Chicago Style Referencing Workhop-students 1

8/14/2019 Chicago Style Referencing Workhop-students 1

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REFERENCING WORKHOP

How to Cite References

Chicago Style


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Learning Aims To understand what is Plagiarism

To understand what is Referencing

To understand why you should reference

To learn to recognise details required to

make up a citation

To learn to construct citations


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What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is presenting other peoples

words and ideas as your own; or using

other peoples words and ideas withoutacknowledgement

It is a serious ACADEMIC OFFENCE.Will lead to your work being disregarded

or disciplinary action being taken


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72%In the United States

of students admitted cheating on a written assignment

Based on the research of Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers UniversitySource: CIA Research. Center for Academic Integrity, Duke University, 2003 .
http://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asphttp://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asphttp://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asp


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If you have

included thewords and ideasof others in yourwork that you

neglected to cite,

had help youwouldnt wantyour teacher toknow about,

OU HAVE PROBABLY PLAGIARISED!


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Intentional Plagiarism

Copying a friendswork

Buying orborrowing paper

Cutting andpasting blocks oftext from

electronic sourceswithoutdocumenting

Mediaborrowingwitho


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Careless paraphrasing Poor documentation Quoting excessively

Failure to use yourown voice

n- n en onaPlagiarism


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ExcusesIts okay ifI dont get caught!

I was too busy towrite that paper!(Job, big game, too much homework!)

My teachersexpect

too much!

Ive got to getinto

??? U.!

I and parents/bosses

expect As!

This assignmentwas BORING!

Everyone does it!


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What are the Consequences?


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Is it worth

the risk? 0 on the assignment Referral to administrators Suspension or dismissal

from school and/oractivities

Note on student record Loss of reputation among

the school community Loss of job Prosecution


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Nope!

Facts that are widely known Information or judgments

considered commonknowledge

Need no documentation!

Hooray for

commonknowledge!


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Examples of Common Knowledge

Pak Lah is thepresent PrimeMinister ofMalaysia

The Japaneseattacked PearlHarbor on

December 7,1941

TheEiffelTowerisinParis(duh!)


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No need to cite or quotewhen:

You are discussingyour ownexperiences,

observations, orreactions

Compiling the resultsof original research,

from scienceexperiments, etc.

You are usingcommon knowledge


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Why Must You Uphold AcademicIntegrity?

When you copy you cheatyourself. You limit your ownlearning.

The consequences are notworth the risks!

It is only right to give creditto authors whose ideas youuse

Citing gives authority to theinformation you present

Citing makes it possible foryour readers to locate yoursource

Education is not an us vs.them game! Its aboutlearning to learn!

Cheating is unethicalbehavior


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Examples of Plagiarism

Downloading essays from the Internet and submitting as your ownwork

Buying, borrowing or stealing someone elses essay and submitting as

your own

Copying, cutting and pasting text from the Internet Using the words of someone else and presenting it as your own ie

copying sections from a book or article and presenting it without

acknowledgement Using significant ideas from someone else and presenting it as your

own i.e. putting someone elses ideas without

acknowledgment Quoting word for word without quotation marks and acknowledgment Using too much of other peoples work Avoid long quotations, too

much direct quotations (even with proper acknowledgment) is notacceptable


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Then what is the right wayof borrowing the ideas of

others?


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How to Avoid PlagiarismInevitably your writing will include discoveries, ideas and writings of experts

in your field of study but this must be incorporated carefully in yourwork

1. Use your own words and ideas

2. Do not copy and paste information, write a few connecting sentences orparagraphs and then present it as your own work

3. If you have to incorporate the ideas and writings of others, incorporate itcarefully making sure you give credit when you use:

* Someone elses ideas, opinion or theory

* Any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings or any information

that is not common knowledge

4. Quoting, ParaphrasingandSummarising are different ways to incorporatethe work of other writers in your own writing


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How to Avoid Plagiarism

5. Avoid using other peoples work and making minor cosmetic

changes.

Example:

Changing the word often to frequently or reversing the order of

a sentence

6. Whenever you are in doubt, it is safer to CITE.


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LearnHow Io Incorporate Work of

Others Into Your Own Work

To avoid plagiarism, you have to understand how to

effectively incorporate materials into your own writing by

knowing : How to quote correctly from a source

How to paraphrase the words and ideas of others

How to summarise the words and ideas of others


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What is a Quotation?

The exact reproduction of the written or spoken words

Matches the source word for word

Appears within quotation marks

Must be attributed to the original source


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What is Paraphrasing?

