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Referencing and the preferred referencing style in the

School of Chemistry (2012-13).

Table of contents

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Types of reference ............................................................................................................................................ 1

3. Use of Tables and figures .................................................................................................................................. 2

4. Citations and managing references. ................................................................................................................. 3

5. Formatting – style for different reference types .............................................................................................. 4

6. Common Issues ............................................................................................................................................... 10

7. Use of reference management software ........................................................................................................ 11

1. Introduction

Managing references is an important part of your academic study. We want you all to follow the same formatting

style, as described below, which is based on that used by the Royal Society of Chemistry (with the main difference

that we require you to give the titles of individual articles, and that the journal names should be given in full).

2. Types of reference

There are 4 main types of references which you may choose to use (these and a few other less common types are

included in part 5 of this document). In most cases, your references should all be published material – that is, they

should not include material such as lecture notes, which are only available to a small number of people.

1) Websites. You may use a website such as Wikipedia to get some initial information. Generally websites are NOT

good sources of scientific information because they are not peer-reviewed: anyone can put anything they like up on

the internet and it isn’t necessarily true! If you do use a website it should be formatted in your list of references as

Bedfordshire Bat Group, Introducing Bedfordshire’s bats [online], 2002 [Accessed 25/08/2008]. Available from:

http://www.bedsbatgroup.org.uk/batsinbeds/batsinbeds.html

2) Books. In most cases it is better to refer to part of a book (e.g. a chapter) rather than the book as a whole (the

only exception would be if you wanted to demonstrate how important a field was, simply by noting that there are

books published on the topic). The way to format the reference will be slightly different depending on whether the

whole book is written by the same people or whether different people have written different chapters, with one

overall editor. The reference should include the company which published the book and the city where it was

published, the edition and year of publication, e.g.

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H.E. Batty, ‘Bats in Britain’, in Bats of the World, Wiley and Sons, London UK, 3rd edn., 2004, Chapter 14, 312-345.

or

E. Cholocation, ‘How bats ‘see’’, in Bat biology, ed. N. Batty, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, 2nd edn., 1987, 272-

298.

3) Reviews in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The difference between a review and an original article (4, below), is

subtle but important. An original article is written to reveal experiments and new data by the people who actually

did the experiments, it will almost always contain an ‘Experimental’ or ‘Materials and Methods’ section. A review

usually summarises a number of original articles, it may be written by the same people who wrote the original

articles, or by someone else (who is usually an expert in the same field). Reviews do not usually contain

‘Experimental’ or ‘Materials and Methods’ sections. Reviews are effectively second-hand knowledge. Some scientific

journals are comprised entirely of reviews, e.g. Chemical Reviews, while others contain a mixture of reviews and

original articles. A reference to a review should be formatted as follows where the title of the review article itself is

in quotation marks, the title of the journal is italicised, and the numbers following the title are the year, journal

volume number (in bold type) and page range. Don’t include the issue number, which sometimes appears after the

volume number, in brackets. You should list ALL the authors, and should give the full title of the journal e.g. Journal

of the American Chemical Society, NOT J. Amer. Chem. Soc..

F. Mammals, A. Bat, B. Bat and C. Bat, ‘The echolocation mechanism of bats’, Journal of Flying Mammals, 2007, 32,

456-463.

Note that you should use the initials and surnames of authors, not the christian names (as these may be included on

some articles/reviews/letters and not others).

Note that even if you download a review over the internet (usually in the form of a .pdf file). As long as the journal is

published in print as well, the article is NOT a website so the reference is formatted differently, you don’t need to

give the url or the date of access.

4) Original articles in peer-reviewed scientific articles. The difference between original articles and reviews is

explained in 3 above. We expect that most of your references will be original articles, and you will spend most of

your essay discussing original articles. Note that letters (e.g. in the journal Chemistry Letters) or communications

(e.g. in the journal Chemical Communications) are short (2-4 pages) original articles (although confusingly, both of

these journals publish a few reviews as well, though these stand out by being generally much longer). Remember, an

original article is written to reveal experiments and new data by the people who actually did the experiments, it will

almost always contain an ‘Experimental’ or ‘Materials and Methods’ section. References to original articles should be

formatted similarly to those to reviews:

V. Ampire, ‘An experiment to measure bats territories in Bedfordshire’, British Bat Letters, 2000, 12, 354-356.

Again note that even if you download an original article over the internet (usually in the form of a .pdf file). As long

as the journal is published in print as well, the article is NOT a website so the reference is formatted differently,

you don’t need to give the url or the date of access.

