Chirag Gps Saminar Report

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A

Major Seminar Report

ON

"Global Positioning System."

(Submitted as a partial fullfillment of degree ofMaster of Computer Applications)

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

Session: 2011-2012

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr.Vikas Kurdia Chirag Tripathi

H.O.D.(MCA) M.C.A Sem-VI.T.M.,Bhilwara(Raj.)311001 (09CIMXX606)

Guided By:Mr.Pankaj Parihar

Lecturer,ITM,Bhilwara

Institute Of Technology & ManagementNH No-79, Chittor Road, Bhilwara By Pass,Bhilwara


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INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

Department of Computer Applications

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report embodies the original work done by Chirag Tripathi duringthis major seminar presentation. As a fulfillment of the requirement for the technical seminar on"Global Positioning System. " MCA Sem-V, of the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

Mr. Vikas kurdia Mr. Pankaj Parihar Principal(Head of MCA Dept.) (Lecturer)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words, like the real things are depicting, have their own handicaps. They shall never be able to piercethrough the gamut of emotions that is suddenly exposed during the routine of our life. They will never beable to describe the spirit of co-operation with which we worked together, nor shall they ever be able toexpress the feeling we feel towards the guide.

Before I get into think of the things I would like to add a few heartfelt words for people who were the partof this major seminar report in numerous ways. I feel it pertinent to add a word of praise for my seminarguide for his cool mind, patience and always bearing grotesque smile which de nitely provided meencouragement, enthusiasm and lively atmosphere all the times.

It goes without saying that no work can be perfect without ample guidance. I wish to give spe-cial thank

to Mr. R.P.Soni(Chairman), Mr.S.N.Modani(Vice Chairman), Mr. S.L Kakani(Executive Director),Mr.S.K Sharma(Principal). I also wish to thank Mr. Vikas kurdia(H.O.D. Of MCA DEPT.), Mr.Pankaj

parihar (Lecturer) and all faculty members, for the time they devoted to review the report and theirhelpful comments. I am indebted to them for being a perpetual source of inspiration and motivation for

me.

Words are insufficient to express my profound sense of gratitude to my guides, parents, friends whoseencouragement and blessings gave me great physical and moral strength.

Guided by: Chirag TripathiMr. Pankaj Parihar MCA sem-V

Lecturer

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PREFACE

Difference in the academic life and practical life is revealed when one enter the real life and competitiveworld of industries,where there is cut throat competition and one has to forcefully follow the theory ofCharles Darwin "Survival of Fittest". In order to exist in the competitive world one has to fully aware ofall aspect. To accomplish this aspect in our engineering curriculum of Rajasthan Technical University,

provision of major seminar is provided. Succeeding chapters give details about what I have learnt in thisseminar.

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ABSTRACT

Recently Technology is advancing quickly everyday in our lives. New devices are being brought to thepublic to make our everyday lives easier. With that in mind, one of the more recent, advancing devices isthe Global Positioning System.

I chose this topic of technology because I feel that it has undoubtedly made a big impact in society.With all that it can perform and accomplish for different people and groups, the GPS has been a greatadvancement in technology

The GPS, also known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global PositioningSystem) Global Positioning System, is a satellite-based radio-navigation network that provides a person'slocation in all parts of the world at all times (Dixon 9).

The GPS is built and operated by the U.S. military on a system of twenty-one satellites plus three spareswhich constantly orbit the earth completely in twelve hours (Evans, Martin, and Poatsy 354).

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

PREFACE iii

ABSTRACT iv

1 Introduction 1

2 History 3

3 Theory 5

4 Working Principle 8

5 GPS Satellite Geometry 11

6 GPS Satellite Signals 14

7 GPG Architecture 16

8 Application 18

9 Advantage 19

10 Disadvantage 20

11 Conclusion 21

12 Bibliography 22


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Introduction

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a location system based on a constellation of about 24satellites orbiting the earth at altitudes of approximately 11,000 miles.

GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense (DOD), for its tremendousapplication as a military locating utility. The DOD's investment in GPS is immense.

Billions and billions of dollars have been invested in creating this technology for military uses.However, over the past several years, GPS has proven to be a useful tool in non-military mappingapplications as well.

GPS satellites are orbited high enough to avoid the problems associated with land based systems, yet

can provide accurate positioning 24 hours a day, anywhere in the world.

Uncorrected positions determined from GPS satellite signals produce accuracies in the range of 50 to100 meters. When using a technique called differential correction, users can get positions accurate towithin 5 meters or less.

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History

1969Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS) formed1973NAVSTAR Global Positioning System developed1978first 4 satellites launched199324th satellite launched; initial operational capability1995full operational capabilityMay 2000Military accuracy available to all users

NavStar :- Started development in 1973- First four satellites launched in 1978- Full Operational Capacity (FOC) reached on July 17, 1995- System cost of $12 billionSelective Availability (S/A) deactivated May 2000

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Definition

GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is a radio navigation system that allows land, sea,and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weatherconditions, anywhere in the world.

The capabilities of todays system render other well-known navigation and positioningtechnologiesnamely the magnetic compass, the sextant, the chronometer, and radio-baseddevicesimpractical and obsolete.

