Child and Family Health in New Orleans...2013/07/01 · Child and Family Health in New Orleans 7...

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1 Child and Family Health in New Orleans

Child and Family Health in New Orleans

A Life Course Perspective of Child and Family Health at a

Neighborhood Level

December 2013

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Table of Contents

A Message from Dr. Karen DeSalvo, Health Commissioner, City of New Orleans and

Charlotte Parent, Deputy Director, New Orleans Health Department ........................................ 4

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Background .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Limitations .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Format ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Section 1: Individual Risk Factors and Protective Factors ............................................................... 11

Summary of Sector Area Rankings ............................................................................................................................... 11

Low Birth Weight .................................................................................................................................................................... 13

New HIV Positive Cases ....................................................................................................................................................... 14

Proximity to Primary Care and Behavioral Health Centers .......................................................................... 15

Median Income as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Line ............................................................................... 16

Housing Cost Burden ............................................................................................................................................................ 17

Children Living in Poverty ................................................................................................................................................. 18

Unemployment ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Not Receiving Food Stamps .............................................................................................................................................. 20

Access to Public Transit....................................................................................................................................................... 21

Births to Women with Less than a High School Education ............................................................................ 22

Preschool Enrollment .......................................................................................................................................................... 23

Childcare Facility Availability .......................................................................................................................................... 24

Homicide Rate .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Births to Unmarried Women ........................................................................................................................................... 26

Teen Births .................................................................................................................................................................................. 27

Blighted Properties ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

Married Households ............................................................................................................................................................. 29

Availability of Green Space ............................................................................................................................................... 30

Section 2: Neighborhood Snapshots .............................................................................................................. 31

Section 3: Score Rankings................................................................................................................................. 104

Risk Factor Score Rankings by Quartile ................................................................................................................. 104

Protective Factor Score Rankings by Quartile .................................................................................................... 106

Composite Scores Rankings by Quartile ................................................................................................................ 108

Section 4: Appendices ......................................................................................................................................... 110

Appendix 1: Risk & Protective Factors; Neighborhoods in Alphabetical Order ........................... 111

Low Birth Weight .................................................................................................................................................................................... 111

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New HIV Positive Cases ....................................................................................................................................................................... 112

Proximity to Healthcare Facilities ................................................................................................................................................... 113

Median Income as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Line ................................................................................................... 115

Percent of Population Experiencing Housing Cost Burden ................................................................................................ 116

Percent of Children in Poverty .......................................................................................................................................................... 117

Unemployment Rate .............................................................................................................................................................................. 118

Percent of Families Not Receiving Food Stamps who Live below the Federal Poverty Line .............................. 119

Access to Public Transit ....................................................................................................................................................................... 120

Percent of Mothers with Less than a High School Diploma ............................................................................................... 121

Percent of Children 3-4 Years Old Enrolled in Preschool ................................................................................................... 122

Number of Childcare Facilities per 100 Children under Age Five and under............................................................ 123

Homicide Rate per 1000 People ...................................................................................................................................................... 124

Percent of Births to Unmarried Women ...................................................................................................................................... 125

Teen Birth Rate ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 126

Blighted Properties ................................................................................................................................................................................. 127

Married Households with Children under 18 Years ............................................................................................................... 128

Acres of Green Space per 1000 People ......................................................................................................................................... 129

Appendix 2: Correlation between Factors ............................................................................................................ 130

Appendix 3: Formulas and Data Sources for Measuring Indicators .................................................... 132

Appendix 4: GNOCDC Map of Neighborhood Boundaries ........................................................................... 135

Appendix 5: Census Tracts for New Orleans Neighborhoods .................................................................... 136

Appendix 6: Venn Diagram Comparing Identified Concerns for New Orleanians ...................... 137

Appendix 7: Number of Children 5 Years and Under in Each Neighborhood .................................. 138

Appendix 8: Summary of Quartile Rankings ...................................................................................................... 141

Appendix 9: Possible Future Indictors ................................................................................................................... 145

Citations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 146

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A Message from Dr. Karen DeSalvo, Health Commissioner, City of New Orleans and

Charlotte Parent, Deputy Director, New Orleans Health Department

In keeping with the City of New Orleans and New Orleans Health Department’s mission of improving child health

and wellbeing, we are pleased to present Child and Family Health in New Orleans, a report which will allow our

community to better understand child and family wellbeing at a neighborhood level in New Orleans. Earlier this

year, our department convened the Children and Families Coalition in effort to improve child and family wellbeing

in New Orleans through data-driven decision making and policy development. This report is in response to the

Children and Families Coalition’s request for neighborhood-level data to describe child and family wellbeing in

each of New Orleans’ distinct 72 neighborhoods.

In 2013, the Kids Count Data Center ranked Louisiana 46th out of 50 states for child wellbeing. Similarly, in 2012,

America’s Health Rankings ranked Louisiana 49th for each of the following: children in poverty, infant mortality,

and low birth weight. According to Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana, Orleans Parish is ranked 49th out of

64 parishes in terms of the level of risk young children experience. Not only are these poor health rankings true at

the state and parish levels, but they are also true at a neighborhood level. The reality in New Orleans is that health

outcomes, particularly for children, vary significantly amongst neighborhoods. Each neighborhood has its

individual set of risk factors and protective factors that either impede or support a child’s wellbeing.

The City of New Orleans and our partnering agencies are committed to enabling local stakeholders to better

promote, strengthen, expand, develop, and implement appropriate services, programs and projects for families in

appropriate neighborhoods. In doing so, we can ensure that every child may achieve his or her full potential. We

owe this to our children.

Sincerely,

Karen B. DeSalvo, MD, MPH, MSc Charlotte Parent, RN, MHCM

Health Commissioner Deputy Director

City of New Orleans New Orleans Health Department

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Acknowledgements The New Orleans Health Department and Healthy Start New Orleans lead the effort to develop this report.

However, the report is the result of input and support from many individuals and organizations.

Members of the Children and Families Coalition verbalized the need for this report and made suggestions as to

what indicators should be used to measure family wellness. Members of the Coalition are:

Michelle Alletto, Deputy Director, Louisiana Birth Outcomes

Initiative

Todd Battiste, Vice President—Children and Families, United Way

for Greater New Orleans

Connie Bellone, Director of Health and Wellness, Early Childhood

& Learning Foundation

Caroline Brazeel, Program Coordinator, Birth Outcomes Initiative

Dr. Marsha Broussard, Director, School Health Initiatives, LPHI

Thelma French, President, Total Community Action, Inc.

Lisa Frught Pellerin, Systems Director of Women’s Services,

Ochsner Medical Center

Julie Hagan, Director, City of New Orleans WIC

Barbara Leblanc, Director, Parenting Center, Children’s Hospital

Pamela Matthews, Registered Nurse, LSU Health Sciences Center

Dr. Flint Mitchell, Program Officer, Greater New Orleans

Foundation

Tracy Georges, CDC Public Health Associate, New Orleans Health

Department

Stephenie Marshall, Director of Nutrition Services, Daughters of

Charity Services of New Orleans

Ronald McClain, President & CEO, Family Service of Greater New

Orleans

Dr. Geoffrey Nagle, Associate Professor of Psychiatry &

Behavioral Health, Tulane University School of Medicine

Charlotte Parent, Deputy Director, New Orleans Health

Department

Gregory Rattler, Director, New Orleans Fatherhood Consortium

Christy Ross, Executive Director, AAAneurysm Outreach

Dr. Katherine Theall, Associate Professor and Director, Mary

Amelia Douglas Whited Community Women’s Health Education

Center

Frieda von Qualen, CDC Public Health Associate, New Orleans

Health Department

Kim Williams, Director, Healthy Start New Orleans

Danielle Wright, Program Manager, Institute of Women and

Ethnic Studies

Amy Zapata, Director, LA DHH and Hospitals Family Bureau

The Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana, Fall 2012 report developed by LSU/Tulane Early Childhood Policy

and Data Center sparked the idea for Children and Families Health in New Orleans and served as the general

template for developing this report.

Ben Horwitz, Operations and Data Manager and Dr. Vicki Mack, Senior Research Fellow at the Greater New Orleans

Community Data Center provided input and tips on what types of measures are accurate measures for

neighborhood-level analysis and how to measure different types of indicators through available resources.

Data compiled by the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center and Louisiana Public Health Institute through

their Healthy NOLA Neighborhoods website served as foundation to several indicators in this report.

Alexa Erck, Program Coordinator, Mortality Surveillance Systems, LPHI shared and explained her research on

Perinatal Periods of Risk in Louisiana, which further substantiates the Life Course approach of this report.

Melissa Brown, Data Linkage Epidemiologist, Family Bureau of Health, LA Office of Public Health pulled census-

tract-level data from 2011-2012 birth records.