3. Use of Tables and figures

Tables and figures should have titles (e.g. Table 3) and legends i.e. brief descriptions as demonstrated below.

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Figure 1. Daubenton bat. Photograph copied from reference 1.

Note that the title of the figure (or table) is italicised, and the title and legend are in a reduced font size.

It is very easy today to cut and paste tables and images from websites or even .pdf documents. If you do this you

must include in the legend ‘figure/table copied from reference X’ where X is the article or website from which you

have taken it. People cannot copy images in this way if they are publishing a review because it is breach of copyright,

so neither should you.

If the figure or table is very simple you should instead reproduce it yourself and include in the legend ‘figure/table

adapted from reference X’ where X is the article or website from which you have taken it. For example, chemical

structures and mechanisms should NOT be cut and paste but redrawn using ChemDraw or ISISDraw. Tables can be

recreated using Word. Simple sketches can be drawn in Powerpoint, saved as .jpg and imported.

4. Citations and managing references.

Managing references is an important part of the project. Here is an example (we expect you to follow this format).

Text:

In 2005, 300 bat sightings were recorded in Bedfordshire1. This compares with 20,000 sightings in the whole of the

UK2. There are plenty of bats around.

Twelve bat species are common in the UK1. Mammals et al. have suggested that one of these, the pipistrelle, is

threatened with extinction in nearby Hertfordshire3. Ampire writes that ‘the flying range of the Pipistrelle is less than

anyone had thought, with territories often limited to a radius of just 1 km’4.

References:

1. Bedfordshire Bat Group, Introducing Bedfordshire’s bats [online], 2002 [Accessed 25/08/2008]. Available

from: http://www.bedsbatgroup.org.uk/batsinbeds/batsinbeds.html

2. H.E. Batty, ‘Bats in Britain’, in Bats of the World, Wiley and Sons, London UK, 3rd

edition, 2004, Chapter 14,

312-345.

3. F. Mammals, A. Bat, B. Bat and C. Bat, ‘The echolocation mechanism of bats’, Journal of Flying Mammals,

2007, 32, 456-463.

4. V. Ampire, ‘An experiment to measure bats territories in Bedfordshire’, British Bat Letters, 2000, 12, 354-

356.

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Things to notice:

a) References are cited (i.e., the number is inserted to show which reference) as close as possible to the important

information that is being taken from them. I don’t wait until the end of paragraph one to insert the first two

references, or until the end of paragraph two to insert the others.

b) Citations appear as superscripted numbers – NOT in brackets, NOT roman numerals, NOT As ‘Smith 1994’ etc….

b) The numbering of the references corresponds to the order in which they appear in the text – I don’t cite

reference 3 before reference 2, or 4 before 1…..

c) One reference (number 1) is used twice, but it isn’t given a new number, it only needs to appear once in the

references and you can refer to it multiple times in the text.

d) When a direct quotation of the text in reference 4 appears, it is enclosed by quotation marks and followed by the

reference.

e) The abbreviation et al. (which means ‘and the others’) is always italicised (to indicate it is not English, but Latin)

and followed by a full stop (to indicate that it is an abbreviation).

You should avoid under-use of citations (e.g. 2 pages of your report are based on a reference, but you only cite it

once. In this instance, you should probably include the citation once per paragraph) AND over-use of citations (in the

same example, you should not include the citation in every sentence!).