GPS is used to support a broad range of military,commercial, and consumer applications.

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How it works

All satellites have clocks set to exactly the same time.

All satellites know their exact position in space from data sent to them from the systems controllers.

Each satellite transmits its position and a time signal.

The signals travel to the receiver delayed only by distance traveled.

The receiver calculates the distance to each satellite and trilaterates its own position

31 satellites currently active (9/2007)

Orbit 11,000 miles above Earth

6 visible sats from any point on Earth

5 monitoring stations synchronize the atomic clocks on board each satellite

distance from a satellite to a receiver in miles=(186,000 mi/sec) x (signal travel time in seconds)

Pseudo-Random Code

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Complex signal Unique to each satellite All satellites use same frequency Amplified by information theory

Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio signal takes to reach us from thatsatellite.

To make the measurement we assume that both the satellite and our receiver are generating the samepseudo-random codes at exactly the same time.

By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random code appears compared to our receiver's code,we determine how long it took to reach us.

Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you've got distance.

Accurate timing is the key to measuring distance to satellites.

Satellites are accurate because they have four atomic clocks ($100,000 each) on board.

To use the satellites as references for range measurements we need to know exactly where they are.

GPS satellites are so high up their orbits are very predictable.

All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into their computers that tells them where in the

sky each satellite is, moment by moment.

Minor variations in their orbits are measured by the Department of Defense.

The error information is sent to the satellites, to be transmitted along with the timing signals.

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http://www.lucent.com/minds/infotheory/what.htmlhttp://www.lucent.com/minds/infotheory/what.html


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GPS Satellite Geometry

Satellite geometry can affect the quality of GPS signals and accuracy of receiver trilateration.

Dilution of Precision (DOP) reflects each satellites position relative to the other satellites beingaccessed by a receiver.

There are five distinct kinds of DOP.

Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) is the DOP value used most commonly in GPS todetermine the quality of a receivers position.

Its usually up to the GPS receiver to pick satellites which provide the best position triangulation.

More advanced GPS receivers can filter out poor DOP values.

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Ideal Satellite Geometry

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W

S

E


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14

Poor Satellite Geometry


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GPS Satellite Signals

Atomic Clock (G, Rb) fundamental frequency - 10.23. MHz

L1 Carrier Signal - 154 X 10.23 MHz

L1 Frequency - 1575.42 MHz

L1 Wave length - 19.05 Cm

L2 Carrier Signal - 120 X 10.23 MHz

L2 Frequency - 1227.60 MHz

L2 Wave Length - 24.45 Cm

P-Code Frequency (Chipping Rate) - 10.23 MHz (Mbps)

P-Code Wavelength - 29.31 M

P-Code Period 267 days - 7 Days/Satellite

C/A-Code Frequency (Chipping Rate) - 1.023 MHz (Mbps)

C/A-Code Wavelength - 293.1 M

C/A-Code Cycle Length - 1 Milisecond

Data Signal Frequency - 50 bps

Data Signal Cycle Length - 30 Seconds

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GPS Architecture

The GPS system is divided into three segments:

The Space Segment The Control Segment The User Segment

1.The Space Segment

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GPS uses more than two dozen operational satellites, with an additional three satellites in orbit asredundant backup.

GPS uses NAVSTAR satellites manufactured by Rockwell International. Each NAVSTAR satelliteis approximately 5 meters wide (with solar panels extended) and weighs approximately 900Kg.

GPS satellites orbit the earth at an altitude of approximately 20,200Km.

Each GPS satellite has an orbital period of 11 hours and 58 minutes. This means that each GPSsatellite orbits the Earth twice each day. Highly accurate atomic clocks are installed on thesesatellites, operating at a fundamental frequency of 10.23MHz each. With the help of these clocks,signals are generated from the satellite, to be broadcast to the Earth.

These twenty-four satellites orbit in six orbital planes, or paths. This means that four GPS satellitesoperate in each orbital plane.

Each of these six orbital planes is spaced sixty degrees apart. All of these orbital planes are inclinedfifty-five degrees from the Equator.

[space segment figure]

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A visual example of theGPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how thenumber ofsatellites in view from a given point on the Earth's surface, in this example at 45N,changes with time.

2.The Control Segment

The Control Segment is comprised of a master control station, 5 monitor stations and 4 groundantennas. All of these are strategically located along the Equator.

The Master Control Station (MCS) of the GPS system is operated at Schriever Air Force Base inColorado Springs, Colorado. The United States Air Force maintains redundant Master ControlStations in Rockville, Maryland and Sunnyvale, California.

The Air Force also maintains monitoring stations in Colorado Springs, Hawaii, The AscensionIslands, Diego Garcia, and Kwajalein.

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Key Functions of the Control Segment

The Control Segment keeps track of the orbiting position of the GPS satellites, calibrating andsynchronizing their clocks.

It also predicts the path of each satellite for the following 24 hours, and uploads this information toeach satellite.