Presenting a text in your own words but keeping the same

meaning

Does not match the source word for word



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6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing Re-read the original passage until you understand the full meaning Put the original away and write your paraphrase on a note card Write down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you how

you would use the material. At top of note card, write keyword orphrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase Check your paraphrase with the original to ensure what you have

written accurately express all the essential information in a new form Use quotation marks to identify unique terms or phrases you have

borrowed exactly from the source Record the source(including the page) on your note card so that you

can make acknowledgement easily when you incorporate the materialin your assignment

(Taken from Purdue university Online writing Lab at

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ )
http://../shlim/Desktop/http;/www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/index.htmlhttp://../shlim/Desktop/http;/www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/index.html


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What is Summarising?

Involves putting main ideas of the text in your own words

Presents a broad overview; as such it is much shorter than

the original text

Does not match the source word for word



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Useful Websites on Academic Writing

University of New South Wales, The Learning Centre How to Quote, Paraphrase and Summarise:

http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/sumpara.html

Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

University of Wisconsin-Madison website on The Writing Center http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/QuotingSources.html

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://../shlim/Desktop/http;/www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/index.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/online/sumpara.htmlhttp://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/online/sumpara.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://../shlim/Desktop/http;/www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/index.htmlhttp://../shlim/Desktop/http;/www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/index.htmlhttp://../shlim/Desktop/http;/www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/index.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/


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Introduction : What is Referencing/Citation?

A reference or citation is a consistent method of

acknowledging another persons idea, which you have

used in your own essay or assignment When writing an essay, project, dissertation, it is essential that you

provide detailed and precise information on all the SOURCES you

have consulted both in the text and in the Reference List at the end of

your piece of work Remember to record the details of all items you have referred to


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Why Do Referencing? To acknowledge the work of others and avoid

accusation of plagiarism

To prove that your paper / assignment is supported

by facts

To enable other researchers to trace or refer to

your sources


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The Four Steps to Referencing Record

Organise

Cite

List


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Record At the time of reading an article/book/document,etc. record all

information (bibliographic details) necessary to create a citation

Record page numbers for :

- direct quotation- journal articles

- book chapters

Information required depends on whether you are citing a whole book,part of a book( eg. chapter, section or conference paper), a journal

article or electronic source. Ensure you record all necessary details.

Difficult to retrace your steps in locating information at a later stage.


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Organise Keep the information in a format where you can easily

retrieve later

Suggestions:

- cards which can be filed systematically

- a master reference list on your computer

Software packages for referencing, eg.EndNotes


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Cite

Based on the citation style you are expected to

use, create in-text citation in the text of your

essay/ assignment/ project paper, etc.


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List

Create your Reference List at the end of your

written work. Your Reference List should list

records :

- in alphabetical order by author or title if

there is no author

- the use of capital letters, format andpunctuation must be consistent to the

citation style used

- with hanging indentation


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Citation In Text In the body of the text / paper, the source of a quotation, paraphrased

material or summary must be cited

Chicago Manual of Style 2003

Chicago style, when referring to a source of information within thetext,gives a short citationconsisting of the name of the author andthe date of publication. Three types of information are to be includedin the text at appropriate points :

*authors surname

*date of publication

*page number (for direct quotation

only)


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The short in-text citations are given in parentheses (roundbrackets)

No distinction is made between books, journal articles,

electronic documents or other formats Reference to electronic documents should be cited in the

same way as a printed document The reference should be placed at the end of the sentence

wherever possible. Alternatively, authors name may be integrated into the

text, and just the date and other additional informationplaced within brackets


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Examples of Citations A reference to a book appearing in the text

as (Smith 2003) will be found in the

reference list as:

Smith, John. 2003.An Introduction

toRadio Production. New York :Prentice- Hall.


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Examples of Citations

A reference to a journal article appearing as(Pascale 1984) will appear in the bibliography as:

Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on

Strategy: the Real Story Behind

Hondas Success. California

Management Review26 (3): 47-72.


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Citation In textCiting a work by a single author

Generally, use surname of author followed by the year of

publication

Example :

Smith (1999) explained that knowledge.

OR

In a recent study on knowledge management

(Smith 1999)

If the name of author appears as part of the narrative, as in the

1st example, cite only the year in parentheses. Otherwise


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Citation In TextCiting a work by 2 authors

When a book has 2 authors, ALWAYS cite both names in the text ofyour paper

Example :In a recent study, Johnson and Taylor (1999) discussed

OR

In a recent study on risk management(Johnson and Taylor 1999)


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Citation In TextCiting a work by more than 3 authors

When a book has > 3 authors, use surname of first author

listed and followed by and others or et al.Example :

James and others (1998) discovered in their study

(This is for a document by James, Brown, Wood &Williams)

OR

According to the study (James et al.1998)

Please note that names of all authors are listed in theReference List/Biblio ra h


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Citation In TextCiting works by authors with same surnames

When there are works by authors with samesurnames, differentiate by including authorsinitials.

Example :

James, A. K.