Jamie Arkin, MPH Candidate 2014 at Tulane University assisted with the bulk of the research and compilation of

data for this report. MPH Candidates and Healthy Start interns Gloria Grady, Kelly Naismith, Meghan Ballard, and

Ryan Lirette assisted with compiling the final data for this report.

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Introduction

Background In February 2013, the New Orleans Health Department and Healthy Start New Orleans invited leaders from 18

local and state agencies that work with New Orleans families to join the newly developed Children and Families

Coalition under the direction of New Orleans Health Department Deputy Director, Charlotte Parent. The aim of this

coalition is to determine if there are gaps in services available to New Orleans families and how to address those

gaps employing the Life Course Perspective. The Life Course Perspective posits that an individual’s health is

dependent on his/her health, psychological, economic, education, social, and community environments from the

point of conception through the grave. Each event or environment a person experiences at any stage from the

point of conception forward is connected to and can affect the next stage of life—either positively or negatively.

This perspective emphasizes that risk factors undermine an individual’s ability to achieve and maintain optimal

immediate and future health, while protective factors support an individual’s health and can help diminish the

effects of risk factors. Thus, for a person or a community to experience optimal health, s/he/it must reduce risk

factors and enhance protective factors across the health, psychological, economic, education, social and community

sectors.i

Another segment of the first Children and Families Coalition meeting was dedicated to showing how community

members’ perceptions of the risks most affecting their lives are different from the risks the Coalition members

identified as the most pressing.1 This presentation sparked dialogue regarding how we, as service providers, have

to provide or facilitate services that may extend beyond our sector area to truly promote children and family

wellbeing. In order to provide or facilitate these services, agencies must be familiar with dominant risk and

protective factors at a neighborhood level. These risk and protective factors must be plotted and understood

throughout the life course, starting before conception of a child.

The necessity to understand the dominant risk factors that are present at a neighborhood or family level before a

child is born to improve child wellbeing is further substantiated by the Perinatal Periods of Risk assessment

completed by Louisiana Vital Records and Health Statistics. The assessment analyzes all births and infant deaths

from 2006-2010 and shows that the excess mortality rate for feto-infant mortality was 3.7 per 1,000 live births. Of

those 3.7 excess deaths, 2.9 of them (78 percent) were attributed to poor maternal health and/or prematurity.

CityMatCH (who originally developed the idea for Perinatal Periods of Risk) suggests improving preconception and

prenatal health and promoting and supporting holistic healthy lifestyles in families and neighborhoods as the best

methods to improve maternal health and prematurity, and thus reduce the rate of infant mortality.ii

The Children and Families Coalition members are in agreement that there are a variety of risk and protective

factors that affect the wellbeing of a child. They also recognized the lack of data for risk and protective factors at a

neighborhood level. For this reason, the New Orleans Health Department and Healthy Start New Orleans

developed this report. This report takes into account input from community members about the risks they are

experiencing and input from the Children and Families Coalition and pairs it with studies such as Perinatal Periods

of Risk, Life Course Indicators developed by the Association for Maternal and Child Health Programs, and Early

Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana to develop a database of New Orleans-specific neighborhood-level life course

indicators most indicative of children’s level of wellbeing. 1 A Venn diagram depicting these differences can be found in Appendix 6

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The risk and protective factors outlined in this report include data regarding mothers’ and families’ wellbeing as

ways to indicate the child’s wellbeing and likelihood to have the best chance at life. The report includes a

neighborhood comparison of 12 risk factors and six protective factors as methods to indicate the wellbeing of a

family and/or a young child in the neighborhood. These 18 indicators span across the health, economic, education,

social and community domains. Child and Family Health in New Orleans incorporates risk factors defined by

LSU/Tulane Early Childhood Policy and Data Center, Life Course Indicators identified by the Association for

Maternal and Child Health Programs, indicators used by the Kids Count Data Center, along with additional Children

and Families Coalition-designated risk and protective factors available on a census tract level so that the data can

be translated into neighborhood-level data.

Methodology The methodology and layout of this report is based on the Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana report

developed by LSU/Tulane Early Childhood Policy and Data Center in the Fall of 2012, which compares the risk

factors children are experiencing on a parish level. Child and Family Health in New Orleans contains data for 18

risk and protective factors from health, education, economic, community, and social sectors that help describe the

anticipated wellbeing of children five years and under in each New Orleans neighborhood. Table 1 lists the risk

and protective factors measured in this report.

Table 1: Risk and Protective Factors Measured

Health Factors Economic Factors Education Factors Social/Community Factors

Ris

k F

act

ors

Low Birth Weight Median Income as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Line

Mothers with Less than a High School Diploma

Homicide Rate

New HIV+ Cases Housing Cost Burden Births to Unmarried Women

Children in Poverty Teen Births

Unemployment Blighted Properties

Not Receiving Food Stamps and Below the Federal Poverty Line

Pro

tect

ive

F

act

ors

Proximity to Healthcare Services

Access to Public Transit Preschool Enrollment Households with Married Couples

Access to Childcare Facilities Access to Green Space

For each indicator, all New Orleans neighborhood boundaries with available data are broken into quartiles

according to how the neighborhood compares to other neighborhoods in the city. For risk factors, the quartiles are

as follows: high risk (4th quartile), moderate-high risk (3rd quartile), low-moderate risk (2nd quartile), and low risk

(1st quartile). Neighborhood protective factors are compared in the same way but with the following categories: no

protective factor, low protective factor (4th quartile), moderate-low protective factor (3rd quartile), high-moderate

protective factor (2nd quartile), and high protective factor (1st quartile). Additionally, an average quartile score of

all risk factors is calculated, as is an average score for all protective factors in each neighborhood. To create a

composite score for each neighborhood, the risk score is subtracted from the protective score. Based on the

composite score, each neighborhood is placed into one of four risk categories: high risk, moderate-high risk, low-

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moderate risk, or low risk.

This report defines New Orleans neighborhoods in accordance with healthynola.org and the Greater New Orleans

Community Data Center (GNOCDC).2 Many of the indicators are available at a census tract level and census tracts

can be combined to be made into neighborhood-level data. This report uses the neighborhood census tracts based

off the 2010 U.S. Census3.

Summary The goal of Child and Family Health in New Orleans is to provide information about risk and protective factors

affecting child wellbeing to local project developers and grant applicants so that appropriate resources can be

administered to the appropriate neighborhoods. This informed distribution of resources aims to nurture the

protection, promotion, and improvement in health of all children so they can achieve their full potential. According

to the 2010 U.S. Census, there are approximately 26,131 children aged five years and living in 72 neighborhoods in

Orleans Parish. This report finds that when all New Orleans neighborhoods are compared to each other, using the

previously described 18 cross-sectoral measures, 36 neighborhoods are in a moderate-high or high risk category.

This suggests that these particular neighborhoods may require a higher level of services and/or be in need of

interventions to create a safer and more supportive environment to ensure that children can reach their full

potential. These 36 higher risk neighborhoods account for approximately 54 percent of the children in New

Orleans ages five years and under. Table 2 breaks down how many neighborhoods and what percentage of New

Orleans children five years and under fall into each risk category.

Table 2: Children 5 Years and Under in Each Risk Category

Risk Category # Neighborhoods in Risk Category

% of New Orleans Children 5 yrs. & under in Risk

Category

# of New Orleans Children 5 yrs. & under in Risk

Category

Low Risk/Highest Protection 18 15.0 3,855 Low Risk/Moderate Protection

18 30.6 7,883

Moderate-High Risk 18 30.9 7,967 High Risk 18 23.5 6,054

While this report highlights 36 neighborhoods as being higher risk environments for young children, it is

important to note that this report also found that nearly every neighborhood has a high level of risk in at least one

topic when compared to other neighborhoods. Only eighteen neighborhoods are not calculated to have a high risk

level in any category. Those eighteen neighborhoods are: Algiers Point, Audubon, Broadmoor, City Park, Dillard,

East Riverside, Freret, Garden District, Irish Channel, Lakewood, Lower Garden District, Marlyville, Navarre, New

Aurora, Old Aurora, Touro, West Riverside, and Whitney. At the other end of the spectrum, there are 21

neighborhoods that did not receive a low risk rating for any single risk factor. Those 21 neighborhoods are: Read

Boulevard West, Behrman, Pines Village, West Lake Forest, Fairgrounds, Milan, St. Bernard, St. Claude, St. Roch, 7th

2 A GNOCDC map outlining the boundaries of all New Orleans neighborhoods is available in Appendix 4

3 The list of census tracts used for each neighborhood is available in Appendix 5

Table 2 uses 2010 U.S. Census data to compare the number of children 5 years olds and under in each neighborhood to the total number of children 5 years old and under in Orleans Parish.

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Ward, Hollygrove, Holy Cross, St. Anthony, Desire Area/Development, Mid-City, Central City, Little Woods,

Leonidas, Plum Orchard, Gert Town, and Tulane-Gravier. While all neighborhoods have some form of protective

factor, 20 neighborhoods do not have any indicators that fall into the highest protective category.