5. Formatting – style for different reference types

Article See ‘Journal Article’

Blog Initial. Family Name, ‘ Title of blog entry’, Date blog entry written, in Title of blog [online],

Year [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL

S. Cantrill, ‘Blogroll: Toxicity and Death’, 31/07/2012, in The skeptical chemist, a blog from

Nature Chemistry [online], 2012 [Accessed 31/07/2012]. Available from:

http://blogs.nature.com/thescepticalchymist/

Book (one or more

author, but NOT

different authors for

each chapter)

Take the information from the title page and the reverse of the title page. Where multiple

places of location are listed use only the first one:

Initial. Family Name, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, edition, year.

P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, 7th

edition, 2002.

Book (one or more

EDITOR, different

authors for each

chapter)

Write ed. or eds. after the editor's name(s):

Initial. Family Name (ed. / eds.), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, edition, year.

G. Subramanian (ed.), Chiral separation techniques: A practical approach, Wiley-VCH,

Weinheim Germany, 2001.

See also ‘Book (one or more authors)’.

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Book (Chapter) See ‘Chapter in an authored book’ or ‘Chapter in an edited book’

Book (ebook) Initials. Family Name, Title of book [online], Publisher, Place of publication: Publisher, edition,

year [Accessed: Date accessed]. Available from: URL

S. Higson, Analytical Chemistry [online], Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, 1st edition, 2006

[Accessed 31/07/2012]. Available from: http://0-www.knovel.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/

See also ‘Book (one or more authors)’.

Chapter in an

authored book

Initial. Family Name, ‘Chapter title’, in Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, edition,

year, Chapter number, page range.

P. Atkins and J. de Paula, ‘Statistical thermodynamics: the concepts’, in Atkins’ Physical

Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, 7th edition, 2002, Chapter 19, 628-655.

See also ‘Book (one or more authors)’.

Chapter in an edited

book

Initial. Family Name, ‘Chapter title’, in Title of book, ed./eds. Initial. Family Name, Publisher,

Place of publication, edition, year, Chapter number, page range.

M.F. Kemmere and J.T.F. Keurentjes, ‘Membranes in Chiral Separations’, in Chiral separation

techniques: A practical approach, ed. G. Subramanian, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Germany, 2001,

Chapter 5, 127-150.

See also ‘Book (one or more authors)’.

CD-ROM Use the accompanying material:

Title [CD-ROM], Publisher, Place of publication, Year.

Who's Who 1897-1998 [CD-ROM], Oxford University Press, London UK, 1998.

Communication

(published in

journal)

See ‘Journal Article’.

Conference paper /

presentation (use

when the

proceedings of the

conference have not

been published and

are not generally

available)

Initials. Family Name (of the presenter), ‘Title of the presentation’, Title of conference, date of

conference formatted dd-dd/mm/yyyy, location of conference, Year.

C.J. Allender, ‘Porogen tuning and post polymerization modification’, MIP2010, the 6th

International Conference on Molecular Imprinting, 9-12/08/2010, New Orleans USA, 2010.

Conference

proceedings (use

when the

proceedings of the

conference have

been published and

Use the title page and reverse title page of the full proceedings and the headings for the

paper:

Initial. Family Name, ‘Title of paper’, in Proceedings of conference, ed./eds. Initial. Family

Name, date of conference formatted dd-dd/mm/yyyy, Location of conference, Publisher,

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are generally

available)

Place of publication, year, page range.

V. Dufkova and R. Cabala, ‘Fast derivatization method for analysis of perfluorinated organic

acids by GC’, in Proceedings of the 5th International Students Conference in Modern Analytical

Chemistry, ed. K. Nesmerak, 21-22/09/2009, Prague Czech Republic, Charles University in

Prague, Prague Czech Republic, 2009, 18-23.

Conversation See ‘Personal communication’

Dictionary See ‘Major reference work’

DVD See ‘Film or Video’

Electronic discussion

list

Username, ‘Title of message’, dd/mm/yyyy, in Discussion group title [online], Year [Accessed

dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL

Milo2112, ‘Re: cyanohydrin formation’, added: 30/07/2012, in Chemical Forums: Organic

Chemistry Forum [online], 2012 [Accessed 31/07/2012]. Available from:

http://www.chemicalforums.com/

e-book See ‘Book (electronic)’

e-journal See ‘Journal (electronic)’

email See ‘Personal communication’

Encyclopedia See ‘Major reference work’

EU legislation Institutional Name (eg. European Commission or European Council), Form (Regulation,

Directive or Decision) Number (including the year enacted, number and name of the treaty),

Title of legislation, Year.

