Chest Radiography - Aditya Nagrath
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Transcript of Chest Radiography - Aditya Nagrath
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CHEST RADIOGRAPHY
Moderator:Mr. S.C. Bansal
Lecturer,
Department of Radiodiagnosis & Imaging
P.G.I.M.E.R., Chandigarh.
Speaker:Mr. Aditya NagrathFinal Year B.Sc MT (X-Ray)
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INTRODUCTION
Chest x-ray is the most commonly performed diagnostic x- rayexamination. Approximately half of all x-rays obtained in medicalinstitutions are chest x-rays. A chest x-ray is usually done for theevaluation of lungs, heart and chest wall.
Pneumonia, heart failure, emphysema, lung cancer and othermedical conditions can be diagnosed or suspected on a chest
x-ray. Traditionally, chest x-ray have been taken prior toemployment, prior to surgery or during immigration. The use ofroutine chest x-ray is being re-evaluated because there is a lack of
evidence for their usefulness. Routine x-rays are obtained inabsence of specific signs symptoms or Medical conditions.
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ANATOMY
The trunk of body is divided by the diaphragm into an upper
and lower part. Upper part is called thorax and lower part iscalled abdomen.
Thorax is formed by following bones
: Anteriorly by sternum
: Posteriorly by the 12 thoracic vertebra and intervertebral disc
: On each side by 12 ribs
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THORACIC CAVITY:
The cavity of the thorax contains the right and
left pleural cavities which are completely
invaginated and occupied by the lung. The
right and the left pleural cavities are separated
by a thick median portion called themediastinum. The heart lies in the middle
mediastinum.
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Structure lies inside the mediastinum
1 Trachea and its bronchus2 Oesophagus
3 Muscles
4 Heart enclosed in pericardium
5 Aorta
Trachea: It is fibro elastic tube about 11cm long
extending from the larynx at the level of 6thcervical vertebra to lower border of 4th thoracic
vertebra where it is divided in the
right & left bronchi one for each lung.
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Lung: The lungs are pair of respiratory organs
and spongy in texture. Each lung is conical inshape. The right lung is divided into 3 lobes
a) Superior
b) Middlec) Inferior by the two fissure a) Oblique b)
Horizontal
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Structure lies inside the mediastinum Contd
Left lung is divided into two lobes by the oblique
fissure.
A. Superior
B. Inferior
Heart: The heart is a conical, hollow muscular organsituated into the middle mediastinum. It is enclosed with in
pericardium.
The heart is placed obliquely behind the body of
the sternum so that 1/3 of its lies the right and 2/3 to the left ofthe median plane.
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Indications of the Chest Radiography
1. Pulmonary diseases such as Kochs disease.
2. Pleural disease Pleuritis. Pleurisy - inflammation of plural.
Pleural effusion - fluid in pleural cavity..
3. Pericarditis
4. Chest x-ray are done for follow up pts.
5. Pre-operative and post-operative cases
6. To see the heart disease like cardiomegally7. To see diaphragm movement.
8. Blunt Trauma Chest
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9. Bronchial asthma
10. Bronchial pneumonia
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Equipment and Accessories
X-ray Unit
High Power Generator
Chest stand or vertical bucky, Air Gap Stand
Cassettes
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- X-Ray Unit: The heart cycle is completed in about 0.08
second. So the exposure time should be lesser than
0.08 sec to prevent the blurring of heart shadow due to
involuntary movement of heart. This type of exposure
can be achieved by high mA and high KV X-ray units
with output in the range.
800mA 1000mA40KV - 150 KV
Exposure time can be reduced further by the use of
high speed screen faster film combination. It can also be achieved with the added advantage of
selecting a smaller focal spot within the tube rating.
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- High Power Generators:
The essential function of H.T generator in x-ray
tube is to provide such power which is needed byX-ray tube so an important specification in the
description of any generator is a statement on its
power out put. Unit 70KW 100KW generator isused which can give 1000- 1250mA and upper
voltage limit 150KV.
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- CHEST STAND OR VERTICAL BUCKY
The chest stand is a holder for cassettes that is
used to examine patients in erect position, for
chest or other radiography. It must hold the
size of cassette used for chest examination
and rigidly.
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Preparation For The Chest Radiography
This procedure requires no special preparation. But a brief
explaination to patients with a rehearsal of the procedure shouldensure a satisfactory result. Respiratory movement should berepeated several times before the performance Is considered to
be satisfactory.Patients will also be asked to remove all metallic jewellery or
undergarments that may contain metal that may interfere withx-rays.