In addition to defining high risk neighborhoods, compiling data sets for each indicator also allowed for exploring

potential correlations between indicators. Some of the strongest correlations are found in combination with the

percentage of mothers who gave birth in 2011-2012 who are unmarried. The correlations suggest that unmarried

mothers are at higher risk of low birth weight babies, having children in poverty, and not having a high school

diploma. Similarly, unmarried mothers are more likely to have a low median household income. A chart with all

correlation coefficients for all indicators can be found in Appendix 2.

These statistics are not designed to be conclusive; rather, they are designed to guide agencies as they develop and

implement projects and services. This report is in its first edition; at this point, it is designed to grow and evolve as

professionals gather more information about what indicators best describe and predict the wellbeing of a child

over the life course and the best method to measure those indicators. A list of indicators agencies have expressed

interest in measuring but are not included in this report can be found in Appendix 9. In future editions of this

document, New Orleans Health Department and Healthy Start New Orleans would like to supplement the data sets

and rankings with suggested policy and intervention methods to propel legislation and policies that will protect,

promote, and improve the health of children and families in New Orleans.

Limitations The data for risk factors and protective factors are pulled from a variety of sources. However, a large portion of the

data is collected from the American Community Survey (ACS) at a census tract level, and the census tracts are

combined to provide neighborhood-level data. ACS provides census-tract level data on a five year basis; thus New

Orleans neighborhood-level data can only be tabulated every five years. Due to the lapse in time between

reporting periods, this report is meant to serve more as an informative baseline guide for agencies and can serve as

a medium-term or long-term mechanism for monitoring changes in neighborhood health and wellbeing.

Additionally, there are sometimes large margins of error in ACS data at the census tract level. Because of this,

comparisons and conclusions should be made with caution, as perceived differences may not be as substantial

when margins of error are considered.

The team developing the report is still defining the best ways to measure child and family wellness in a

neighborhood with measurements that are available at such a small scale. This report serves as the preliminary set

of measures of what is hoped to become an ongoing, consistent and reliable set of indicators that accurately

portray children’s health at a neighborhood level. Appendix 9 outlines ideas for future indicators to measure at a

neighborhood level if the information becomes available.

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Format SECTION 1 This section begins with a summary of the findings of each of the sector area rankings. Following the summary,

each page defines a risk or protective factor and describes why the factor was selected and where the data was

found. Each risk or protective factor divides New Orleans neighborhoods into quartiles. The fourth quartile always

represents the highest risk or the lowest level of protection. It is important to note that the neighborhoods are

only being compared to other New Orleans neighborhoods with available data. To gauge how neighborhood rates

compare to parish, state and national rates, you can view the parish, state and national rates in the “Points of

Comparison” table for each indicator when data is available.

SECTION 2

The second part of the report provides neighborhood snapshots of each neighborhood, outlining each

neighborhood’s rates and rankings for each risk and protective factor. The top right corner of the snapshot

displays the neighborhood’s average quartile ranking for all protective factors—the protective score—and an

average quartile ranking for all risk factors, which is called the risk score. The composite score is the difference of

subtracting the risk score from the protective score. These snapshots also include basic demographic data and a

map of the neighborhood boundaries. The neighborhoods are listed in alphabetical order.

SECTION 3

This section ranks each neighborhood according to its protective score, its risk score, and its composite score. The

neighborhoods are then divided into overall quartiles of risk and protection according to these scores.

SECTION 4

The fourth part of the report is a series of appendices that include the following:

Appendix 1: Risk and Protective Factors with Neighborhoods in Alphabetical Order Appendix 2: Correlation between Factors Appendix 3: Formulas and Data Sources for Measuring Indicators Appendix 4: GNOCDC Map of Neighborhood Boundaries Appendix 5: Census Tracts for New Orleans Neighborhoods Appendix 6: Venn Diagram Comparing Identified Concerns for New Orleanians Appendix 7: Number of Children 5 Years and under in Each Neighborhood Appendix 8: Summary of Quartile Rankings Appendix 9: Possible Future Indicators

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Section 1: Individual Risk Factors and Protective Factors This section begins with a summary of the findings of each of the sector area rankings. Following the summary, each page defines a risk or protective factor and describes why the factor was selected and where the data was found. Each risk or protective factor divides New Orleans neighborhoods into quartiles. The fourth quartile always represents the highest risk or the lowest level of protection. It is important to note that the neighborhoods are only being compared to other New Orleans neighborhoods with available data. To gauge how neighborhood rates compare to parish, state and national rates, you can view the parish, state and national rates in the “Points of Comparison” table for each indicator when data is available.

Summary of Sector Area Rankings HEALTH RISK

Percent low birth weight and the number of new HIV positive cases make up the two risk factors in the health sector. 22 out of 73 neighborhoods (30 percent) were categorized as high risk for at least one of the two indicators. Holy Cross, Florida Area, and Seventh Ward neighborhoods were categorized as high risk for both indicators. HEALTH PROTECTION

The only indicator for health protection is neighborhood geographic proximity to healthcare. 19 neighborhoods (26 percent) are categorized as having no protective factor, which means there is no primary care or behavioral health center within the neighborhood boundaries or in any adjacent neighborhoods. Eleven neighborhoods (15 percent) were categorized as high protective factor, meaning the neighborhood has both primary care and behavioral health centers either within the neighborhood or at least one service in the neighborhood and the other in an adjacent neighborhood. ECONOMIC RISK

Economic risk is defined by five indicators: median income as a percent of the Federal Poverty Line, housing cost burden, percent of children living in poverty, unemployment rate, and percent of families not receiving food stamps who live under the Federal Poverty Line. Fifty-six percent or 40 neighborhoods are in the high risk category for at least one of the economic risk factors; 25 of those 40 (thirty-five percent of all 72 neighborhoods) are in the high risk group for more than one economic risk factor. St. Claude and St. Roch are in the high risk category for every indicator of economic risk. ECONOMIC PROTECTION

The only indicator for economic protection is access to public transit, which is measured as the rate of households with no private vehicle compared to the number of public transit vehicles passing through the neighborhood each day. Three neighborhoods: Lake Catherine, Desire Development, and Florida Development do not have public transit pass through the neighborhood, and thus, on this scale, have no economic protection. EDUCATION RISK

The percent of mothers who gave birth from 2011-2012 who have less than a high school diploma is what is used to gauge education risk. EDUCATION PROTECTION

Two indicators are used to measure education protection: percent of three and four year olds enrolled in preschool and the number of childcare facilities per 100 children ages 5 years and under. One neighborhood (Iberville) are considered to have no protective factor or low protective factor, whereas the data suggests that two

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neighborhoods—City Park and Black Pearl have high protective scores for both indicators. SOCIAL & COMMUNITY RISK

For the purposes of this report, social/community risk is defined by the rate of homicides per 100,000 residents,

percent of births to unmarried women from 2011-2012, teen birth rate, and the number of blighted properties.

Twenty neighborhoods (28 percent) are listed as high risk for at least two of the indicators. Seventh Ward, St.

Roch, Florida Area, and Lower Ninth Ward are listed as high risk for all four social/community risks.

SOCIAL & COMMUNITY PROTECTION

The percent of households with children under the age of 18 years who are run by married couples is the sole

social protective factor measured. The indicator selected for community protection is the acres of green space per

1000 residents. Fourteen neighborhoods (19 percent) have no recorded community green space—either in the

form of parks or community gardens.

On the following page: Neighborhoods Broken into Quartiles for each Risk and Protective F actor

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Low Birth Weight Risk Factor

The percent of low birth weight births is a risk factor identified and monitored in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana at a parish level and by Kids Count Data Center at a state level. Low birth weight refers to babies weighing less than 5.5 pounds or 2500 grams at birth. “Historically, low birth weight babies have been at increased risk for infant mortality, neuro-developmental impairments, growth failure, behavior problems, and chronic health problems. In recent decades, low birth weight babies have had increased survival, but many of the other adverse outcomes have not been comparably mitigated.”iii

The percent of low birth weight babies was determined through combining census tract birth data the Louisiana Office of Public Health collected from birth certificates for births in 2011 and 2012.