James, S.W.


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Citation In TextCiting a work with no authors

When the work has no author, cite in text, the first few wordsof the reference which is usually the title and the year. Use

italics for title.

Example :

In The Passage through Time (1996, 236)


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Citation In TextCiting a work with no date of publication

When the work has no date of publication, cite in text, theauthors surname and n.d.

Example :

Smith (n.d.) stated that

OR

In a recent study (Smith, n.d.)


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Citation In TextCiting in text for newspapers

If there is an author, cite the normal way with the author anddate. If not, cite the newspaper title in italics. Includespecific date, page andsection if appropriate.

Example :

InNew Straits Times (25 Feb. 2002,12), it was reported


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Citation In TextMultiple works by the same author in the same year

If author has published >1 document in a year, differentiateby adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year

Example:

Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge.. (Polanyi 1973a)

Knowledge management.. (Polanyi 1973b)


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Citation In TextMore than one work cited

(Smith 1998; Thomson 2001) OR Smith (1998) and Thomson (2001) demonstrated

that


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Citation In TextQuoting in text or Direct quotes

Example :Kuhn (1984, 123 ) observed that the transition from a

paradigm

When quoting directly from another source, ensure quotationmarks are used and relevant page(s) no. given


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Citation In Text Electronic Books and Electronic Journals

For electronic books and journal articles, cite as

for printed books and journal articles.

EXAMPLE:

(Johnson 2003)


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Citation In Text Internet Sites

If there is an author, cite author and date.

If there are no author, date or title, cite theinternet address. Eg. (http://www.abc.com)


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Citation In TextNo Page Numbers for Electronic Documents

For electronic sources with no page numbers, useparagraph no. if available. Use the abbreviation

(par.)

EXAMPLE:

(Johnson 2000, Conclusion section, par.2)


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Citation In Text Personal Communication

Includes conversation, interviews, unsourced

lecture materials, telephone conversation, lettersand email messages. These are unpublished and

not included in the reference list or bibliographies.

They are not given formal parenthetical references

in the text. Instead references to this form ofmaterial usually run into the text


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Guide to Chicago Style In-Text Citation

Murdoch University Library :

http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ -
http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/


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Presentation of ReferencesReferencing is presented in 2 ways: Citations in Text ( In-text Citation ) - referencing a

work in body of the text Reference List / Bibliography - presenting

references at the end of research / paper / thesis

You have to reference your sources properly in bothplaces, ie in paper (In-text) and in detail at the endof your work (Reference List/ Bibliography)


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Reference List / Bibliography

Bibliographic references necessary to identify and

retrieve the publications must be fully listed at the

end of your text

References cited in the text (In-text citations) must

be listed with full details in the Reference List/

Bibliography


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How to Provide Correct ReferencesFor all materials you have consulted, whether a book, journal article,

conference paper, etc, you must record the details of each source so

that if you have to refer to it again, you can easily trace it.

Details of a Book

Refer to the title page of a book to get the informationYou must record the:

Author/Editor

Title

Edition

Date

Publisher

Place of Publication


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Details of a Book Authors/Editors

* Write the surname first, then followed by the

initials of the forenames* If it is an edited book, use ed. after the name

Title

* Use the title and subtitle as found in the title

page

* Use italics

Edition

* Indicate only if it is not the first edition


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Details of a Book

Publisher

Place of publication

Date

It is important to indicate this information which can be

found in the title page or at the verso of the title page


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Details of a Journal Article

Authors

* Write the surname first, then followed by theinitials of the forenames

Title of Article

* Use the title and subtitle as found at the beginning ofan article

Title of the Journal

* Use title as given in the front of the journal* Do not abbreviate title

* Use italics


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Details of a Journal Article

Volume/ Issue No.

* Both the vol./issue no. which can be obtained must be

recorded

Date * If possible record the month and year when the journal

was published

Pages

* Must indicate the pages where the article can be foundin the journal issue


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How to Put a Citation Together

A citation / reference is created by putting together all

the details required to find a particular piece of

information

Different details are required for different formats of

information

Order of the details and punctuation vary depending

on styles


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Basic Rules of a Particular Style

It is important to understand the basic rules

involved in any particular style before youstart to do referencing


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Basic Chicago Style RulesRules for Authors Record surname if author has a surname. This is followed by a comma and first name of

author

Eg.: Tan, Beng Choo

Smith, John

For authors without surnames, cite as they are knownEg.: Osman Bakar

Karpal Singh

If there are 2 or more authors, enter name of subsequent authors with first name andthen surname. Use and before the name of the last author

Eg. : Sawyer, Charles, Paul McCarthy, and George F. Parkin

Rule for Date

Put year of publication after authors name


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Basic Chicago Style Rules

Rules for Title

Capitalise all words except prepositions, conjunctions and artiles (a, anthe) in the title.