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Basic Projections
PA (Postero -anterior) Erect
AP ( Anteroposterior ) Erect or supine
Lateral (Erect or sitting)
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Additional Projections
OBLIQUE
a. PA Oblique
- Left PA Oblique
- Right PA Oblique
b. AP Oblique
- Left AP Oblique
- Right AP Oblique
2. Apicogram
3. Lordotic
4. Decubitus
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PA View
Position of patient :
Patient is made to stand in PA position, facing the cassette, infront of vertical chest stand.
Chin of the patient is placed over the cassette
The cassette is adjusted 1 above the upper border of theshoulder.
Position of part :
Hands of the patient should be placed on waist level below thehips , so that they will not be superimposed on CP angles.
Palms should face upwards and arms are rotated internally to
throw out the scapula out of lungs. Shoulders sould lie in the same transverse plane and
depressed to carry the clavicles below the apices.
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Cassette Size: The cassette size is chosen so that it
must include the apices and lower region of the
diaphragm and chest wall. It must includes thecostophrenic angle (CP)
Central Ray: C.R. is directed at right angle to
thefilm at the Junction of 4th & 5th thoracicvertebra,
FFD: generally 5 feet (6 feet for Heart size).
Breathing Instructions: The exposure is given inarrested inspiration phase, to show the greatest
possible area of lung structure.
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P.A Position
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P.A. Resultant Image
L
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Structures shown
Air filled trachea
Lungs
Diaphragmatic domes Heart
Aortic knob
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Evaluation CriteriaPosition wise: It must include whole of the
lung field.
Apices
C.P. Angle
Any rotation is easily detected by the position of medial
end of the clavicle. Scapula should not over shadow the lung field
Exposure Wise
a. Trachea & bifurcation of trachea must be seen
in the midline.b. Vertebral bodies should be faintly visible but not
inter vertebral space.
c. Heart & diaphragm show a sharp outline.
d. Peripheral lung vessels must be seen.
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Processing wise: Put a finger under the
darkest
area of the film. If finger is not seenproperly, then
it is properly developed.
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PA in expiration
This view is done in two conditions.
For pneumothorax, PA is done in expiration to
confirm the disease. This has effect of intra pleural
pressure which result in compression of lung makinga pneumothorax bigger.
This technique also demonstrates the effect of
inhaled foreign body obstructing the passage of air in
lung segment and extent of diaphragmatic
movement.
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AP Projection (Erect or sitting)
This view is done as an alternative to PA erect
projection. When the patients shape or
medical condition makes it difficult or unsafe
for the patient to stand or sit for basicprojection. For the latter, the patient is usually
supported sitting erect on a
trolley or bed side.
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Positioning of patient & film for AP erect
projection
The patient may be standing or sitting with their back againstthe cassette which is supported vertically with the upper edgeof the cassette above the lungs apices.
The median sagittal plane is adjusted at right angle to the
center of the film. The shoulders are brought downward & forward with the
back of the hands below the hip & elbow forward
Central ray: Is directed at right angle to the film and
towards the sternal notch. The central ray is then angled
until it is coinciding with the middle of the film. The
exposure is taken on normal full inspiration
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AP Supine projection (on bedside)
Positioning of patient & film:
With assistance, a cassette is carefully positioned
under the pts back with the upper edge of
cassette above the lung apices. The median
sagittal plane is adjusted at right angle to themiddle of the film & pts pelvis is checked to
ensure that it is not rotated. The arms are laterally
rotated. Chin slightly raised.
Central Ray : Is same as erect AP projection
Exposure: is taken on normal full inspiration
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Lateral projection
Positioning of patient and film: Patient is made to stand
in lat position in front of the vertical cassette holder withside to be examined touching the film. Both arms are raisedover the head. Distance between film & xiphisternum equalto the distance between line joining spinous process. Mid axillary line should be 2 posterior to midline of grid.Central Ray: Is directed through axilla at the level of D5.FFD is generally 40. Grid is used because KVP is morethan 70. To prevent the scatter Rad.Note: For diaphragmatic abscess (to see the movement of
diaphragm) Two exposures are given on single film. 1st in inspiration 2/3mAs. 2nd in expiration 1/3 mAs. Alternate procedure - Fluoroscopy
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Lateral projection Cont
Lateral view is done to see the: Depth of tumors.
Part of the lungs overlapped by heart.
To demonstrate the inter lobar fissures
To localize the pulmonary lesion.
Evaluation Criteria: Posterior rib superimposed
Sternum should not be rotated
C.P. Angle and apices should be included.
Hilum should approx in centre.
Exp. Should penetrate the lung field of heart.
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Lat. Position
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Resultant Image
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Penetrating View Of Chest
It is done to see rib & heart.
It is done when one side appears opaque on normalchest radiograph.
