China The Worlds Leading Manufacturer of Chinese People.

ChinaChinaThe World’s Leading Manufacturer The World’s Leading Manufacturer

of Chinese Peopleof Chinese People

Sovereignty, Authority, and Sovereignty, Authority, and PowerPower

LegitimacyLegitimacy– Dynastic Rule (ancient history – 1911)Dynastic Rule (ancient history – 1911)

Power passed through hereditary Power passed through hereditary connectionsconnections

““Mandate of Heaven” – collective ancestral Mandate of Heaven” – collective ancestral wisdom guiding the empire from the wisdom guiding the empire from the heavensheavens

When a family dynasty was perceived as When a family dynasty was perceived as weak, a rival family would challenge, weak, a rival family would challenge, claiming the emperor had lost the mandateclaiming the emperor had lost the mandate


LegitimacyLegitimacy– Revolution of 1911 and Chinese RepublicRevolution of 1911 and Chinese Republic

Dynastic cycles toppled due to European intrusionDynastic cycles toppled due to European intrusion Supposed to be democratic, but government was Supposed to be democratic, but government was

regularly challenged by regional warlordsregularly challenged by regional warlords

– Mao and the People’s Republic (1949-1976)Mao and the People’s Republic (1949-1976) Mao Zedong and ideology of egalitarian MarxismMao Zedong and ideology of egalitarian Marxism Mao himself served as the unifying source of Mao himself served as the unifying source of

legitimacylegitimacy Maoism insisted on “mass line” – leaders must Maoism insisted on “mass line” – leaders must

listen to and stay connected to peasantslisten to and stay connected to peasants


LegitimacyLegitimacy– Modern China (1976-Present)Modern China (1976-Present)

Legitimacy centers in the Politburo of the Legitimacy centers in the Politburo of the CCPCCP

Central Military Commission within the CCP Central Military Commission within the CCP controls the military (another important controls the military (another important source of legitimacy)source of legitimacy)


Historical TraditionsHistorical Traditions– Authoritarian Power – has always been ruled Authoritarian Power – has always been ruled

by a single emperor or a small groupby a single emperor or a small group– Confucianism – emphasizes the importance Confucianism – emphasizes the importance

of order and harmony, encourages Chinese of order and harmony, encourages Chinese people to submit to and obey authoritypeople to submit to and obey authority Also places responsibility on rulers to exercise Also places responsibility on rulers to exercise

power conscientiously (democratic centralism?)power conscientiously (democratic centralism?) Contradicts egalitarian MarxismContradicts egalitarian Marxism


Historical TraditionsHistorical Traditions– Bureaucratic hierarchy based on Bureaucratic hierarchy based on

scholarship – ruling elite are organized scholarship – ruling elite are organized and selected based on academic examsand selected based on academic exams Government jobs have always been highly Government jobs have always been highly

covetedcoveted Created social separation between peasants Created social separation between peasants

and bureaucratic eliteand bureaucratic elite

– The “Middle Kingdom” – belief that China The “Middle Kingdom” – belief that China is the center of civilization, and foreigners is the center of civilization, and foreigners are perceived as inferiors with nothing to are perceived as inferiors with nothing to offeroffer


Historical TraditionsHistorical Traditions– Communist ideologies – Maoism Communist ideologies – Maoism

integrated ethics of Confucianism with integrated ethics of Confucianism with egalitarianism, later revised by Deng egalitarianism, later revised by Deng Xiaoping to allow for privatizationXiaoping to allow for privatization

Political CulturePolitical Culture

GeographyGeography– Access to oceans and warm water portsAccess to oceans and warm water ports– Many large navigable riversMany large navigable rivers– Major geographic divides between north Major geographic divides between north

and southand south– Geographic isolation of the western partGeographic isolation of the western part– Separated from other countries by Separated from other countries by

mountain ranges, deserts, and oceansmountain ranges, deserts, and oceans


Historical ErasHistorical Eras– Dynastic Rule (Confucianism, Dynastic Rule (Confucianism,

ethnocentrism)ethnocentrism)– Resistance to Imperialism 19Resistance to Imperialism 19thth Century Century

(nationalism)(nationalism) ““foreign devils” – Europeans and Japanese foreign devils” – Europeans and Japanese

who attempted to exploit China’s natural who attempted to exploit China’s natural resourcesresources

Evidence of caution and suspicion of Evidence of caution and suspicion of capitalist countries remainscapitalist countries remains


