Chimie C1 Manual Pentru Clasa a 11 a Fatu Grecescu David Lupu
-
Upload
alina-bucuresteanu-pasare -
Category
Documents
-
view
1.021 -
download
59
description
Transcript of Chimie C1 Manual Pentru Clasa a 11 a Fatu Grecescu David Lupu
-
! ! "
!!
#
$"
"
!
# !
%#" ! &
#"
'
!!
"
( ! ! "
)
!
*+!#
"' , " "
"#
! ! -"'
!
".
/"0121
-
00 , 2
03 , 4
30 5 " 04
33 5 33
36 5 31
37 5 60
67
64
/ 66
78
70 , 73
23
73 , # 27
90
76 : 96
;6
77 , " ;2
47
72 , "# 49
41
! "# 19
080
$ %
90 , 086
93
-
?"'" !
"
@"!
A B
:"AB"ABAB- "
%#"
AC/@ D = B
:
"#%
? "
5 " !
" A5E:EB
? ! F5EG !F5
" A"B&G= &G
"F5E>
+"!"
!F
=$AB"A!BE,EC>&
=$ " " A!
B& #E,
C
>
E,
H
IC&
= $ ! & #E,
C
C>
E,/
,
@"!
" " ! !
#F5E,
H
/>
>
3
E,CC>5E,
H
C>
>E,CC>>3,
H
C>
EA,>C>BE,
C
>
/
+ " "
F
-
( J %# K
#
ED > 5ED K ,>6E, &
AJ ,
L B ,>3I,>E, &
"
AB
EC> C# 5EC> , ,3>2EC> &
A#B #
,9>2EC> &
E@> @ 5E@> ) ,>6E@> &
E/>3
: 5E/>3
: ,9>2E/>
3&
E/C3
/ 5E/C3
/ ,9>2E/C
3"&"
"
E@C6> @ 5E@C
6> : ,
9>2E@C
6> "&
"
,I, -
A
A
>
>
B
B
5
5
,I,
5
5
A
A
>
>
B
B
: >3,I,>
3&
">6,E>,I,>
3&
,IC ," 5E : ,>6E &"
5E E5 , ,>6E E,>
6&
!
#
E,,E - A>B5E,,E5A>B : >,,> & "
/ :& " &
" "
-
( J %# K
#
E ,"# 5E : ,>6E &!
"#
!
AB
K
5E > ,>6E &
"#
5E % ,>6E
,3>2
&
5E,
C
C
: ,>6E,
C
C
&
5E,
C
,>6E,
C
"
5E,/ / ,>3I,>E,/ &
5E E/>3
: >3/E E/>
3&!
( ,
H
/>
>
3
3E,CC> AB
#
E 5E,
H
/>
>
3
E,CC> : ,>6E,
H
/>
>
3
E,CC> =&
E/>3
E 5E,
H
C>
>E,CC> ># ,>6E,
H
C>
>E,CC> &
""
EC>
E M,
H
>C ># M,
H
>C &
A,
H
>C>B
ABA,
H
>C>B7
EC> M,>3C> M,>
3C>
,IC M,
H
>3C> ># M,
H
>3C> &
EC> M,
H
ICAB
M,
H
IC
A,
H
>C>B
A,
H
>C>B6
M,>3C> M,>
3C>
-
,"
$
" ,
, "
" " "
F "
(""
)
) "
- 027 066 038
,
"!' " "
+"#
@"
C !
ABF
,"
"& F J
"
,6>4
,>6E,>
3E,>
6
,9>9
"
,6>9
>3,I,>E,>
6
,6>7
>,,E,>6
-
-6732"77M,C33832>
3C7;M:L@"F
B""06;&
"B"
5F
BK " "F,>
%L
C
&
=KF
77 ,C3 0,C
3 0 ,& 3832 >
3C0032>
3C 332 >&
7; :L 832 :L 832 L=K!#"F6732"
#&,MFM>MFMLI0MFM332MFM832I7MFM1MFM0J"F A,7>1LB
=K I 06; F A7 N 03O1O48BI0JF,7>1L
"BJF
,>6E,>
3E,>
3E,>
3EL& ,>
6E,
H
L
>E,>3E,>
6& ,>
6E,
H
,>
>
6
E,>3EL& ,>
6E,
H
H
L
,
>
E
6
,>6
0="" 3="" 0="=3= 3="=3=
, " 04 "
A,>3I,>E,/B!7MFM0"!