HIGH RISK (4th Quartile)

MODERATE-HIGH RISK (3rd Quartile)

Neighborhood % Neighborhood % McDonogh 22.2 Little Woods 14.6 Read Blvd West 20.0 Tulane-Gravier 14.2 Desire Area/Development 18.8 Whitney 13.8 French Quarter 17.9 Treme-Lafitte 13.8 Seventh Ward 17.7 U.S. Naval Base 13.3 Hollygrove 17.6 Milneburg 13.1 Gert Town 17.0 Broadmoor 13.1 Pines Village 16.2 Lower Ninth Ward 12.8 B.W. Cooper 16.1 Mid-City 12.8 Viavant 16.1 Behrman 12.7 Holy Cross 16.0 Fischer Development 12.5 Plum Orchard 16.0 Old Aurora 12.2 Florida Area 15.9 Lake Catherine 12.1 Central City 15.6 Freret 12.0 St. Thomas Development 15.1 St. Roch 11.8 West Lake Forest 15.0 Leonidas 11.6 Tall Timbers 14.7 New Aurora-English Turn 11.5

LOW-MODERATE RISK (2nd Quartile)

LOW RISK (1st Quartile)

Neighborhood % Neighborhood %

St. Claude 11.3 Lakeview 8.2

Fillmore 11.1 Dixon 8.1

Lower Garden District 10.6 Bywater 7.7

St. Anthony 10.5 Central Business District 7.1

Fairgrounds 10.4 Audubon 6.8

Milan 9.9 Garden District 6.8

Uptown 9.6 Marlyville-Fontainebleau 6.7

Village de L’Est 9.6 East Riverside 6.1

Dillard 9.4 Lake Terrace & Oaks 6.0

Read Boulevard East 9.3 Irish Channel 5.4

Gentilly Terrace 9.2 Touro 5.3

St. Bernard Area 9.2 Iberville 5.3

Bayou St. John 9.1 East Carrollton 5.1

Marigny 9.0 Lakewood 5.0

West End 9.1 Lakeshore-Lake Vista 3.1

Ponchartrain Park 8.8 Navarre 2.8

West Riverside 8.6 Algiers Point 0.0

Gentilly Woods 8.5 Black Pearl 0.0

Points of Comparison

Area %

Orleans Parish 12.0

Louisiana 10.7

United States 8.2

Italicized neighborhoods denote neighborhoods where the average LBW rate is estimated due to reporting restrictions on less than 5 births per census tract.

NO BIRTHS OCCURRED: City Park, Florida Development

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New HIV Positive Cases Risk Factor

HIV can be passed to the fetus during pregnancy or through breastfeeding. Because approximately 18 percent of HIV positive individuals do not know they are infected, early detection and intervention is essential to prevent transmission from mother to child.iv The number of new HIV positive cases in each zip code can help guide efforts to promote early detection of HIV.

The number of new HIV positive cases is provided by the Ryan White HIV/Aids Program at the zip code level. Since the data is not aggregated at a census tract or neighborhood level, the zip codes are ranked according to the number of new HIV positive cases they had recorded in 2012. Each zip code also includes a list of all the neighborhoods or portions of neighborhoods that belong to that zip code.

MODERATE-HIGH RISK (16-19 New HIV+ Cases)

Zip Code

# Neighborhoods in Zip

Code

70114 17

Algiers Point, Behrman, Fischer Development, McDonogh, Old Aurora, Tall Timbers-Brechtel, U.S. Naval Base, Whitney

70113 16

B.W. Cooper, Central Business District, Central City, Tulane-Gravier

70115 16

Central City, East Riverside, Freret, Garden District, Irish Channel, Milan, Touro, Uptown, West Riverside

70125 16

B.W. Cooper, Broadmoor, City Park, Gert Town, Marlyville-Fontainebleau

70131 16 New Aurora, Old Aurora, Tall Timbers-Brechtel

LOW-MODERATE RISK (10-15 New HIV+ Cases)

Zip Code

# Neighborhoods in

Zip Code

70118 15

Audubon, Black Pearl, Dixon, East Carrollton, Hollygrove, Lakewood, Leonidas, Marlyville-Fontainebleau, West Riverside

70122 15

Fillmore, Gentilly Terrace, Lake Terrace & Oaks, Milneberg, St. Anthony, St. Bernard Area, St. Roch

70126 12

Little Woods, Pines Village, Plum Orchard, Ponchartrain Park, Viavant, West Lake Forest

70130 12

Central Business District, City Park, French Quarter, Garden District, Irish Channel, Lower Garden District, St. Thomas District

70127 11

Little Woods, Read Boulevard East, Read Boulevard West, West Lake Forest

LOW RISK (Less Than 10 New HIV+ Cases)

Zip Code

# Neighborhoods in Zip

Code

70112 6

Central Business District, French Quarter, Iberville, Treme-Lafitte, Tulane-Gravier

70128 6 Little Woods, Read Boulevard East

70129 4 Viavant, Village D L'est, Lake Catherine

70124 2

City Park, Lakeshore-Lake Vista, Lakeview, Lakewood, Navarre, West End

HIGH RISK (20 or More New HIV+ Cases)

Zip Code

# Neighborhoods in Zip Code

70119 52 Bayou St. John, City Park, Fairgrounds, Mid City, 7th Ward, St. Roch, Treme-Lafitte, Tulane-Gravier

70117 28 Bywater, Florida Area, Florida Dev., Holy Cross, Lower 9th Ward, Marigny, St. Claude, St. Roch, Viavant

70116 20 French Quarter, Marigny, 7th Ward, Treme-Lafitte

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Proximity to Primary Care and Behavioral Health Centers Protective Factor

The number of primary care and behavioral health centers available in a neighborhood and/or surrounding neighbor-hoods is a protective factor and a basic indicator showing how geographically accessible health care services are. Hospitals are not included in this rating system because hospitals typically offer more specialized services. The facilities included in this protective factor are open at least 35 hours per week and are open to anyone and everyone. The location of primary care and behavioral health centers is taken from a map developed by the New Orleans Health Department in 2013. PC=Primary Care Center

BC=Behavioral Health Center

NO PROTECTIVE FACTOR (0)

(No PC or BC in Neighborhood or Adjacent Neighborhoods)

Audubon Gentilly Woods Milneburg Black Pearl Holy Cross Navarre City Park Lake Terrace & Oaks Ponchartrain Park Desire Area/Dev. East Carrollton

Lakeshore-Lake Vista Lakeview

West End

Florida. Dev. Lake Catherine West Riverside

Freret Lakewood

LOW-MODERATE PROTECTIVE FACTOR (2)

MODERATE-HIGH

PROTECTIVE FACTOR (3)

HIGH PROTECTIVE

FACTOR (4)

(2 or more PC and/or BC in Adjacent

Neighborhoods)

(1 PC or BC is in Neighborhood)

(Either PC or BC is in Neighborhood and the

Complementary Center is in an

Adjacent Neighborhood)

Algiers Point Bayou St. John Behrman

B.W. Cooper Dillard Bywater

Broadmoor Gert Town Central Business

District

East Riverside McDonogh Central City

Fischer Dev. St. Claude French Quarter

Garden District Tall Timbers Lower Garden

District

Iberville Treme-Lafitte Marigny

Irish Channel Whitney Old Aurora

Little Woods Touro

Mid-City Tulane-Gravier

Milan West Lake Forest

Pines Village

Plum Orchard

Real Blvd. East

Real Blvd. West

Seventh Ward

St Roch

St Thomas Dev.

U.S. Naval Base

Uptown

LOW PROTECTIVE FACTOR (1)

(1 PC or BC in an Adjacent Neighborhood)

Dixon Fairgrounds Fillmore Florida Area Gentilly Terrace Hollygrove Leonidas Lower Ninth Ward Marlyville-Fontainebleau New Aurora-English Turn St. Anthony St. Bernard Area Viavant Village de L’Est

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Median Income as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Line Risk Factor

The median income as a percent of the Federal Poverty Line is a risk factor identified and monitored in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana. Median income is linked with the risks of housing cost burden and the percent of children under 18 living in poverty. Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana explains that the median income as a percent of the Federal Poverty Line is a different mechanism to measure poverty that is less affected by very high or very low incomes in a geographic area. In addition to the economic burdens and stresses experienced by a family that approaches or falls below the Federal Poverty Line, there is a parallel education achievement gap between low income and high income families. “Today, the gap in family incomes is associated with a 30-60 percent larger difference in educational achievement than it was for children born in the 1970s.” v The median income for each census tract was reported in the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates report on Median Household Income. The median household income is calculated as a percentage of the average of the 2007-2011 Federal Poverty Lines for a household of three.