Historical ErasHistorical Eras– Maoism (linked to Marxism/Leninism, Maoism (linked to Marxism/Leninism,

but distinctly Chinese)but distinctly Chinese) Collectivism – good of the community above Collectivism – good of the community above

the individualthe individual Struggle and activismStruggle and activism Mass LineMass Line EgalitarianismEgalitarianism Self-Reliance – don’t rely on elites, use your Self-Reliance – don’t rely on elites, use your

own talents to contribute to your communityown talents to contribute to your community

Mao Zedong

Chairman of the CCP 1943-1976

Chairman of the Central Military Commission 1954-1976


Historical ErasHistorical Eras– Deng Xiaoping TheoryDeng Xiaoping Theory

““Black cat, white cat, who cares as long as it Black cat, white cat, who cares as long as it catches mice?”catches mice?”

Communist and capitalist ideologies were Communist and capitalist ideologies were not importantnot important

What matters is improving the economyWhat matters is improving the economy Still emphasizes party supervision and Still emphasizes party supervision and

control of all activity in the countrycontrol of all activity in the country

Deng Xiaoping

Chairman of the Central Military Commission 1981-1989


Importance of Informal RelationshipsImportance of Informal Relationships– Power and respect is not necessarily tied Power and respect is not necessarily tied

to official position in the party, but who to official position in the party, but who has connections to whomhas connections to whom

– Early connections established during the Early connections established during the Long March built later ruling cliquesLong March built later ruling cliques

– Patron-client system exists amongst Patron-client system exists amongst competing party factionscompeting party factions

– Policy changes can be predicted with Policy changes can be predicted with knowledge of relationships to past knowledge of relationships to past leadersleaders

Political and Economic Political and Economic ChangeChange

Long history of stability until 20Long history of stability until 20thth century century mirrors Russiamirrors Russia

Differs from Russia in having a much longer Differs from Russia in having a much longer history of regional hegemonyhistory of regional hegemony

Dynastic cycles dictated change until Dynastic cycles dictated change until Mongols conquer China in 13Mongols conquer China in 13thth century century– Mandate of heaven recaptured by Ming dynastyMandate of heaven recaptured by Ming dynasty– Last dynasty was Qing (“pure”) from 17Last dynasty was Qing (“pure”) from 17thth century century

until it was toppled by European pressure in 20until it was toppled by European pressure in 20thth


Control by Imperialistic NationsControl by Imperialistic Nations– Qing dynasty weakened and China was carved Qing dynasty weakened and China was carved

into “spheres of influence” by England, into “spheres of influence” by England, Germany, France, and Japan (foreign devils)Germany, France, and Japan (foreign devils)

Revolutionary Upheaval (1911-1949)Revolutionary Upheaval (1911-1949)– Nationalism – Sun Yat-sen leads a nationalist Nationalism – Sun Yat-sen leads a nationalist

revolution reestablishing independent China in revolution reestablishing independent China in 19111911

– Establishment of a new political communityEstablishment of a new political community Chiang Kai-shek founds the Nationalist Party Chiang Kai-shek founds the Nationalist Party

(Kuomintang or KMT)(Kuomintang or KMT) Mao Zedong founds the CCPMao Zedong founds the CCP

– Socioeconomic Development – modeled after Socioeconomic Development – modeled after Soviets, then Chiang becomes president and Soviets, then Chiang becomes president and breaks with them, outlawing the CCPbreaks with them, outlawing the CCP

Chiang Kai-Shek

Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China, 1928-1931, 1943-1948

Director General of Kuomintang, 1938-1975


The Long March (1934-1936)The Long March (1934-1936)– Chiang’s Nationalist army pursued Mao’s Chiang’s Nationalist army pursued Mao’s

army across China to depose and exile army across China to depose and exile communistscommunists

– Mao eluded him and used the time traveling Mao eluded him and used the time traveling to spread his message to Chinese peasantsto spread his message to Chinese peasants

– Mao becomes a national hero, people Mao becomes a national hero, people involved in the Long March become involved in the Long March become prominent in government of the People’s prominent in government of the People’s RepublicRepublic


Founding of the People’s Republic of Founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949-1966)China (1949-1966)– Occupied by Japan until end of WWIIOccupied by Japan until end of WWII– Civil War between Kuomintang and CCPCivil War between Kuomintang and CCP– Chiang flees to Taiwan, Mao establishes Chiang flees to Taiwan, Mao establishes

People’s Republic on mainland, both People’s Republic on mainland, both claim to be the true government of claim to be the true government of China (“Two Chinas”)China (“Two Chinas”)