Opacity due to hydrothorax or pyothorax. Thus topenetrate through these densities more exposure
is required. Grid is used one side which is normal
will be over exposed so wedge filters can be used
to see both sides with same opacity.
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Oblique projection
Mediastinum & lung fields, incase of
asbestosis pleural plaques not seen in PA
projection.
Rt. Middle lobe Ant. oblique
Both lower lobe - Post oblique
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a. Right anterior oblique: The patient in PA position & the
Rt. Side of the trunk is kept in contact with the cassette &
patient is rotated to bring the left side away from the films so
that the coronal plane is at an angle at 450 to the film.
Central rays: Directing at right angle to the middle of film.
or at the level of 6th thoracic vertebra.
b. Left anterior oblique: The patient in PA position & the
left side of the trunk is kept in contact with cassette & the
patient is rotated to bring the right side away from the film so
that the coronal plane is at an angle of 450 to the film.
Central Ray: Is directing at right angle to the middle of film or
at the level of 6th thoracic vertebra.
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Structure shown: Lung field usually appear
shorter due to
magnification of diaphragm.
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Left posterior oblique: The patient in AP position &
the left side of the trunk is kept in contact with the
cassette. Patient is rotated to bring the right side
away from the film. So the coronal plane is an angle
of 450 to the film.
Central Ray: at right Angle to the middle of the film orat the level of 6th thoracic vertebra.
Structure shown:
The maximum area of lung. Trachea & its bifurcation.
Heart descending aorta and arch of Aorta.
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Right posterior oblique: The patient in AP position
and right side of the trunk is kept in contact with the
cassette and patient is rotated to bring the left side
away from the film so the coronal plane is an angle
of
450 to the film
Central ray at right angle to the middle of the film or
at
the level of 6th thoracic vertebra.
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Structure shown:
Maximum area of right lung & mediastinal
content.
Also shown trachea & entire left branch of
bronchial tree.
Left atrium, left main branch of the pulmonary
artery.
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APICOGRAM
Apicogram is done when there is doubt of T.B. T.B mostlybegins in apex region where the lesion is superimposed by
clavicle.
Apicogram can be done in two ways:
Tube angle, patient straight Patient angle, tube straight
Tube angle, patient straight (Axial projection) patient in AP
position. Patient is made to stand in front of tube & back
touching to the film. Film is placed 4-5 above the upperborder of shoulder
Central ray is directed just below sternal notch with
150 to 200 angulation towards head.
Patient in PA Position : Patient is made to stand in PA
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Patient in PA Position : Patient is made to stand in PA
position in front of vertical cassette holder. A cassette is
placed 4 to 5 above the border of shoulder.
Central ray is directed at level of C7 with 15-20 angulationtoward the feet.
Patient angle & tube straight method :
The patient is made to stand facing the tube 6 to 8 away
from the film. Patient is asked to lean backward touching thehead and neck on the cassette. So the clavicle is thrown
away from the apex of the lung.
Central ray: is directed at the sternal notch.
Structure shown :The apices lying below the shadow of clavicles.
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Evaluation criteria:
The clavicles should lie superior to the apices.
Sternal ends of clavicle should equidistance
from the vertebral column.
The apices should be included.
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Apicogram Axial Projection
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Clavicle
Apex
L
Resultant Image
L
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Lordotic View
This projection is done to see Middle lobe collapse of R Lung
Demonstrate the magnified interlobular effusions
Positioning of patient & Cassette:
Patient is made to stand in PA position in frontof a vertical cassette holder, patient is asked to
hold stand with hand and he is made to lean back
Ward i.e. approx 300 inclination.
Central ray: is directed at level of D5
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Lordotic Position
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L
Resultant Image
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Decubitus Projection
Lat Decubitus: Patient is made to lie in lateral position
on affected side, Film is placed either touching to
anterior or posterior aspect. Tube is brought horizontal.
Both Decubitus should be done. Fluid will come to the
side which is lowered.
Cassette Position: The cassette is placed posteriorly or
anteriorly in contact with the chest and adjustedapproximately 2 above the shoulder. Central ray is
directed at right angle to D5 Make the exposure at the
end of full inspiration.
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Structures shown : This projection demonstrates the
change in fluid position and reveals any previously
obscured pulmonary areas or in case of suspectedpneumothorax, presence of any free air.
Evaluation criteria
The patient should not be rotated from a true frontalposition.
The affected side should be included.
The apices should be included.
Proper identification should be visible.
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Decubitus Position
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Resultant Image
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Ventral or dorsal Decubitus position
Patient is made to lie down in prone or supineposition. Elevate the thorax 2-3 on foam pad.
