Chemistry of Nucleic Acids

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    Chemistry of Nucleic AcidsChemistry of Nucleic Acids

    Lecture No. 5Lecture No. 5

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    NucleoproteinsNucleoproteins

    Nucleoproteins are conjugated roteinswherein the non-protein portion belong to

    the class of compounds called nucleic

    acids. The protein component of the

    nucleoproteins are the simple proteins,

    albumin, histones and protamines.

    Nucleoproteins are conjugated roteinswherein the non-protein portion belong to

    the class of compounds called nucleic

    acids. The protein component of the

    nucleoproteins are the simple proteins,

    albumin, histones and protamines.

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    What are Nucleic Acids?

    Life itself began its evolution with nucleic acids,for only they, of all biological substances, carrythe remarkable potential for self-duplication.

    Nucleic acids act as repositories andtransmitters of genetic information for every cell,tissue and organism.

    The blueprint of an organism is encoded in itsnucleic acid.

    Much of an organisms individual developmentthroughout life is programmed in thesemolecules.

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    Chromosomes

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    Chromosomes

    A chromosome is a long strand of DNA thatcontains certain genes. These genes areportions of the DNA strand and carry thegenetic information of the cell.

    In an eukaryotic cell, there are multiplechromosomes, and each of these is art of apair.

    Both of the chromosomes in a air contains

    the genes for the same trait. A sequence of bases along a DNA strand that

    codes for the production of a protein isknown as a gene.

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    44+XX

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    Chromosome Mapping

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    Parts of a Chromosome

    1 - Chromatid

    2 - Centromere

    3 Short arm 4 Long arm

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    DNA Model

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    How long is the DNA?

    Each cell contains enough DNA to form athread extending about 2 m (about 7 feet).

    Proteins called histones play a key role inpackaging DNA within chromosomes.

    Sections of the DNA molecule wind around

    clusters of histones to form bead-likestructures or units called nucleosomes,which resemble spools encircled with thread.

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    Nitrogenous Bases

    Pyrimidine bases Thymine, Cytosine,

    Uracil

    Purine bases Adenine, Guanine

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    Thymine/Thymidine

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    Cytosine/Cytidine

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    Uracil/Uridine

    2, 4 dioxypyrimidine

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    Adenine/Adenosine

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    Deoxyadenosine

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    Guanine/Guanosine

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    Guanine/Deoxyguanosine

    2-amino 6-oxypurine

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    Pentose Sugars

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    Nucleotide Model

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    DNA Stick Model

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    Base pairing between 2 anti-parallel strands

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    Watson-Crick Base Pairing

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    Nitrogenous Bases

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    Base Pairing in RNA

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    Chemical Structure of RNA

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    Types of RNA

    mRNA contains the genetic code

    transcribed from DNA. It conveys information

    in a gene to the protein synthesizing

    machinery tRNA acts as adaptor molecule in the

    translation of the genetic code into the amino

    acid component of the protein molecule

    rRNA provides the working area for protein

    synthesis

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    mRNA

    mRNA is synthesized from a gene

    segment of DNA which ultimately contains

    the information on the primary sequence

    of AA in a protein to be synthesized.

    The genetic code as translated is for

    mRNA not DNA.

    The mRNA carries the code into the

    cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.

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    tRNA and rRNA

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    rRNA

    In the cytoplasm, rRNA and protein combine to

    form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The

    ribosome serves as the site and carries the

    enzymes necessary for protein synthesis. In the graphic, one on the left, the ribosome is

    shown as made of 2 sub-units, 50S and 30S.

    There are about equal parts rRNA and protein.

    The far left graphic shows the complete

    ribosome with 3 tRNA attached.

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    tRNA

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    tRNA

    tRNA contains about 75 nucleotides, 3 of which arecalled anticodons, and 1 AA. The tRNA reads the codeand carries the AA to be incorporated into the developingprotein.

    There at least 20 different tRNAs and 1 for each AA.The basic structure of tRNA is shown in the left graphic.

    Part of the tRNA doubles back upon itself to form severaldouble helical sections.

    On one end, the AA, PHE is attached. On the oppositeend, a specific base triplet, called the anticodon, is usedto actually read the codons on the mRNA.

    The tRNA reads the mRNA codon by using its ownanticodon.

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    Nucleotides

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    A,B Z Forms of DNA

    The 2 major forms

    of polynucleotidesecondary structure

    are called A and B.

    Both are right-hand

    helices.

    Most DNA is in the

    form of B form.

    Z-DNA is a left-handhelix with alternate

    purine/pyrimidine

    bases.

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    A-DNA and B-DNA

    A-DNA or A helix is a right-hand helixstructure of nuclei acid duplexes that has a

    smaller pitch and a larger diameter than

    the B-DNA helix. It is the structure adopted

    by RNA duplexes and RNA-DNA hybrid

    molecules.

    B-DNA is a DNA duplex with a specific

    right-hand helix structure. It is the usual

    form of DNA duplex in vivo.

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    Z-DNA

    Z-DNA is a DNA duplex with a specific

    left-hand helical structure.

    In vitro, it tends to be the most stable formfor DNA duplexes that have alternating

    purines and pyrimidines, especially under

    conditions of cytosine methylation or

    negative supercoiling.

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    50S Ribosome Subunit

    Proteins arecolored in blue,

    RNA in orange.

    The active site

    adenine 2486 isred

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    Bases of DNA Connection

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    The Flow of Genetic Information

    (Central Dogma)

    DNA RNA Proteins

    1

    23

    DNA RNA

    The 3 General Transfer of Information:

    1. Replication or duplication DNA to DNA

    2. Transcription DNA to RNA3. Translation RNA to proteins

    Transfer of Information in Disease process:

    4. RNA to RNA occurs in tumor formation

    5. RNA to DNA occurs in viral systems

    5

    4

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    Transcription and Translation

    Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA

    molecule complementary to a DNA strand; the

    information encoded in the base sequence of

    the DNA is thus transcribed into the RNAversion of the same code.

    Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide

    under the direction of the mRNA, so that the

    nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is translatedinto the AA sequence of the protein

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    Ribozyme (hammerhead)

    Ribozyme are

    RNA molecules

    that act as

    enzymes.

    Ribozymes are

    nonprotein

    biocatalysts.

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    Summary There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

    Each is a polypeptide, a polymer of 4 kinds ofnuceloside 5-phosphats, connected by linksbetween 3 hydroxyls and 5 phosphates.

    RNA has the sugar ribose; DNA has deoxyribose.

    Watson & Crick elucidated the double helical

    structure of DNA in 1953.The structure involvedspecific pairing between A and T and between G andC. The helix is right-handed, with 10base pairs (bp)per turn.

    The biologic functions of nucleic acids may bebriefly summarized as follows: DNA contains the

    genetic information, which is transcribed into RNA.Some of these RNA molecules act as messengers todirect protein synthesis.

    The mRNA is translated on a particle called aribosome, using the genetic code, to produce

    t i


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