Founding of the People’s Republic of Founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949-1966)China (1949-1966)– Soviet model of political/economic Soviet model of political/economic

development (1949-1957)development (1949-1957) Land reform – redistribution of propertyLand reform – redistribution of property Civil reform – attempted to end opium Civil reform – attempted to end opium

addiction and expand women’s rights (like the addiction and expand women’s rights (like the right to leave an unhappy arranged marriage)right to leave an unhappy arranged marriage)

Five-Year Plans – nationalization of industry Five-Year Plans – nationalization of industry and collectivization of agricultureand collectivization of agriculture


Founding of the People’s Republic of Founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949-1966)China (1949-1966)– Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)

Attempt to end Soviet domination of ChinaAttempt to end Soviet domination of China All-around development of agriculture and industryAll-around development of agriculture and industry Mass mobilization – turn the Chinese population Mass mobilization – turn the Chinese population

into an asset through motivation and harder workinto an asset through motivation and harder work Political unanimity and zeal – party workers began Political unanimity and zeal – party workers began

running government, not bureaucratsrunning government, not bureaucrats– Cadres – low level party workers expected to Cadres – low level party workers expected to

demonstrate Party devotion by motivating hard workdemonstrate Party devotion by motivating hard work

Decentralization – more local, less central controlDecentralization – more local, less central control


The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)– From 1960-1966, Mao allowed Liu Shaoqi and From 1960-1966, Mao allowed Liu Shaoqi and

Deng Xiaoping to institute market reformsDeng Xiaoping to institute market reforms– Dissatisfied with results, decided to radically Dissatisfied with results, decided to radically

transform China and remove all vestiges of transform China and remove all vestiges of hierarchy and inequalityhierarchy and inequality

– PrinciplesPrinciples Ethic of struggleEthic of struggle Mass lineMass line CollectivismCollectivism EgalitarianismEgalitarianism Unstinting service to societyUnstinting service to society

– Destroyed universities and libraries, scholars Destroyed universities and libraries, scholars were sent to the fields to work and “learn” from were sent to the fields to work and “learn” from peasantspeasants

– Elementary education designed to create Elementary education designed to create equality and loyalty to Maoequality and loyalty to Mao

Signs from the Cultural Signs from the Cultural RevolutionRevolution

““Destroy the Old Destroy the Old World, Build a World, Build a New World”New World”


““Let new Let new socialistic culture socialistic culture conquer every conquer every stage”stage”

Features Jiang Features Jiang Qing, who led the Qing, who led the Cultural Cultural Revolution Group Revolution Group of the Politburoof the Politburo


““We will crash We will crash the dog heads of the dog heads of those who those who oppose Chairman oppose Chairman Mao!”Mao!”


Death of Mao (1976)Death of Mao (1976)– Followers in CCP divided into 3 factionsFollowers in CCP divided into 3 factions

Radicals – led by Mao’s wife Jiang Qing, continued Radicals – led by Mao’s wife Jiang Qing, continued supporting goals of Cultural Revolutionsupporting goals of Cultural Revolution

– ““Gang of Four” – group of radicals who controlled CCP Gang of Four” – group of radicals who controlled CCP policy toward the end of Mao’s lifepolicy toward the end of Mao’s life

Military – had been led by Lin Biao, Mao’s designated Military – had been led by Lin Biao, Mao’s designated successor, but he died in a mysterious plane crash in successor, but he died in a mysterious plane crash in 19711971

– Rumors of an attempted coup around same timeRumors of an attempted coup around same time Moderates – led by Zhou Enlai, emphasized economic Moderates – led by Zhou Enlai, emphasized economic

modernization and limited contact with the West modernization and limited contact with the West

– Factions were built on ideology and personal Factions were built on ideology and personal connection (guanxi)connection (guanxi)

Jiang Qing Jiang Qing – First Lady of the First Lady of the

PRC, 1939-1976PRC, 1939-1976– Leader of the Leader of the

Radical faction of Radical faction of the CCPthe CCP

Lin BiaoLin Biao– Vice-Premier of the Vice-Premier of the

PRC, 1965-1971PRC, 1965-1971

Zhou EnlaiZhou Enlai– Premier of the PRC, Premier of the PRC,

1949-19761949-1976– Leader of the Leader of the

moderate faction of moderate faction of the CCPthe CCP


Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations (1978-1997)(1978-1997)– CCP leader Hua Guofeng arrests the “Gang of CCP leader Hua Guofeng arrests the “Gang of