Neighborhood Median Income

($)

% of FPL


($)

% of FPL

Iberville 9,571 56 Holy Cross 26,570 154

Bywater 10,872 63 Gert Town 26,918 156

B.W. Cooper 11,774 68 Florida Area 27,143 158

Fischer Dev. 12,500 73 Hollygrove 27,225 158

St. Bernard Area 14,712 85 Ponch. Park 27,965 162

Lower Ninth Ward 15,843 92 Leonidas 28,350 165

Dixon 16,744 97 Mid-City 30,807 179

St. Roch 19,782 115 Behrman 31,298 182

Viavant 21,452 125 McDonogh 31,506 183

Tulane-Gravier 21,575 125 Black Pearl 31,694 184

Central City 21,744 126 West Lake Forest 31,742 184

St. Thomas Dev. 22,208 129 Village de L’Est 32,228 187

St. Claude 22,334 130 Pines Village 32,328 188

Plum Orchard 23,263 135 Lake Catherine 32,918 191

Seventh Ward 24,213 141 Little Woods 32,978 192

St. Anthony 24,482 142 Whitney 33,371 194

Treme-Lafitte 24,644 143 East Riverside 33,393 194

Desire Dev./Area 26,031 151 Gentilly Terrace 33,941 197

LOW-MODERATE RISK

(2nd Quartile) LOW RISK

(1st Quartile) Neighborhood Median

Income ($)

% of FPL


($)

% of FPL

Milneburg 34,022 198 Touro 51,776 301

Dillard 35,189 204 Broadmoor 52,706 306

Fairgrounds 35,674 207 Read Blvd. East 54,032 314

Milan 36,408 211 Uptown 54,173 315

Irish Channel 37,707 219 Old Aurora 55,469 322

Freret 38,125 221 West Riverside 58,858 342

U.S. Naval Base 38,220 222 Navarre 60,913 354

Marigny

39,016 227

Marlyville-

Fontainebleau 61,945 360

Read Blvd West 39,583 230 New Aurora 64,078 372

CBD 40,614 236 French Quarter 64, 088 372

Gentilly Woods 41,597 242 Algiers Point 69,886 406

Bayou St. John 45,309 263 Lakeview 71,173 413

East Carrollton 47,238 274 Garden District 73,903 429

Lower Garden Dist. 49,772 289 Audubon 85,140 495

West End 50,054 291 Lake Terr. & Oaks 106,818 620

Tall Timbers 50,219 292 Lakeshore/Vista 126,705 736

Fillmore 50,274 292 Lakewood 148,750 864


Area Median Income ($)

% of FPL

Orleans Parish 37,325 217

Louisiana 44,086 256

United States 52,762 306 NO DATA AVAILABLE FOR: Florida Development, City Park

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Housing Cost Burden Risk Factor

Housing cost burden is defined as families having to spend 30 percent or more of their household income on housing. Housing cost burden is considered a risk factor for family health because spending over 30 percent of household income on rent or home payments can create financial hardship. With a limited income, paying a high percentage of income on housing may not leave enough money for other expenses, such as food, transportation and medical expenses. Moreover, high payments reduce the proportion of income a household can allocate to savings each month.vi The housing cost burden is recorded from the rates reported on the Healthy NOLA Neighborhoods database by the Louisiana Public Health Institute. Their data is reported for the years 2007-2011 from the American Community Survey.

HIGH RISK

MODERATE-HIGH RISK

(4th Quartile) (3rd Quartile)

Neighborhood % Neighborhood % Florida Development 100.0

Treme-Lafitte 74.4

Florida Area 91.0

Whitney 73.7

Lake Terrace & Oaks 86.1

Old Aurora 73.6

St. Bernard Area 86.0

Little Woods 73.3

Viavant 84.4

Seventh Ward 73.0

Fillmore 83.3

East Carrollton 72.8

St. Anthony 82.8

West Lake Forest 72.2

Read Blvd East 82.1

U.S. Naval Base 69.9

St. Claude 81.3

Gentilly Terrace 69.2

Gert Town 80.9

Dixon 68.6

Lakeshore-Lake Vista 80.2

Desire Area 68.2

Holy Cross 79.1

Dillard 68.1

Read Boulevard West 78.8

Ponchartrain Park 67.9

Pines Village 77.8

Plum Orchard 67.4

St. Roch 76.9

Village de L’Est 65.8

Milneburg 75.2

Milan 65.0

Fairgrounds 74.9

Behrman 64.8

Tulane-Gravier 74.5

Hollygrove 74.5

Hollygrove 74.5

LOW-MODERATE RISK

LOW RISK (2nd Quartile)

(1st Quartile)

Neighborhood % Neighborhood %

New Aurora-English Turn

63.3 Bayou St. John 54.5

Black Pearl 62.7 Marigny 54.5

Bywater 62.7 Touro 52.0 Central Business District

62.6 Audubon 51.0

St. Thomas Development

62.2 Irish Channel 48.5

Lower Ninth Ward 62.0 East Riverside 47.9

Tall Timbers 62.0 Lower Garden District 45.6

Broadmoor 61.8 West Riverside 45.3 Marlyville-Fontainebleau

61.7 City Park 44.8

Mid-City 60.9 Gentilly Woods 42.3

Navarre 58.7 B.W. Cooper 39.7

Leonidas 58.0 Garden District 36.3

Uptown 57.6 Iberville 34.8

Central City 57.3 Lakewood 33.3

McDonogh 57.1 Algiers Point 33.1

French Quarter 56.7 Lakeview 30.1

Freret 56.4 Fischer Development 25.0

West End 55.5 Lake Catherine 0.0


Area %

Orleans Parish 63.0

Louisiana 29.8

United States 46.8

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Children Living in Poverty

Risk Factor

The percent of children ages 0-5 years living in poverty is a risk factor identified and monitored in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana. Unfortunately, there is no available data recording the poverty rate for children 0-5 years at a neighborhood level in Orleans Parish; however, there is data regarding the poverty rate for children under the age of 18 years. For this reason, the percent of children under 18 living in poverty is selected in the place of children ages 0-5 years. This is the same risk factor monitored at a state level by the Kids Count Data Center. These children “…are at higher risk for grade repetition, learning disability, experiencing violent crime, lead poisoning, and emotional problems. Stress stemming from poverty can directly impact a child’s mental, emotional and behavioral health through the chronic activation of biological stress mechanisms and/or their immune systems. Children who grow up in extreme poverty are more likely to remain in extreme poverty as adults.”vii This risk factor is recorded from the Healthy NOLA Neighborhoods database by the LPHI, whose data is taken from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.



Neighborhood % Neighborhood % Florida Development 100 Dixon 51.8 Fischer Development 96.0 Holy Cross 51.3 Desire Area/Dev. 81.9 Gentilly Woods 49.7 St. Claude 77.1 Fillmore 49.6 Iberville 72.3 Hollygrove 49.4 West Lake Forest 63.7 St. Anthony 49.2 St. Roch 63.2 Central City 47.4 Gert Town 62.6 Little Woods 46.5 St. Thomas Development 61.5 Tulane-Gravier 45.9 Treme-Lafitte 61.1 Pines Village 44.8 Lower Ninth Ward 59.2 Bywater 43.0 Seventh Ward 58.7 Behrman 41.9 Mid-City 58.3 New Aurora-English Turn 40.7 Leonidas 55.5 Florida Area 40.5 Ponchartrain Park 55.4 Milneburg 37.5 Village de L’Est 54.7 Fairgrounds 37.0 Milan 53.6 Lower Garden District 35.8 Broadmoor 35.7


Neighborhood % LOW RISK (1st Quartile)

St. Bernard Area 34.4 Neighborhood % Tall Timbers 33.6 Navarre 17.1 Whitney 33.2 McDonogh 16.1 Dillard 31.9 B.W. Cooper 15.5 Gentilly Terrace 30.3 East Carrollton 15.4 Freret 30.2 West Riverside 15.2 U.S. Naval Base 30.1 Central Business District 12.1 Marlyville-Fontainebleau 29.9 Lakeshore-Lake Vista 9.4 Viavant 29.2 Uptown 7.0 Read Blvd East 27.0 Touro 4.9 East Riverside 26.7 Black Pearl 3.9 Plum Orchard 26.1 Audubon 3.8 Read Blvd West 21.6 Lakeview 1.2 Marigny 21.4 Garden District 0.3 Old Aurora 21.0 Algiers Point 0.0 City Park 19.7 French Quarter 0.0 Bayou St. John 18.6 Lakewood 0.0 Irish Channel 18.1 West End 0.0


Area %

Orleans Parish 38.6

Louisiana 28.8

United States 21.2

No Data Available For: Lake

Catherine, Lake Terrace & Oaks

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Unemployment Risk Factor

The percent of the population unemployed is a risk factor identified and monitored in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana. It is also an indicator identified by the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs in their Final Set of Life Course Indicators. Unemployment recognized as a risk factor because unemployed individuals are more likely to have mental distress and experience depression, anxiety, or loss of self-esteem. Parental unemployment can lead to an increase in family stress, especially when a child is very young. This has been shown to result in long-term implications on academic achievement, entry into the workforce, problematic behavior, and the quality of parenting.viii The percent of the population unemployed in each New Orleans neighborhood is compiled by combining census tract unemployment rates in their respective neighborhood. The census tract unemployment rates were reported in the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates report on employment status.