European Council, Directive 98/83/EC, On the quality of water intended for human

consumption, 1998.

Film or Video Initial. Family name (of originator – director is preferred), role (e.g. directors), Title, Material

designation, Production company, Place of production, Year.

P. Lord and N. Park, directors, Chicken Run, Animated film, Aardman, Bristol UK, 2000.

See also ‘Online video’.

Foreign language

material

Reference the exact text used, in the same style as you would reference English language

material, e.g. for a book:

Initials. Family Name, Title, Publisher, Place of publication, Year.

M. Foucault, L'archéologie du savoir, NRF/Gallimard, Paris France, 1980.

When referencing foreign language material where the information is written using another

alphabet such as Japanese you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English

alphabet, e.g. for a book:

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鷲田清一, 京都の平熱 : 哲学者の都市案内, 講談社,東京, 2007.

K. Washida, Kyōto no heinetsu: tetsugakusha no toshi annai, Kōdansha, Tōkyō, 2007.

See also: Translated material

Government

department circular

Great Britain, Government Body, Title, Publisher, Place of publication, Year.

Great Britain, Home Office, Lord Chancellor's Department and Department of Health, Child

witness pack, Home Office, London UK, 1993.

Journal article Use the title page of the journal volume or issue and the article. Do not abbreviate the name

of the Journal. The page numbers of the entire article should be included in your

bibliography. The volume number is required but the issue number should not be included:

Initials. Family Name, ‘Title of article’, Journal Name, Year, volume, page range.

A.E. Kilding, C. Overton and J. Gleave, ‘Effects of Caffeine, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Their

Combined Ingestion on High-Intensity Cycling Performance’, International Journal of Sport

Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2012, 22, 175-183.

Journal article

(electronic – no

printed version/no

page numbers)

There are two instances where there may be no page numbers for an online journal article

and hence the format described above may not be suitable. Firstly, an article may be

published early on a website before the paper version is printed:

Initials. Family Name, ‘Title of article’, Journal Name [online], status (e.g. accepted

manuscript / advance article), Year, [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL

X.M. Zhou and D. Xing, ‘Amplified electrochemiluminescence detection of nucleic acids by

hairpin probe-based isothermal amplification’, Analyst [online], Advance Article, 2012

[Accessed 31/07/2012]. Available from: http://0-pubs.rsc.org.wam.leeds.ac.uk/

Secondly an article may appear in a journal which does not have a printed version. In this

case formatting is as for a normal journal article, but an alternative identifier, such as the

article number, is used in place of the page numbers:

R.D. Somma, D. Nagaj and M. Kieferova, ‘Quantum Speedup by Quantum Annealing’, Physical

Review Letters, 2012, 109, article number 050501.

Lectures and module

materials

Lecture

Initials. Family Name (of the lecturer), ‘ Lecture title’, MODULE CODE (capitalised) title of

module, dd/mm/yyyy, Teaching organisation, year.

R.J. Ansell, ‘Lecture 3: Electrodes for potentiometry’, CHEM5191 Electrochemical Methods

and Devices, 11/10/2012, University of Leeds, 2012.

Lecture handouts

Initials. Family Name (of the lecturer), ‘Title’, MODULE CODE (capitalised) title of module,

[lecture handout], dd/mm/yyyy, Teaching organisation, year.

R.J. Ansell, ‘Lecture 3: Electrodes for potentiometry’, CHEM5191 Electrochemical Methods

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and Devices, [lecture handout], 11/10/2012, University of Leeds, 2012.

Module materials accessed in the VLE

Initials. Family Name (of the lecturer), ‘Title’, MODULE CODE (capitalised) title of module,

[format accessed via the VLE], dd/mm/yyyy, Teaching organisation, year.