Communications with the space segment are conducted through ground antennas in the AscensionIslands, Diego Garcia, and Kwajalein. The satellite signals are read here and the measurements sentto the Master Control Station in Colorado. The signals are processed there to determine any errors,and sent back to the four monitor stations with ground antennas, after which the information isuploaded back to the satellites.

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[control segment figure]

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3.The User Segment

This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held or, can be placed in a vehicle.

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Hawaii

US Space Command

Cape Canaveral

Ascension Is.Diego Garcia

Kwajalein Atoll

Master Control StationMonitor Station Ground Antenna


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All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into their computer, which tells them where eachsatellite is at any given moment.

The GPS receivers detect, decode and process the signals received from the satellites.

The receiver is usually used in conjunction with computer software to output the information to theuser in the form of a map.

As the user does not have to communicate with the satellite there can be unlimited users at one time.

Three segment of the gps

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http://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/glossary/glossary-a.htm#almanachttp://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/glossary/glossary-a.htm#almanac


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Applications

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Master Station Monitor Stations

GroundAntennas

User Segment

Space Segment

Control Segment


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GPS has become a widely used and a useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking andsurveillance.

GPS's accurate timing facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations,and even the control of power grids.

Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely,economically, and accurately

Civilian

This antenna is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precisetiming.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)


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The first civilian application of GPS was on large ships, where the relatively high expense of theearly GPS receivers was not such a problem. As prices have fallen, GPS receivers have becomecommon on smaller vessels as well.

GPS receiver systems are now being incorporated into cars as well. While they remain mostlycuriosities in the US so far, they have proven popular in Japan, where consumers are more gadget-happy.

Such systems may interact with the car's CD-ROM player to obtain map information and present iton a dashboard video display.

Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries

Map-making: Both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively.

Navigation: Navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.

Advantages

fast speed

leads u in right direction

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation


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helps improve mapping skills

makes navagation easier

has panic buttons built in

you can be found easier if in danger or in accident

plugs into your car cigeratte lighter

Fast speed

GPS receivers display speed and calculate the speed using algorithms in the Kalman filter.

Most receivers compute speed by a combination of movement per unit time and computing thedoppler shift in the pseudo range signals from the satellites.

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The speed is smoothed and not instantaneous speed.

makes navigation easier

A GPS device is extremely handy.

When you are hiking, you can deviate from a path without worrying about how you will find yourway back.

When you are driving, GPS-based navigation systems can provide you with turn-by-turn directions,a helpful feature in a strange town.

Search Nearby Area

Some GPS systems allow you to search the local area for nearby amenities, such as hotels,restaurants and gas stations.

This is extremely helpful in some situations.

For example, if you are driving cross-country and realize there is a problem with yourcar, youcan search fornearby auto mechanics and select one that is along your route.

Your GPS system will show you exactly how to get there.

Ease of NavigationA GPS device is extremely handy.

When you are hiking, you can deviate from a path without worrying about how you will findyour way back.

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http://www.ehow.com/cars/http://www.ehow.com/cars/


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When you are driving, GPS-based navigation systems can provide you with turn-by-turndirections, a helpful feature in a strange town

Water Navigation

GPS devices are perfect for water navigation. Since there are no landmarks in large bodies ofwater, boaters in the past had to use a compass and a map to determine if they were on the rightheading, with somewhat imprecise results.

But the advent of GPS systems allowed boaters to figure out their exact position on the map.

In situations where underwater hazards are a problem, GPS devices allow boaters to steeraround hidden dangers

Disadvantages

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cellular devices can track other cellular device users not very cheap

people focus on GPS more than road = accidents

should be used as backup map but used as 1st resource - Possible Failures

needs good care and handling

external power

needs batteries (handheld ones)

Inaccuracy

Possible Failures

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You need to carry a backup map and directions in case your GPS fails for some reason.

For example, if you are driving down a city street, the buildings may block the satellite signal,preventing you from receiving position updates.

If you are hiking in the wilderness, your handheld GPS receiver's battery may die, leaving youwith no way to navigate.

For hiking situations, it's a good idea to bring along a compass as well.

Inaccuracy

GPS signals are not completely accurate.

Obstacles like buildings and trees can deflect the signal, causing your position on the GPSscreen to be off by as much as 100 feet. Atmospheric conditions (such as geomagnetic storms

caused by solar activity) may also affect GPS accuracy. For highway driving, this can cause youto miss a turn or exit.

Battery Life

GPS units that are not plugged into a power source, and rely on batteries, which can drainquickly.

This can increase the cost of owning a GPS unit significantly.

Cost

Purchasing a GPS based on price can be a major disadvantage.

If you purchase a "bargain GPS," you will get what you pay for, and features such as traffic and up-to-date maps could be lacking.

Reception

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GPS devices are limited by having clear access to the satellites that provide the tracking.

In locations with tall buildings or sparse coverage, reception can be poor.

Conclusion

Components of the GPS Working of the GPS

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Errors sources in GPS Working of the DGPS Features of the Rockwell Jupiter GPS Binary and NMEA format Programming of the GPS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[email protected]

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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www.stoller-eser.com
http://www.stoller-eser.com/sagebrush_steppe.htmhttp://www.stoller-eser.com/sagebrush_steppe.htm

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