HIGH RISK

(4th Quartile) MODERATE-HIGH RISK

(3rd Quartile) Neighborhood % Neighborhood %

Iberville 42.8

Fillmore 16.8 B.W. Cooper 39.1

Lower Ninth Ward 16.5


McDonogh 16.5 Gert Town 25.4

Seventh Ward 16.1

Milneburg 23.0

East Carrollton 14.4 Tulane-Gravier 22.8

Freret 14.3

St. Claude 21.4 Treme-Lafitte 14.2 Central City 20.8

Dixon 13.9

St. Roch 20.6

East Riverside 13.9 Fischer Development 20.1

Little Woods 13.7

Milan 19.9

Broadmoor 13.8 Read Blvd West 19.9

New Aurora-English Turn 13.4

St. Anthony 19.6

Behrman 13.1 U.S. Naval Base 19.4


Pines Village 19.0

Bywater 12.6 Hollygrove 18.3


Gentilly Woods 17.1

Dillard 11.6

Plum Orchard 11.4

LOW-MODERATE RISK

(2nd Quartile)


Neighborhood %

Neighborhood % Mid-City 10.6

Garden District 6.7

Fairgrounds 10.3

West End 6.5 Read Blvd. East 10.2

Marigny 6.1

Tall Timbers 10.1

Florida Area 5.9 St. Thomas Development 10.1

West Riverside 5.9

Bayou St. John 9.6 Audubon 5.7 Gentilly Terrace 9.4 Black Pearl 4.8 Old Aurora 8.9 Lower Garden District 4.7 Viavant 8.6

Navarre 4.4

Desire Area/Development 8.4

Touro 4.1 Leonidas 8.3 Marlyville-Fontainebleau 3.8 West Lake Forest 8.3

Lakeview 3.6

Holy Cross 8.2

Lakewood 3.4 Whitney 8.0

Central Business District 3.3

Lake Catherine* 7.8 Algiers Point 3.1 Uptown 7.8

French Quarter 2.7

Irish Channel 7.7

Lakeshore-Lake Vista 0.3 Lake Terrace & Oaks 7.3

City Park 0.0


Area %

Orleans Parish 11.4

Louisiana 8

United States 8.7 NO DATA AVAILABLE FOR: Florida Development

*Denotes neighborhoods with data missing for one or more of its census tracts

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Not Receiving Food Stamps Risk Factor

The percent of each neighborhood population that does not receive food stamps but lives below the Federal Poverty Line (FPL) is a newly developed risk factor. The risk factor is intended to suggest which neighborhoods have an underutilization of federal benefit programs for which families are eligible. Although low income levels associated with receiving federal benefits put increased stress on a family and children, federal benefit programs such as Head Start, SNAP, WIC, and school feeding programs have helped improve the health and cognitive development of children.ix Data for this risk factor is taken from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Food Stamps/SNAP Report. The report aggregates data according to the number of families in the neighborhood not receiving food stamps and the number of families not receiving food stamps who live below the FPL. The main eligibility requirement to receive food stamps is that a household’s net monthly income must be below the FPL. By showing the percentage of families who are not receiving food stamps but are still below the poverty level, the table demonstrates the percentage of the population that is most likely eligible to receive food stamps but are not receiving them.

HIGH RISK

(4th Quartile)


Neighborhood %

Neighborhood % Iberville 74.5 Mid-City 20.7 Tulane-Gravier 43.6 Milan 21.0 Central City 43.0 New Aurora-English

Turn 20.1

St. Claude 36.5 Fairgrounds 19.6 St. Roch 32.2 Irish Channel 18.5 Dixon 31.6 Read Boulevard East 17.9 Holy Cross 28.6 Bywater 17.5 Central Business District 26.1 Pines Village 17.4 Leonidas 26.0 McDonogh 17.3 Village de L’Est 25.1 East Riverside 16.9 Florida Area 24.6 Lake Terrace & Oaks 16.7 Lower Ninth Ward 23.8 Touro 16.2 Treme-Lafitte 23.4 Desire Area/Dev. 15.7 St. Bernard Area 22.8 Gert Town 15.6 Seventh Ward 22.5 Ponchartrain Park 15.3 Black Pearl 21.5 St. Anthony 15.3 Hollygrove 21.4 Audubon 15.2 East Carrollton 21.2 Little Woods 15.0



Neighborhood % Neighborhood % Bayou St. John 14.8 Lake Catherine 10.6 Dillard 14.8 Tall Timbers 10.5 Freret 14.4 Gentilly Terrace 10.4 Fillmore 14.2 West End 9.8 Plum Orchard 14.2 Lakeshore-Lake Vista 9.5 Marlyville-Fontainebleau 14.1 Old Aurora 9.1 St. Thomas Development 13.7 Whitney 8.6 Lower Garden District 13.5 U.S. Naval Base 7.0 West Riverside 13.2 Viavant 6.8 Behrman 13.2 Algiers Point 5.2 Broadmoor 13.1 French Quarter 4.9 Navarre 12.9 Fischer Development 4.8 Read Blvd West 12.9 Lakeview 4.8 West Lake Forest 12.3 Garden District 3.8 Gentilly Woods 12.2 Florida Development 0.0 Uptown 12.0 City Park 0.0 Milneburg 10.9 Marigny 10.9


Area %

Orleans Parish 17.1

Louisiana 22.9

United States 8.9

NO DATA AVAILABLE FOR: B.W. Cooper, Lakewood

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Access to Public Transit Protective Factor

Access to public transit is selected as an economic protective factor because when transit systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits, such as better accessibility to employment. When transit systems are deficient in terms of capacity or reliability, they can have an economic cost, such as reduced or missed opportunities and lower quality of life.x

There are no existing datasets dedicated to measuring access to public transit at a neighborhood level. Therefore, a new measure was designed for this report. The Greater New Orleans Community Data Center provides the percentage of the households in each neighborhood that do not have a private vehicle; these estimates are based off the 2006-2010 American Community Survey. The New Orleans Regional Transit Authority publishes the time tables for each bus/streetcar route. From these data sets, the frequency public transit passes through each neighborhood was calculated by using a neighborhood boundaries map. The rate reported to assess public transit access is the number of households without a private vehicle per public transit vehicle that passes through each neighborhood over a 24-hour-period on weekdays.

LOW PROTECTIVE FACTOR (1) 4th Quartile

LOW-MODERATE PROTECTIVE FACTOR (2)—3rd Quartile

Neighborhood Rate

Neighborhood Rate Tall Timbers 14.61

Little Woods 3.51

Hollygrove 7.63

Lakeshore-Lake Vista 3.26 Behrman 7.24

McDonogh 3.25

St. Claude 7.21

Seventh Ward 3.06 Freret 6.70

Holy Cross 3.01

Old Aurora 5.76

New Aurora-English Turn 2.67 St. Bernard Area 5.58

Broadmoor 2.56

Central City 5.20

Gert Town 2.47 Mid-City 5.03

Bayou St. John 2.45

Bywater 4.70

Gentilly Terrace 2.31 St. Thomas Dev 4.65

Marigny 2.29

Fairgrounds 4.60

Plum Orchard 2.23 Lower Ninth Ward 4.48

Algiers Point 2.06

Florida Area 4.38

Fischer Dev 2.05 West Riverside 3.96

East Riverside 2.02

Irish Channel 3.94

Milan 2.00 Leonidas 3.72


French Quarter 3.57

Dillard 1.97

MODERATE-HIGH PROTECTIVE FACTOR (3)

2nd Quartile

HIGH PROTECTIVE FACTOR (4) 1st Quartile

Neighborhood Rate

Neighborhood Rate Milneburg 1.86

Black Pearl 0.89

Garden District 1.84

Whitney 0.88 St. Roch 1.68


Lower Garden District 1.66

City Park 0.84 U.S. Naval Base 1.57

Marlyville-Fontainebleau 0.81

St. Anthony 1.56

Touro 0.78 B.W. Cooper 1.41

Tulane-Gravier 0.76

West End 1.39

Lake Terrace & Oaks 0.73 Lakeview 1.37

Fillmore 0.48

Read Blvd West 1.32

Central Business District 0.45 Uptown 1.19

Iberville 0.45

Audubon 1.17

Viavant 0.43 Dixon 1.17

Read Blvd East 0.34


Pines village 0.20 Desire Area 1.08

Gentilly Woods 0.16

Treme-Lafitte 1.06

Navarre 0.14 Village de L’Est 1.01

Lakewood 0.00

NO PUBLIC TRANSIT IN: Florida Development, Lake Catherine

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Births to Women with Less than a High School Education Risk Factor

The percent of mothers with less than a high school education is a risk identified and monitored in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana. Maternal education is strongly related to child achievement, immunization, poverty and long-term outcomes. It is one of the most prominent risk factors for disparities across cognitive, health and social-emotional outcomes that appear in the first 24 months of life. The financial stress from low income due to lack of education can affect the quality of parenting, the mother’s level of stress and maternal mental health, all factors which are associated with behavior problems and poor achievement in preschoolers.xi

The percent of mothers with less than a high school education in each New Orleans neighborhood is compiled by combining census tract birth data the Louisiana Office of Public Health collected from birth certificates for births in 2011 and 2012.