Arms are kept over the head, cassette is placed
against the affected side. The cassette is adjusted
so that it extends to the level of laryngealprominence.
Make the exposure at the end of full inspiration
Central ray: is directed center to the mid axillary
line at the level of the 6th thoracic vertebra.
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PEDIATRIC CHEST RADIOGRAPHYAlthough there are many similarities in pediatric and Adult
chest radiography in basic positioning and image quality. To
maintain the proper positioning and image quality, it is
essential to immobilize the child by using immobilization devices.
Some time we have to take help by parents for immobilization ofpatient during radiography.
We have to provide radiation protection by using lead apron,thyroid shielding to the childs parent as well as child.
If patient is cooperative then immobilization device is not used.
Basic positioning of child is as adult PA. AP. LAT. Exposure time should be lesser about 0.08 sec.
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AP Projection
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Resultant Image
L
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Selection Of Kilovoltage
In general 60-70kvp is adequate for the Posterio-
anterior projection. In which case there will be
minor penetration of the mediastinum and heart.An increase in kilovoltage however is necessary
for penetration of the denser mediastinum and
heart to show the lung behind those structures andbehind the diaphragm as well as the lung bases in a
very larger or heavy breasted patient
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High KV Technique
We used KV in the range of 90-140. Which reduce contrastbetween the lung field and mediastinum. However, using
this technique there is loss of inherent contrast and
visualization small lesion of soft tissue density because
possibility of photoelectric effect is decreased at the sametime possibility of Compton effect is increase. The purpose
of high KV technique, we make use of Compton effect
which is independent of atomic number.
Purpose: The application of high kilovolgate technique is
primarily with a view to obtaining exposure time in the
region of milliseconds. The effect control to blur the image
by involuntary movement.
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Airgap Technique
The technique of leaving a gap between the patient and
film during radiography is called air gap technique.
AIM : The aim of this technique like grid, is also reduce the
effect of scattered radiation produced on the film.Principle : The scatter radiation arising in the patient, from
compton scattering travels in all directions. When an air
gap is left between the patient. Some of scatter radiation
will not be able to reach the film. Some will be reduced in
intensity due to inverse square law, some will be deflectedin other direction before reaching the film e.g. in chest
x- ray, cervical spine lateral projection.
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Newer Developments
Due to higher radiation dose and cost involved asbigger size of films are being used. There is growingneed to look into this aspect. Thus newerdevelopments have taken place as following
Mass miniature radiography (Odelca camera)
To reduce the cost of film because a small film is used(100to 70mm) for follow up cases at T.B. inspecialized T.B. Hospitals.
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2. High KV Technique
3. Image intensifier system (D.F. System)4. Digital chest radiography
This is done by two methods.
Flat panel detector system
Using imaging plate system
F.P.D. System: There is detection at the outer endwhich picks up signal and passes to analogconvertor. In this analogue data is converted as:
Disadvantagea. High radiation doseb. Information is less
Advantagea. It is less costly
b. Storage problem solvedc. It is done for TBscreening
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Imaging plate Method:
Advantage :
Post processing.
Radiation dose less.
Tele radiography.
Image can be store.
Cost reduce.
Better edge enhancement.
Disadvantage : Initial investment cost high.
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Computed tomographyAfter development of CT technology CT is done
for chest to visualize the mass lesion in the lungfield as well as mediastinal mass, so we candistinguish, The tumour or pleural effusion,cavitation by giving intravenous contrast media
to enhance the lesion for better visualization fordiagnosis whether it is malignant or benigntumor.
Bronchography is replaced by thedevelopment of HRCT chest it is done tovisualize the bronchiactasis, as well as theinterstitial parenchymal lung lesion.
R di ti t ti
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Radiation protection
The radiation protection can be achieved byapplying ALARA Principle As low as reasonably
achievable) Distance Time Shielding1. Limitation of filed size by using collimators.
2. Directing the beam.3. Use of gonad shields.4. Careful preparation of the patient.5. Use of the high speed film, screen, high mA
and short exposure time.
6. Presence of essential staff only.7. Use of protective apron or protective screen
C l i
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Conclusion
Chest x-ray is the basic investigation whichmay reveal more information about the patientsdisease.Approximately of the all x-ray examination isobtained in medical institution are chest x-ray.The quality of Chest x-ray is of utmostimportance but it is difficult to maintain it as
slight variation in exposure factors, processingtime and slight rotation due to malpositioningmay result into loss of the information. So thechest radiography is to be done very carefully.
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we can say in other words that proper chest
radiography is a challenge for Radiological
technologist. This challenge is met more
effectively with the help of digital radiographyand more information is being gathered by
other new modalities like CT scan, MRI etc
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