R.J. Ansell, ‘Lecture 3: Electrodes for potentiometry’, CHEM5191 Electrochemical Methods

and Devices, [Powerpoint slides accessed via the VLE], 11/10/2012, University of Leeds, 2012.

Letter (published in

journal or magazine)

See ‘Journal article’

Letter (personal) See ‘Personal communication’

Magazine article See ‘Journal article’

Major reference

work

Editor and publisher of a well-known reference work can be omitted, but cite the page

numbers consulted:

Title, s.v. Section heading, edition, Year, page number of your quotation.

New Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. Microradiography, 15th edition, 2005, 1374.

N.B. sub-verbo, this means 'look under' and directs the reader to find it under another

heading, in this case the section.

Manuscript

(unpublished

research)

See ‘Unpublished documents’

Monograph See ‘Book’

Newspaper article

(online)

Initials. Family Name, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper title [online], Publication date in format

dd/mm/yyyy [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy], page number (if available). Available from: URL

F. Pope, ‘Losing Nemo: is there time to save the seas?’, Times [online], 03/12/2009 [Accessed

04/03/2010]. Available from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/

Online video Username, Title [online], Year [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL

Leelefever, Twitter in plain English [online], 2008 [Accessed 22/11/2011]. Available from:

http://www.youtube.com/

Parliamentary act

(UK)

Great Britain, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Year, Chapter.

Great Britain, Access to justice act 1999, The Stationery Office, London, 1999, Chapter 22.

Patent or patent

application

This information is found on the title page of the patent (originator refers to the Inventor/

Applicant).

Name of originator (Organization, or individual if unaffiliated), Title of patent document,

Country Patent number: number, date in format dd/mm/yyyy.

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Philip Morris Inc., Optical perforating apparatus and system, Patent number: 0021165 A1,

01/07/1981.

Periodical See ‘Journal Article’

Personal

communication

Originator (sender/speaker/author), Medium to/with Reciever of communication, Date of

communication.

A. Smith, Conversation with R. Jones, 24/01/2007.

A. Smith, Email to R. Jones, 07/05/2007.

A. Smith, Letter to R. Jones, 16/11/2007.

Podcast Author, Title [online], Year [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL [Podcast].

Leeds University Library, Brotherton Library guide [online], 2007 [Accessed 21/01/2008].

Available from: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ [Podcast].

Serial See ‘Journal Article’

Standard This information is found on the title page of the standard:

Institution, Standard Number, Title of standard, Publisher, Place of publication, Year.

British Standards Institution, BS5605, Recommendations for citing and referencing published

material, BSI, London UK, 1990.

Television or Radio

Broadcast

Individual programme

Transmitting organisation/channel, Title, Date & Time of transmission in format dd/mm/yyyy

hh:mm.

ITV, News at Ten, 27/01/2010, 22:00.

BBC Radio 4, The Archers, 01/09/2011, 19:00.

Series

Transmitting organisation/channel, ‘title of episode’, Series title and number of episode, Date

& Time of transmission in format dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm.

Channel 4, ‘Crime doesn't pay’, Desperate housewives Episode 16, 08/04/2009, 22:00.

Thesis or

Dissertation

Use the title page of the thesis:

Initials. Family Name, ‘Title of thesis’, Degree, Awarding body, Year.

V.A. Dang, ‘Three essays in financial economics’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 2007.

Translated material You should reference exactly what you read, so if you read a translation, you should

reference the translated version. There is no need to mention that it is a translation, or name

the translator - it will be obvious from your reference which language you read it in.

Reference the exact text used, in the same format (eg book, journal article) as you would

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reference English language material.

For example, for a book:

M. Foucault, The archaeology of knowledge, Routledge, London UK, 2002.

See also ‘Foreign language material’.

Unpublished

documents

If unsure of the date, make a sensible guess and use a question mark:

Initials. Family Name, Title, Unpublished, Year.