Area %

Orleans Parish 22.3

Louisiana 21.0

United States 17.3

HIGH RISK

MODERATE-HIGH RISK (4th Quartile)

(3rd Quartile)

Neighborhood %

Neighborhood % Iberville 52.5

St. Claude 29.6

Fischer Dev 52.1

Bywater 29.5

Dixon 41.9

Tulane-Gravier 29.5

Viavant 41.9

Desire Area/Dev 29.3

St. Roch 38.3

Tall Timbers 29.1

Mid-City 37.6

New Aurora 28.1


Plum Orchard 27.6

Holy Cross 37.0


Treme-Lafitte 36.3


Seventh Ward 35.9

Hollygrove 27.4

Behrman 35.6

Milan 27.2

Central City 35.6

Leonidas 25.8

B.W. Cooper 35.5

Pines Village 25.5


Freret 24.0

Gert Town 31.2


St. Thomas Dev 31.2

Lake Catherine 23.4

Florida Area 30.2

McDonogh 23.1

Bayou St. John 22.4

LOW-MODERATE RISK

LOW RISK

(2nd Quartile)

(1st Quartile)

Neighborhood %

Neighborhood %

Whitney 21.1

Touro 6.8

St. Anthony 20.2


Little Woods 20.0

Lakewood 6.3

Marigny 20.0

Uptown 6.0


West Riverside 6.0

Broadmoor 16.0


Dillard 15.9


Read Blvd West 14.7


East Riverside 14.6

East Carrollton 3.2

Fillmore 14.4

Navarre 3.2

Milneburg 14.3

Audubon 3.2

Fairgrounds 13.8

West End 2.6

Old Aurora 13.4

Gentilly Woods 2.4

Algiers Point 11.3

Lakeview 1.6

Read Blvd East 11.0

French Quarter 0.0


Garden District 0.0

Irish Channel 9.4


Black Pearl 7.4

Italicized neighborhoods denote neighborhoods where the average LBW rate is estimated due to reporting restrictions on less than 5 births per census tract.

NO BIRTHS OCCURRED IN: City Park, Florida Development

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Preschool Enrollment Protective Factor

The premise for identifying the percentage of children 3-4 years old who are enrolled in preschool as a protective factor is taken from Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana, which monitors the percent of children in publicly funded pre-K, Head Start, or high quality child care. Although this specificity of data is not available at a census tract level, the percentage of children ages 3-4 enrolled in preschool is available. When preschool programs are of high quality, positive effects have been documented into adolescence and adulthood. The impacts of high quality early care and education include: increases in school readiness, entry into the workforce, earnings and academic achievement, and a decrease in crime. Studies of the economic impact of such early care and education interventions range up to a seventeen to one return on the initial investment.xii We recognize that the quality of the preschool is a determining factor of the positive effects it may have on a child, and for this reason, this protective factor is still under development as we work to determine a more accurate measure for the percent of 3-4 year-olds attending quality preschools, not just preschool. The percent of children ages 3-4 years enrolled in preschool was reported in the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates report on school enrollment.

NONE OF 3-4 YEAR OLDS ENROLLED (0)

Bywater 0.0 Iberville 0.0

Treme-Lafitte 0.0 LOW PROTECTIVE FACTOR (1)

4th Quartile

LOW-MODERATE PROTECTIVE FACTOR (2)—3rd Quartile

Neighborhood % Neighborhood % U.S. Naval Base 5.3 Whitney 47.5 Plum Orchard 5.8

St. Anthony 48.2

St. Claude* 10.1

Hollygrove 48.9 Gentilly Woods 15.0

Mid-City* 49.6

Milneburg 15.1

Behrman* 51.2 Lower Ninth Ward 22.2

Fairgrounds 52.8

St. Roch 24.0

Central City 55.5 Navarre 26.5

Old Aurora 55.6

Leonidas 29.9

Village de L’Est 55.7 Touro 35.7

Fillmore 56.3


Little Woods 57.7

Real Blvd East 40.7 Dillard 58.8 Lower Garden District 41.0

West End 61.8

McDonogh 46.0 Audubon 62.9 Seventh Ward 46.0


Tall Timbers 63.5

MODERATE-HIGH PROTECTIVE FACTOR (3)

2nd Quartile

HIGH PROTECTIVE FACTOR (4)

1st Quartile Neighborhood %

Neighborhood %

Ponchartrain Park 64.5 Lake Terrace & Oaks 80.0 Gert Town 65.7

West Riverside 80.0

Bayou St. John 66.1

Irish Channel 81.3 West Lake Forest 66.2 Lake Catherine 88.4 Milan 66.5 Fischer Dev. 92.3 Lakeshore-Lake Vista 72.0

Uptown 96.2


Algiers Point 100.0 East Riverside 72.9

Black Pearl 100.0

Pines Village 73.0

Florida Area 100.0 East Carrollton 73.8

Garden District 100.0

Broadmoor 76.1

Holy Cross 100.0 Dixon 76.1

Lakeview 100.0

Lakewood 77.6

Desire Area/Dev. 100.0 Tulane-Gravier 77.8


Read Blvd West 78.7

St. Thomas Dev. 100.0


Area %

Orleans Parish 7.2

Louisiana 7.0

United States 6.0

NO 3-4 YEAR OLDS IN

NEIGHBORHOOD: B.W.

Cooper, Central Business

District, City Park, French

Quarter, Freret, Marigny,

Viavant, Florida Development

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Childcare Facility Availability Protective Factor

Similar to the percentage of children ages 3-4 years enrolled in preschool, the idea for the protective factor regarding the number of childcare facilities per 100 children ages five years and under in each neighborhood is based on Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana, which monitors the percent of children in publicly funded pre-k, Head Start, or high quality child care. As mentioned previously, this type of data is not available at a census tract level. However, there is data available regarding the number of childcare facilities available in each New Orleans neighborhood, which helps depict how geographically accessible the childcare centers are. Parents’ ability to enroll their child in childcare is dependent upon access, availability, and affordability. Limited access to childcare facilities creates a greater number of parents who cannot seek employment, which may lead to lower income, higher stress levels, and less socialization for the child. High quality childcare is linked to increased vocabulary in the 5th grade and higher cognitive-academic achievement at age 15.xiii

The number of childcare facilities per 100 children five years and under was calculated by using Healthy NOLA Neighborhoods and the neighborhood age breakdowns provided by GNOCDC through using 2010 Census data. Healthy NOLA Neighborhoods lists the available childcare facilities in each New Orleans neighborhood.

NO PROTECTIVE FACTOR (0) No Childcare Facilities

Algiers Point Lake Catherine * B.W. Cooper Lake Terrace Fillmore Lakewood Fischer Development

Lower 9th Ward

Florida Area Marigny Florida Development

Ponchartrain Park

Freret St. Anthony Garden District U.S. Naval Base Iberville Viavant * West End

LOW PROTECTIVE FACTOR (1)

4th Quartile Neighborhood #

Tall Timbers 0.1


Read Blvd East 0.2


Old Aurora 0.3

West Riverside 0.3

Read Blvd West 0.3

Little Woods 0.3

Dillard 0.4

Bayou St. John 0.4

Gentilly Woods 0.4

LOW-MODERATE PROTECTIVE FACTOR (2)—3rd Quartile Neighborhood #

Irish Channel 0.5


St. Roch 0.5

Lakeview 0.5

East Riverside 0.6

Dixon 0.6

Fairgrounds 0.6

Tulane-Gravier 0.7

Navarre 0.7

Mid-City 0.7

Bywater 0.7

Milneburg 0.7

MODERATE-HIGH PROTECTIVE FACTOR (3)—2nd Quartile Neighborhood #

Holy Cross 0.8

St. Thomas Dev 0.8

Hollygrove 0.8

Milan 0.8


Pines Village 0.8

Plum Orchard 0.9

Broadmoor 0.9

Audubon 0.9



Treme-Lafitte 1.1

Marlyville-

Fontainebleau 1.1

HIGH PROTECTIVE FACTOR (4)

1st Quartile Neighborhood #

Whitney 1.2

Seventh Ward 1.2


Black Pearl 1.3

Gert Town 1.3

Central City 1.4

East Carrollton 1.4

Behrman 1.5

Leonidas 1.5

St. Claude 1.5

City Park 1.5

Uptown 2.1

French Quarter 2.9

Central Business

District 3.1

Touro 4.0

NO CHILDREN 5 YEARS & UNDER:

Desire Area/Development, Florida

Development

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Homicide Rate Risk Factor

The homicide rate per 100,000 people was identified by the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs as an indicator in the Life Course Metrics Project. Infants and toddlers who witness violence within the home or community tend to show excessive irritability, immature behaviors, sleep disorders, emotional distress, fear of being alone, and regression in toileting and language. Exposure to trauma interferes with a child’s development of trust and later exploratory behavior. It has also been noted that young children show symptoms similar to post traumatic stress disorder, including repeated re-experiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance and numbing of responsiveness.xiv

The homicide rate for each neighborhood is reported by the Louisiana Public Health Institute Healthy NOLA Neighborhood site as the rate per 1,000 people; however, since homicide rates are typically listed per 100,000 people, the rate listed at healthynola.org is multiplied by 100. The data represents information collected from 2010-2012 by the New Orleans Police Department.