Four” radicals, opening the door for moderates Four” radicals, opening the door for moderates to take controlto take control

– Deng takes power in 1978 (without official title Deng takes power in 1978 (without official title of Chairman of CCP), modernizing:of Chairman of CCP), modernizing: IndustryIndustry AgricultureAgriculture ScienceScience The MilitaryThe Military


Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations (1978-1997)(1978-1997)– ““Open Door” trade policy – trade with Open Door” trade policy – trade with

everyone, including capitalist U.S. if it everyone, including capitalist U.S. if it will benefit Chinese economywill benefit Chinese economy

– Expansion of higher education, raised Expansion of higher education, raised academic standardsacademic standards

– Institutionalization of the Revolution – Institutionalization of the Revolution – reconciled revolutionary goals with legal reconciled revolutionary goals with legal system and bureaucracy of Old China, system and bureaucracy of Old China, decentralized governmentdecentralized government

Deng Xiaoping, later in life

Cryptkeeper, 1989-1997

(Just kidding)

Summary of “Four Summary of “Four Generations” of Chinese Generations” of Chinese

LeadershipLeadership 11stst Generation – Mao Zedong (1949 - 1976) Generation – Mao Zedong (1949 - 1976) 22ndnd Generation – Deng Xiaoping (1978 – Generation – Deng Xiaoping (1978 –

1997)1997) 33rdrd Generation – Jiang Zemin (1997-2005) Generation – Jiang Zemin (1997-2005) 44thth Generation – Hu Jintao (2005 – Present) Generation – Hu Jintao (2005 – Present)

Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin– President of the President of the

PRC, 1993-2003PRC, 1993-2003– General Secretary General Secretary

of the CCP, 1989-of the CCP, 1989-20022002

– Chairman of the Chairman of the Central Military Central Military Commission, 1990-Commission, 1990-20042004

Hu JintaoHu Jintao– President of the PRC, President of the PRC,

2003-Present2003-Present– General Secretary of General Secretary of

the CCP, 2002–Presentthe CCP, 2002–Present– Chairman of the Chairman of the

Central Military Central Military Commission, 2004-Commission, 2004-PresentPresent

– Orderly, struggle free Orderly, struggle free succession indicated succession indicated stability in CCP stability in CCP practicespractices

Citizens, Society, and the Citizens, Society, and the StateState

CleavagesCleavages– EthnicityEthnicity

Population is over 90% Han ChinesePopulation is over 90% Han Chinese Minorities live primarily in autonomous areas Minorities live primarily in autonomous areas

(like Tibet and Xinjiang)(like Tibet and Xinjiang)– These areas are 60% of Chinese territoryThese areas are 60% of Chinese territory– Long history of resistance to Chinese governmentLong history of resistance to Chinese government

Tibetans – government never recognized Tibetans – government never recognized Chinese government authority after conquestChinese government authority after conquest

Uighurs – Muslim separatists in Xingjiang near Uighurs – Muslim separatists in Xingjiang near AfghanistanAfghanistan

Government usually encourages economic Government usually encourages economic development, while suppressing expression of development, while suppressing expression of dissentdissent

Uighur

Han Chinese

Tibetan


CleavagesCleavages– Urban vs. RuralUrban vs. Rural

Redefinition of “Two Chinas” – differences in Redefinition of “Two Chinas” – differences in economic prosperity and lifestyleeconomic prosperity and lifestyle

Declaration of Prime Minister Wen Jiabao of a Declaration of Prime Minister Wen Jiabao of a “new socialist countryside” – program to lift “new socialist countryside” – program to lift rural economyrural economy


Political ParticipationPolitical Participation– The Chinese Communist PartyThe Chinese Communist Party

Largest Party in the world, 58 million members Largest Party in the world, 58 million members (8% of people over 18)(8% of people over 18)

CCP Youth League has 70 million membersCCP Youth League has 70 million members Cadres of Mao have been replaced by Cadres of Mao have been replaced by

technocrats under Deng’s reformstechnocrats under Deng’s reforms– Technocrat – people with appropriate technical skills Technocrat – people with appropriate technical skills

and training to work in bureaucracyand training to work in bureaucracy Jiang opened party membership to capitalists Jiang opened party membership to capitalists

to “better represent all of China” (2001)to “better represent all of China” (2001) Party is not ideological, but an instrument Party is not ideological, but an instrument

through which people can advance their through which people can advance their personal situationpersonal situation


Political ParticipationPolitical Participation– Civil SocietyCivil Society

Control of party has loosened with new Control of party has loosened with new technology (cell phones, internet, satellite technology (cell phones, internet, satellite dishes, etc.)dishes, etc.)