98P
5F
A,>3I,>E,>I,>
3OQ,>
3I,
H
,/
>BRAE,>3E,>I,>E,>
3BEA,>
3E,
H
,/
>B%ES
,
7>9
I 0848 T 38 T& I 38& % I 2&
I 0672 T
,:7400;399P,K
" : 3;4 : " 6;9 :L
,MFM>MIM3MFM6
5F
': I 740 N 341 I 061&
, I 061 N
17,266100
I 37 3 ,& , F > I 3 F 6&
:L
I
3,76 1392,78 I 044 :L 0 L&
CI633CJ,
3>6C
3L
K"!
789MP,47;P>36;6P/21@"
""",IC
,3>2/C
@" " " F
,3>9C,
3>7C,
3>7C
3$"
" 80 ! " 093 -
!"F2;07PM,
123P/ 903P> @"F
B ""&
"B,AC>B338P,C
33
"B0869T,AC>B338P
-
J
,!"F78P
62P 32P"KF
B! A'
E
I341N
=0B&
"B !
5F
BKF
'
E
I
40100
N 68 O
35100
N 77 O
25100
N 24 I 701 N=0
=K!A
BF
I
aer
MM I701N
=0U341N
=0I072
"B + 088 - 78 - 62 - 32 - "
=K AI(U(BF
,3>9
I 0;4&,6>4
I 029&,7>08
I 000
=K F I 0477
=K FPI
t
mm MNM088&
P,3>9
I3497&P,6>4
I6943&P,7>08
I6726
@F0="&3==
6=&3="&37="
%# ? :,
@"
' " F
;88V,:,
6
,9>07EEEE:O,
3>7
: L
088V,
L O,3EE K O>, 3KO$3366="O$,
3
,"4786
48PAB;2P
3236,
3>3
@70;T 72P,F
B4;P&
"B A38P#B !
B0M144326,>
7&"B6M413
6
: " % !F
= A= B ,>3O3
&
= AB ,>3
:
- " ! '&
,E, ,E>
"#
-
!
: " !
" & ,>3
-" J" !"
, ! ! 038V
:
A " ! B :E:A>
3D
3B
:EL A>D>EC>B "
:
:# !#
C896:"372PL3!
,,7 L
#KKF
B :&
>
>
,I,
>
>
"B "
5F
B%"F,>3OL
3,
>3L
3
=K"FL3
I;2 N08=6
, L3
=$F': I 47 N
=0
=@" : A,>3BF'
:I'
,O3'
>I07)
07I47I9: ,9>03
"BK:
FA0B,>6E,>
3E,>I,>E,>
3E,>
6&A3B,>
6E,
H
,>
I
6
,
H
,>
E
6
,>6
" F
>O
W
0 "O>3CEEE: 3 0=#O>, L
>
3C
6KEEEEEEEA,H
,9
>
>2
E,>3BE 7EE%EEE J
: >O
W
X$C7U>
O
W
2377==3=EEEEE(O> ?9;3-:!L
3
989KF
B :&
"BX$C783' !&
B AB 7 :
B: I,6>9& "B 80 - X$C
7& B 3M809 -
J
-
!
: " !
& ,>3=3
- &
! A B "
F #
- A>, >C> >,/
,>6E,CC>B $TT
-" A,E>B !&
" A B
"0M0386F32P
6696 " ,F
B14P"&
"B# !&
B"&
B " " 98P
! ! >3O
5F
0M288V,B3,>
7EEEE,
3>3O6>
3K3,>
7 0,
3>3
(,>
7
I3M3786&(
,>714P
I3M342;06
"B ,3>3 ! 348
6&(
C3
I 3486 N 32 I ;88
6
B>,,>O>,,>3I,>,&,>
3I,>,EA,>
3E,>,B
E
,3>3
I 02 T&
I 02 N 932 I 16;2 T
>O
WU>
3O
B(,3>3
I2876332T&>,,>O>C>EEEE,>
6E,
C
>:
,>
6,>C AB
I 332 N 77 I 118 T& IU
N 088&
I 217 T,>
6,>C
@"3=
?2023-3="
R,A/>6B3S,+
"202:!
@"
67;4P,3>9&30;7P,
6>7&767;P,
7>9
" F
>E,,E>
J
-
:"!
"
5""
L A,9>9B 9
" # !
! "
L"
"+AB
#
"!"
!
"!"
"
"
@" FEDE/>3EC>EC5 AE5B
" !
@" F E,>C E@C6> E/C
3 E,CC>
" !
J
"
064":793,C3KF
B !"&
"B : 13&
B>/C696P ! ! "
": L043M N=0
5F
BK" "F106P, 4;P>
"BJF,;>4
BKLF
'LI043L ,
;>4= A/C
3B&'
,;>4=
A/C3B
I04372I18I3&,9>2E,>
6O3>/C
6,
9>6,>
6A/C
3B3O3>
3C&
>/C6
I041&>/C
696P
I68
C":,1>08
L3 ! ,,
7 > : L A,
1>03B
>:,A,1>04BC#
" : ! 328V, ! 3C
2
KA,4>7C
6B
B
"B @" # " " :
X$C7 !