R. Fendell, Training and management for primary healthcare, Unpublished, 1985?

Video See ‘Film or video’ or ‘Online video’

Website Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage:

Originator (Initials. Family Name if available, otherwise organization owning the site), Title (of

webpage or website homepage) [online], Year [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL

S. Hawking, Professor Stephen Hawking's website [online], 2000 [Accessed 09/05/2008].

Available from: http://www.hawking.org.uk/

Wiki Wiki Name, Title of article [online], Year [Accessed dd/mm/yyyy]. Available from: URL

Wikipedia, Socrates [online], 2007 [Accessed 23/01/2007]. Available from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/

YouTube video See ‘Online video’

6. Common Issues

Author names

Remember that the names of ALL authors /editors should be included, do not use ‘et al.’ in your list of references.

Use ‘and’ between the last two authors/editors.

Dates

In most cases only the year (format ‘yyyy’) is required. For materials which are published only in online format

(blogs, e-books, electronic discussion lists, online videos, podcasts, websites or Wikis), you need to include the date

accessed (format ‘dd/mm/yyyy). This is because these types of material are liable to be changed at any time.

However, if you download material over the internet which also appears in printed form (e.g. an article from a

journal that is published both online and in print) then you do not need to include the date accessed. For

government department circulars, newspaper articles, lectures or lecture materials, or personal communications,

the full date is required (dd/mm/yyy), and for Television or Radio Broadcasts both the full date and time of

broadcast are required (dd/mm/yyy, hh:mm).

Use of URLs

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Remember that even if you download a published article over the internet, if it has been published in print then you

do not need to include the URL. You should only include URLs for e-books, publications in e-journals, e-prints,

electronic discussion lists, online videos, podcasts, websites and wikis.

Some webpages have very long URLs. The Library recommends that you only put the URL as far as the first forward

slash /.

For example:

Available from: http://0-web.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/

Rather than:

Available from: http://0-web.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/bsi/detail?vid=4&hid=7&sid=27735707-0bdb-468e-

a7a6-47ea3c7c036c%40sessionmgr7&bdata=JnNpdGU9YnNpLWxpdmU%3d#db=buh&AN=3891036

7. Use of reference management software

The University of Leeds supports the use of the EndNote reference management software. A style template

(LeedsUniRSC.ens) for the School of Chemistry referencing style for use in EndNote is available from

http://www1.chem.leeds.ac.uk/CurrentStudents/

In order to use this template with EndNote, you first need to download the style and save it to your computer. The

process for this is different depending on the permissions you have:

Using your own copy of EndNote (on a laptop, or other computer to which you have administrator rights)

Download the style and save it to the folder that contains all of EndNote's other output styles. This is likely to be on

your C drive, under Program Files> EndNote X5> Styles.

It should now be an option when you reformat your bibliography.

Using EndNote via Desktop Anywhere, or on a computer to which you do not have administrator rights

1. Create a new folder on your computer where you do have permissions to save. Call the new folder Styles 2. Download the style and save it to your new Styles folder 3. Open EndNote and on the menu bar choose Edit, then Preferences 4. In the new window, click on Folder locations 5. A box called Style folder will appear. Make a note of where the existing styles are held in case you ever want

to revert to this location 6. Next to the Style folder box, click on the Select folder button. Navigate to and select the Styles folder you

created earlier. Click OK 7. When you ask EndNote to format the bibliography in your Word document, this style should now appear as

an option.

The template for LeedsUniRSC contains extensive notes under ‘About this style’ which should help you to enter your

references into EndNote in the correct way, so that they will be appropriately formatted when you import them into

a Word document. DO NOT ASSUME THAT BECAUSE YOU USE THIS TEMPLATE YOUR REFERENCES WILL INEVITABLY

BE CORRECTLY FORMATTED. EndNote is only as good as the data that is fed into it. If the references stored in

EndNote have fields missing, or if there are descriptors that are entered into different fields than the ones

recognised by this style, then the output from EndNote will contain errors. You should make sure that your

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references are entered into EndNote as described in the template, and CHECK how they are displayed in your final

document. For Journal Articles the formatting will almost always be correct but for other reference types you will

need to check more carefully e.g. for web pages and other reference types where dates are required, these must be

entered into EndNote in the format dd/mm/yyyy otherwise EndNote will not output them in this format.