Example:

DiscoveringComputers : Concepts for a ConnectedWorld

Journal ofEnvironmentalScience andHealth

Journal and book titles must be in italics


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Basic Chicago Style Rules

Punctuation

It is IMPORTANT to use appropriate punctuation as given in examples.


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How to Cite a Book


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Details Required to Cite a Book

Name of author(s) or editor(s) of book Title of book Edition (if applicable)

Place of publication Publishers name Year of publication

Standard format for citation

Author. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication:Publisher.

USE INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM TITLE PAGE OFBOOK


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Citation of Book with

More than One Author

Authors Title of book Publication year

Wood, Frank and Alan Sangster. 2001.

Frank Woods A-level Accounting. 3rd ed.

London: Prentice-Hall.

Place of Publication Publisher Edition


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Citation of Book without Author

Title of book

Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary.1993. 10th ed. Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster. Place of publication

Pub. Date Edition

Publisher


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Citation of a Chapter in a Book

Author of chapter Title of chapter Editors

Year of publication

Slater, Ray. 1999. General Electric: The Jack

Welch Era, 1981 1998. In Cases inContemporary

Strategy Analysis, ed.Richard M. Grant and

Keith E. Neupert, 56-78. Oxford:Blackwell. Pages Place

Title of book Publisher


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How to Cite a

Journal Article


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Details Required to Cite a Journal Article

Name of author(s) of article

Title of journal article

Title of journal

Volume number Issue number

Year of publication

Page numbers


Author. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal volume number

(issue number) : inclusive pages.


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Citation for Non-Book Format

Standard Format For Citation

Performer or Composer. Title: Subtitle. Year.format.Special credits. Place of recording: Publisher, Date ofrecording.


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Television Program

What are we going to do with money? 1997.television program. Sydney: SBS Television, 8August.

NOTE: Format normally follows date of recording


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Video Recording

Grumpy meets the orchestra. 1992.

video recording. Featuring the

Sydney symphony Orchestra.

Sydney: Australian Broadcasting

Corporation.


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Radio Programme

The search for meaning. 1998. radio program.

Sydney: ABC Radio, 24 March.


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Motion Picture

Sunday Too Far Away. 1975. motion picture.

Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd,Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg

Lye and Max Cullen. Adelaide: South

Australian Film Corporation.


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Details Required to Cite an

Electronic Document

Name of author(s) if given

Year or date of publication

Title of document Title of website

Pages, sections or paragraphs (if given)

Website address Date site accessed


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Citation of Documents from WWW

Books, government documents annual reports, etc. are

examples of documents published on the web. Cite

documents published on the web according to specific

guidelines for that type of document


Author.Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Source or

supplier information. Web address. ( accessed date).


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Electronic Document with

No AuthorIf there is no author or editor and the document is not

a part, article or chapter, the citation is by TITLE

and the format will precede the year

How to Cite References.1996. Murdoch: Murdoch University

Library. http:

//wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refdes/cite/cite.html. (accessed June 6, 2004)


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E-Books

Format:

Author. Title of e-book. Place of Publication:

Publisher, date of original publication. Source.

Eg.

Eckes, Thomas. 2000. The Developmental Social

Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum. NetLibrary e-book.


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Citation of Journal Article from WWW

EXAMPLE:

Bauer, Frank. 1997. Selenium and Soils in

Western United States. The Electronic

Green Journal, 7, 10-15.

http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm. (accessed

July 3, 2003).
http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htmhttp://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm


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Electronic Mail List

Example:

Johnson, David. 2003. Suited for Success, email toNational Journalists Association mailing list, April

18, 2003. http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/ (accessed

May 28, 2004)

Note: Do not use italics or capitalise the title of

unpublished document.
http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/


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Reference List

The reference list is placed at the end of yourwritten work

It provides the details to enable a reader to traceand retrieve each source

References cited in the text must appear in thereference list

The reference list must be double-spaced andentries should have a hanging indentation(indented 5 spaces)


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How to List references& Present the

Reference List/Bibliography

References are listed in alphabetical order by

author

When name of author cannot be determined, list

by title in alphabetical order


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Reference List

1. Grant, Richard M. 2002. Contemporary Strategy Analysis:

Concepts, Techniques, Applications, 4th ed. Malden,

Mass.: Blackwell Publisher.

2. Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on Strategy: The Real StoryBehind Hondas Success. California Management Review

26(3): 47-72.

3. Slater, Ray 1999. General Electric: The Jack Welch Era,

1981 1998. In Cases in Contemporary Strategy Analysis, ed.Richard M. Grant and Keith E. Neupert, 56-78. Oxford:

Blackwell.


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Chicago Style Referencing Workhop-students 1

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