"F
@": F 106P, 4;P>
-
: !
#EC>"
(EC> F
=
#&
=#""
ECE>
" !
5EC>O/ 5C=/O O 0U3>3
: "# !
"#E,
C
C>
:"#!"
#!
(#AEC>B"#A=,CC>B
"
:
"
"
:"##!
: A 7"B
!" !!
% !
" " !
, "# A
E,CC>B,A>,>3@C
7>/C
6B
"#"+""F
5E,CC> O >3C 5E,CC
= O >
6C
O
K"
AB
#
?
5 # F
="!#&
="
J
J
,>6E,>
3EC>
,>6E,CC>
-
"# F
= F
Y & Y &
Y #& Y " AB&
Y " A>3,C
6 >,/ B&
= "#F
Y
C668!0MFM3
KF
B,C3AB'
;2P
"B A38PC3B # 38P
5F
',3>2C>I79&'
,>6C>I63&,
3>2C>MFM,>
6C>I0MFM36,
3>2C>9,>
6C>&
,3>2C>O6C
33,C
3O6>
3C ,>
6C>O6U3C
3,C
3O3>
3C
6 1 9 9 1 9
B ,C
3
I 03 Ip
t
nn N 088 & I 1 ,C3( I 380 9 -&
"BC
3
I 04&C3#
I 69&
I 309&( I 309 N 2 N 337 I 376
6
?02-"#78M-
XC>8;2'#
B,
"BK
! "397,C3 084>
3C
5F
B5,CC>OXC>5,CCXO>3C&' I
XC>U(
-&
XC> I 886&
886 886
'5,CC>
I886U8802I3U-
"B397 ,C3 889,C
3 889 N ,
084 >3C 889 >
3C 803 MNM>
8865,CC> 889MNM, 3",>6,CC>
@"#:0713P7886
>,CC>82'"LK*
B : L&
"B L
:L'&
"
5F
BJ: A5E,CCB3,&'
A5E,CCB3
=,3OI394&'
3A5,CCB=I334&
'L I 007 O 3 I 009
JLF,>3C
3I9
JLF,>6EA,>
3B7E,CC>#AB
"B' I (L)nV &,>6,CC> I 83&L I 83 363
-
$ 9886>/C
682'F
B 13 & "B 813 & B 3;9 & B 3;9
,!'
80 J
B 37 & 337 -& "B 03 & 337 -& B 03 & 337 -& B 69 & 337 -
/C>87'98683'F
B686& "B38
6& B 98
6& B02
6
? 18- ! ,
8;12U6
022 N -=0
+,CF>30MF6,"6247
6
AB 8;102 U6 ,
098-,>6C>&419->
3
% " ,
3-2-"032P
!A,3>2C>MIM8;416MU
6B
269 N -=0
K ! # 329
""#"#
'I;7U,7>08C
"@"
0 >"0999MP> AU,B
3 :#3AU3="B
6 AUB
7 "3T48PA62476U29
6B
7Z82 I 3
""- :ABJABF
0 " !"#
3 , +#
6 : #
7 ?3
7Z82 I 3
"""@ F
00="3="& 6 &33="0="& 7
7Z82 I 3
"&5
0 :: 81 F
OX$C7
O>3C
DEEEE:EEEE G@ """
82
-
3 KX$C782'6M":
3
6 , 2":
82
1 O 0 I 08
"@"
0 + A,E,U,E>B
3500A06="UB
6-"694T ,C3' A0;13-U419-B
783'6,>6,CC>A8;2-U;2-B
7Z82 I 3
""- :ABJABF
0 >" 9"6"
3 (
6 5 " !07
7 : !
7Z82 I 3
"""@ F
0& 6 &300="& 7
7Z82 I 3
"&5
0 >":,MFM>I19MFM2089
#"#
K"
0
3 @"F,3>L,>
6,>C>>
3@C
7
": "
02
6 ,>/C698P268M"
:!>3@C
7
82
1 O 0 I 08
: ! "*
= " =
= -
=%
=
!""
L"F$=D
/,K, %K L 0148
F
FUUUUU[
\\\[
-
!"#$%!"$&'
()*
+
*
,-
*
*.
) /
+0 1 23 +2 1 03
)
+ *
* 4 *
/
*
(
) *
, /
) '
.5
6 -/
.
/
, 0 77 ,70 1 80
*
. -
797,: /
81
,7 ,7(
9
9,:
1 8#
9
,
)
;
-
6 *
.)*-*
+(#
7(>#
'#
(=(>#
7 (>#
7(>#
'
7
) (8#
=(
(
(
8
8