST EVENT
Factors influencing Road Injuries ,The Haddon Matrix