Many new associational groups dedicated to Many new associational groups dedicated to individual issues springing upindividual issues springing up

– Ex. Environmental groups protesting dam constructionEx. Environmental groups protesting dam construction Won’t “win”, but still demonstrate ability to Won’t “win”, but still demonstrate ability to

organize without governmentorganize without government Beijing allowed NGOs to register with Beijing allowed NGOs to register with

government in 1990sgovernment in 1990s Still closely watched by government (especially Still closely watched by government (especially

religious and human rights movements)religious and human rights movements)– Ex. Falun Gong, banned in ChinaEx. Falun Gong, banned in China


Political ParticipationPolitical Participation– ProtestsProtests

Allowed to an extent, but met with severe Allowed to an extent, but met with severe crackdown if the party’s authority is called into crackdown if the party’s authority is called into questionquestion

Tiananmen Square (1989)Tiananmen Square (1989)– Protest by students for democratic reform, Protest by students for democratic reform,

eventually attracted many other civil society groupseventually attracted many other civil society groups– Spread to many other areas of China than BeijingSpread to many other areas of China than Beijing– Deng ordered People’s Liberation Army (PLA) expel Deng ordered People’s Liberation Army (PLA) expel

the protesters from the Square, resulting in the protesters from the Square, resulting in massacremassacre

Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions

CCP OrganizationCCP Organization– HierarchicalHierarchical

NationalNational ProvinceProvince CountyCounty Village/TownshipVillage/Township

– Power concentrated at top in Politburo Power concentrated at top in Politburo and General Secretaryand General Secretary

National Party Congress-More than 2000 members-Chosen from lower level

Congresses-Meets once every 5 years

Central Committee-340 members

-Meet once a year

Politburo24 members

GeneralSecretary

Politburo StandingCommittee7 members

Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions Other political partiesOther political parties

– Eight “democratic” parties are allowed to existEight “democratic” parties are allowed to exist Each based on a special group, like intellectuals, Each based on a special group, like intellectuals,

businessmen, etc.businessmen, etc. Total membership of half a million peopleTotal membership of half a million people Serve an advisory role to CCP, non-oppositionalServe an advisory role to CCP, non-oppositional

– Other attempts at independent party formation Other attempts at independent party formation result in harsh prison sentencesresult in harsh prison sentences

Elections (yes, elections)Elections (yes, elections)– CCP runs elections to help legitimacyCCP runs elections to help legitimacy– Party reviews candidate list to eliminate Party reviews candidate list to eliminate

objectionable onesobjectionable ones– Only held at local level of government, Only held at local level of government,

deputies for county People’s Congresses, town deputies for county People’s Congresses, town and village officials (since 1980’s)and village officials (since 1980’s)

Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions

The Political EliteThe Political Elite– Personal connection, “guanxi,” holds Personal connection, “guanxi,” holds

politics togetherpolitics together– Elite recruitment occurs through Elite recruitment occurs through

nomenklatura – higher party leaders nomenklatura – higher party leaders choose leaders at lower levels to move choose leaders at lower levels to move upup

– Patron-client network throughout Patron-client network throughout governmentgovernment

Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions Factions within CCPFactions within CCP

– Conservatives – believe power of government Conservatives – believe power of government has eroded too much, support crackdowns on has eroded too much, support crackdowns on independent thinkersindependent thinkers

– Reformers/Open Door – support capitalist Reformers/Open Door – support capitalist infusion, pushing for WTO membership and infusion, pushing for WTO membership and expansion of trade with U.S.expansion of trade with U.S. Jiang, Hu, and Wen all come from this factionJiang, Hu, and Wen all come from this faction

– Liberals – support political liberalization, out of Liberals – support political liberalization, out of power since Tiananmen in 1989power since Tiananmen in 1989 Premier Zhao Ziyang ousted for sympathizing with Premier Zhao Ziyang ousted for sympathizing with

protestersprotesters

– Fang-shou – cyclical tendency of factions to Fang-shou – cyclical tendency of factions to grow and fade in power, similar to dynastic grow and fade in power, similar to dynastic cyclescycles

China The Worlds Leading Manufacturer of Chinese People.

Documents

Transcript of China The Worlds Leading Manufacturer of Chinese People.