HIGH RISK

(4th Quartile) MODERATE-HIGH RISK

(3rd Quartile) Neighborhood Rate Neighborhood Rate

Desire Area 216 Gert Town 74 St. Claude 166 Central Business

District 73

Fischer Development 157 Iberville 73 Seventh Ward 150 St. Thomas

Development 62

Dixon 131 Pines village 59 Florida Area 128 Milan 57 Lower Ninth Ward 106 Tulane-Gravier 55 Central City 104 Behrman 54 Treme-Lafitte 104 Plum Orchard 51 St. Bernard Area 103 Bywater 50 Holy Cross 98 East Riverside 49 St. Roch 95 Leonidas 49 Hollygrove 84 Milneburg 49 B.W. Cooper 83 Bayou St. John 47 West Lake Forest 83 St. Anthony 47 McDonogh 82 Village de L’Est 42 Viavant 79 New Aurora-English

Turn 40

LOW-MODERATE RISK

(2nd Quartile) LOW RISK

(1st Quartile) Neighborhood Rate Neighborhood Rate

Little Woods 36 Touro 10 Mid-City 36 Lakeview 10 Tall Timbers 36 West Riverside 10 French Quarter 35 Marlyville-

Fontainebleau 10

Gentilly Woods 35 Old Aurora 10 Fairgrounds 32 Audubon 10 Broadmoor 31 Black Pearl 10 Freret 31 City Park 0 Irish Channel 30 East Carrollton 0 Whitney 29 Fillmore 0 Dillard 23 Garden District 0 Lakewood 20 Lake Catherine 0 Read Blvd East 18 Lake Terrace & Oaks 0 Read Blvd West 16 Lakeshore-Lake

Vista 0

U.S. Naval Base 15 Lower Garden District

0

Algiers Point 14 Marigny 0 Navarre 14 Ponchartrain Park 0


Area Per 100,000 People

Orleans Parish

40

Louisiana 12

United States 5 NO DATA AVAILABLE FOR: Desire Development, Florida Development

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Births to Unmarried Women Risk Factor

The percentage of births to single mothers was both identified as an indicator in the American Association of Maternal and Child Health Final Set of Life Course Indicators and as a risk factor in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana. According to the risk and reach report, “Single mothers have a higher risk of having adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality than are children born to married women. Unmarried mothers generally have lower incomes, lower education levels, and greater dependence on social assistance than do married mothers. Children born to single mothers are more likely to have instability in living arrangements, live in poverty, have social and/or emotional problems, and by adolescence have lower educational attainment.”xv At this point, the only data available at a neighborhood level is the percent of births to unmarried women, which we understand is not synonymous with single mothers. In the future, we would like to refine this measure so that it only measures single mothers.

The percentage of births to unmarried mothers is calculated through combining census tract birth data the Louisiana Office of Public Health collected from birth certificates for births in 2011 and 2012.

HIGH RISK

MODERATE-HIGH RISK (4th Quartile)

(3rd Quartile)

Neighborhood %

Neighborhood % Iberville 100.0

Little Woods 81.5

B.W. Cooper 96.8

Holy Cross 81.5 Fischer Dev 91.7

Plum Orchard 81.0

Hollygrove 91.1

Dillard 80.7 West Lake Forest 90.8

Treme-Lafitte 80.3

Desire Area/Dev 90.7

Read Blvd West 80.0 St. Roch 90.0

Milneburg 77.6

Gert Town 89.4

Dixon 77.4 Florida Area 88.4

St. Thomas Dev 76.6

Pines Village 88.2

Whitney 75.4 St. Bernard Area 85.9

Tulane-Gravier 75.2

Seventh Ward 85.5

Tall Timbers 74.9 Behrman 84.7

St. Claude 74.9

Central City 84.2

Mid-City 74.7 McDonogh 83.3

Leonidas 73.9

St. Anthony 83.3

Ponchartrain Park 73.9 Lower Ninth Ward 81.7



LOW-MODERATE RISK


(1st Quartile)

Neighborhood %

Neighborhood % Milan 65.4

Algiers Point 40.3

Viavant 64.5

Central Business District 37.5 Fairgrounds 62.2

Marigny 34.0

Bywater 62.1

Lower Garden District 32.5 French Quarter 60.7


Bayou St. John 60.3

Black Pearl 23.5 U.S. Naval Base 58.6

West End 23.5

Read Blvd East 58.5

Uptown 23.3 Old Aurora 56.5

West Riverside 23.0


Touro 18.9 Fillmore 52.5


Freret 52.0

Navarre 14.1 Broadmoor 51.4


Lake Catherine 48.4

Lakeview 10.3 Irish Channel 47.8

Garden District 7.8

Gentilly Woods 47.2

Lake Terrace & Oaks 7.8 East Riverside 41.5

Lakewood 6.3

Audubon 5.3


Area %

Orleans Parish 64.1

Louisiana 48.7

United States 35.7

NO BIRTHS OCCURRED: City Park, Florida Development

Italicized neighborhoods denote neighborhoods where the teen birth rate is estimated due to reporting restrictions on less than 5 births per census tract.

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Teen Births Risk Factor

The percent of births to women under the age of 20 years is based on the risk factor identified and monitored in Early Childhood Risk and Reach in Louisiana and identified by the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs in their Final Set of Life Course Indicators and by the Kids Count Data Center. “Approximately 50 percent of teen mothers receive a high school diploma by the age of 22 compared to approximately 90 percent of women who had not given birth during their adolescence. Poor child outcomes associated with teen parents include developmental delays, intellectual deficiencies, and behavior problems. Children of teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school, have more health problems, be incarcerated at some point during adolescence, and become a teen parent themselves.”xvi Usually the rate of teen births is calculated as the number of teen women who gave birth divided by the total number of teen women in a population. Due to limitations in data, for this report, teen birth rate is calculated as the percent of births in each neighborhood to women under the age of 20 years compared to the total number of births in each neighborhood. The data for this report was gathered by the Louisiana Office of Public Health from birth certificates dated 2011-2012.

HIGH RISK

MODERATE-HIGH RISK

(4th Quartile)

(3rd Quartile)

Neighborhood %

Neighborhood %

Dixon 25.8

Pines Village 14.4

Iberville 22.5


Fischer Development 20.8

Central City 13.7

Hollygrove 19.9

McDonogh 13.4


St. Claude 13.3

Read Blvd West 16.8

Plum Orchard 13.2

St. Roch 16.5

St. Anthony 13.2

St. Thomas Development 16.4

Tall Timbers 12.7

Treme-Lafitte 16.3

Whitney 12.1

Florida Area 15.9

Desire Area/Dev. 11.6

Bywater 15.8

Little Woods 11.1

Seventh Ward 15.5

Mid-City 10.9

Lake Catherine 15.2

New Aurora 10.4

Holy Cross 15.1

Fillmore 10.1

Behrman 15.0

Leonidas 9.5




LOW-MODERATE RISK


(1st Quartile)

Neighborhood %

Neighborhood %

Ponchartrain Park 8.8 Milneburg 4.5 Tulane-Gravier 8.7

Dillard 4.5

Viavant 8.1

Freret 4.0

Bayou St. John 7.5

West Riverside 3.9

Old Aurora 7.5


Read Boulevard East 7.3

East Carrollton 2.6

Gert Town 7.1

West End 2.5

Gentilly Woods 6.6

Uptown 2.1

Milan 6.5



Marlyville-Fontainebleau

1.4

Fairgrounds 6.1

Lakeview 1.3

East Riverside 6.1

Algiers Point 0.0


Audubon 0.0

Broadmoor 5.6

B.W. Cooper 0.0

Black Pearl 5.6


Irish Channel 5.4

Garden District 0.0

Lakewood 5.0

Marigny 0.0

Navarre 0.0

Touro 0.0

NO BIRTHS: City Park, Florida Development, French Quarter Italicized neighborhoods denote neighborhoods where the teen birth rate is estimated due to reporting restrictions on less than 5 births per census tract.

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Blighted Properties Risk Factor

The number of blighted properties in a neighborhood was selected as a risk factor because of the growing concern brought up about blight by citizens at the Mayor’s Annual Community Budget Meetings. Community members view blight as a danger and eyesore in their neighborhoods. Reducing the number of blighted properties is a priority for New Orleanians and influences how safe they feel in their communities.

The calculations for blighted properties are copied directly from Greater New Orleans Community Data Center’s (GNOCDC) “New Orleans Blight Reduction Timeline” report for the year 2012. GNOCDC generated the report using data from the US Pos

Child and Family Health in New Orleans...2013/07/01 · Child and Family Health in New Orleans 7...

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